This document provides an overview of Alzheimer's disease, including its causes, symptoms, stages of progression, treatments, nursing considerations, and prevention strategies. Key points include:
- Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia and causes progressive loss of brain cells and function over time.
- Symptoms start mildly with forgetfulness but progress to include confusion, mood/behavior changes, and impairment of daily living.
- Treatments aim to slow progression using medications and managing symptoms, while nursing focuses on comfort, quality of life, and education.
- Prevention strategies incorporate lifestyle habits like exercise, diet, avoiding smoking/excess alcohol.
A presentation about Alzheimer's disease, it's definition, it's etiology, its mechanism of development as well as actual treatment and developing treatments.
Alzheimer’s disease
Mr. Marudhar
Nims nursing college
INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioural and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently
According to the India Ageing Report 2017, the elderly population, which is growing at a faster rate of three percent, may up the burden of Alzheimer's in India, as the disease primarily occurs in patients over the age of 60
India houses more than 4 million people suffering from some form of dementia. Alzheimer’s being the most common condition out of all of them affect around 1.6 million. Alarmingly, this number is set to triple by 2050
Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s
The terms “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s” are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two conditions aren’t the same. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.
Dementia is a broader term for conditions with symptoms relating to memory loss such as forgetfulness and confusion. Dementia includes more specific conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and others, which can cause these symptoms.
Causes, symptoms, and treatments can be different for these diseases
Causes and risk factors
Increasing age
Genetic
Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells(amyloid)
Decrease Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
Brain shrink
Family history
Down's syndrome
Head injuries
Cardiovascular disease
Types
Sign & symptom
Memory loss affecting daily activities, such as an ability to keep appointments
Trouble with familiar tasks, such as using a microwave
Difficulties with problem-solving
Trouble with speech or writing
Becoming disoriented about times or places
Decrease d judgment
Decreased personal hygiene
Mood and personality changes
Withdrawal from friends, family, and community
Stages
Cont..
Diagnosing
Treatment
Drugs-
Cholinesterase inhibitors.
Memantine
Other Alzheimer’s treatments
focus on tasks
limit confusion
avoid confrontation
get enough rest every day
stay calm
Prevention
Nursing Dignosis
Self-care deficit related to impaired cognitive and motor function
Risk for Injury related to: Unable to recognize / identify hazards in the environment. Disorientation, confusion, impaired decision making.
Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to: sensory changes
Disturbed Sensory Perception related to:changes in the reception, transmission, and / or integration
Impaired verbal communication related to: intellectual changes
Impaired social interaction related to: emotional changes
Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to: sensory changes, it is easy to forget
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior, Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Subscribe to E-News to learn how you can help those affected by Alzheimer's. Understanding Alzheimer's and dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
A presentation about Alzheimer's disease, it's definition, it's etiology, its mechanism of development as well as actual treatment and developing treatments.
Alzheimer’s disease
Mr. Marudhar
Nims nursing college
INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioural and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently
According to the India Ageing Report 2017, the elderly population, which is growing at a faster rate of three percent, may up the burden of Alzheimer's in India, as the disease primarily occurs in patients over the age of 60
India houses more than 4 million people suffering from some form of dementia. Alzheimer’s being the most common condition out of all of them affect around 1.6 million. Alarmingly, this number is set to triple by 2050
Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s
The terms “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s” are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two conditions aren’t the same. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.
Dementia is a broader term for conditions with symptoms relating to memory loss such as forgetfulness and confusion. Dementia includes more specific conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and others, which can cause these symptoms.
Causes, symptoms, and treatments can be different for these diseases
Causes and risk factors
Increasing age
Genetic
Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells(amyloid)
Decrease Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
Brain shrink
Family history
Down's syndrome
Head injuries
Cardiovascular disease
Types
Sign & symptom
Memory loss affecting daily activities, such as an ability to keep appointments
Trouble with familiar tasks, such as using a microwave
Difficulties with problem-solving
Trouble with speech or writing
Becoming disoriented about times or places
Decrease d judgment
Decreased personal hygiene
Mood and personality changes
Withdrawal from friends, family, and community
Stages
Cont..
Diagnosing
Treatment
Drugs-
Cholinesterase inhibitors.
Memantine
Other Alzheimer’s treatments
focus on tasks
limit confusion
avoid confrontation
get enough rest every day
stay calm
Prevention
Nursing Dignosis
Self-care deficit related to impaired cognitive and motor function
Risk for Injury related to: Unable to recognize / identify hazards in the environment. Disorientation, confusion, impaired decision making.
Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to: sensory changes
Disturbed Sensory Perception related to:changes in the reception, transmission, and / or integration
Impaired verbal communication related to: intellectual changes
Impaired social interaction related to: emotional changes
Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to: sensory changes, it is easy to forget
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior, Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Subscribe to E-News to learn how you can help those affected by Alzheimer's. Understanding Alzheimer's and dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
Decreases Expression of PGC-1α in the Alzheimer Disease Brain Impaire Mitocho...rana alhakimi
Alzheimer is the most neurodegenerative disorder in the aged people. It is characterized by senile, accumulation of amyloid plaque, neurofibrillary tangle and progressive decline in brain memory cells.
Alzheimer disease is associated with inflammatory response, synaptic damage and mitochondrial dysfunctions which are a prominent and early feature of Alzheimer disease.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that destroys memory "dementia" and other important mental functions. Learn the Causes, Symptoms & Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease here.
Describes about the major neurodegenerative disorders such as Dementia,Alzhimers disease,Parkinsons disease,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,etc.Their causes,symptoms and preventative measures.
A complete presentation about all-aspects of the Alzheimer's disease, including Patho Physiology, Treatment, Nursing Management, Prevention, Disease Overview, Clinical Manifestation, etc.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, resulting in loss of memory, imagination and speaking skills, and behavioural changes. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, or loss of intellectual function, among people aged 65 and older.
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
Central nervous system defects include disorders caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (as in hydrocephalus) and a range of disorders resulting from malformations of the neural tube during embryonic development (often called “neural tube defects”). These defects vary from mild to severely disabling.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where there is an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. It is a developmental congenital anomaly
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. • Alzheimer is a disease that
attacks brain. It is most common
form of DEMENTIA.
• Dementia is a general term for a
decline in mental ability severe
enough to interfere with daily life.
• In Alzheimer's disease there is a
progressive loss of brain cells.
• Also known as AD.
ALZHEIMER
4. ETIOLOGY
• The exact aeitopathogenesis is
not known
• The hypotheses include
cholinergic hypothesis (reduced
acetylcholine), amyloid
hypothesis, and tau hypoth
5. PATHOLOGY
• It consist principally of neuronal
loss ; principally in temporal
cortex but also in the frontal
cortex.
• Senile plaques and neurofibrially
tangles are regarded as hallmark
of AD though they may also be
present with normal again
6. PATHO -
PHYSIOLOGY
• Alzheimer's disease is characterized
by loss of neurons and synapses in
the cerebral cortex and certain sub
cortical regions.
• This loss results in gross atrophy of
the affected regions, including
degeneration in the temporal
lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of
the frontal cortex and cingulated
gyrus
7. LABORATORY
INVESTIGATION
• These are carried out to exclude a
treatable cause of dementia.
• Common investigation are blood
chemistry, a complete count, test
for syphilis, serum levels of
vitamin B12 and thyroid function.
• A CT scan of head is usually done
to exclude an intracranial
pathology.
8. CONTINUE
• A MRI may be necessary to detect
presence of white matter ischemic
lesions.
9. CAUSES
• Alzheimer's disease is caused by
parts of the brain wasting away
(atrophy), which damages the
structure of the brain and how it
works.
• It is not known exactly what
causes this process to begin, but
people with Alzheimer's
disease have been found to have
abnormal amounts of protein
(amyloid plaques) and fibers (tau
tangles) in the brain
10.
11. CONTINUE
• These reduce the effectiveness
of healthy neurons (nerve cells
that carry messages to and from
the brain), gradually destroying
them.
• Over time, this damage spreads to
other areas of the brain, such as
the grey matter (responsible for
processing thoughts) and the
hippocampus (responsible for
memory).
12. SIGN AND
SYMPTOMS
• The symptoms of Alzheimer’s
disease progress slowly over
several years. However, the rate
at which they progress will differ
for each individual.
• No two cases of Alzheimer's
disease are ever the same
because different people react in
different ways to the condition.
However, generally, there are
three stages to the condition:-
14. CONTINUE
Moderate Alzheimer's disease
As Alzheimer's disease develops
into the moderate stage, it can
also cause:
• Disorientation
• Difficulty performing spatial tasks
(such as judging distances or
finding your way around)
15. CONTINUE
• Problems with eyesight which
could lead to poor vision, or in
some cases hallucinations (where
you hear or see things that are
not there)
• Delusions – believing things that
are untrue
• Obsessive or repetitive behaviour
16. CONTINUE
• A belief that you have done or
experienced something that never
happened
• Disturbed sleep
• Incontinence – where you
unintentionally pass urine (urinary
incontinence) or stools (faecal
or bowel incontinence
17. CONTINUE
Severe Alzheimer's disease
• Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
• Difficulty changing position or
moving from place to place
without assistance
• Weight loss or a loss of appetite
• Increased vulnerability to
infection
18. CONTINUE
• Complete loss of short-term and
long-term memory
• Someone with severe Alzheimer's
disease may seem very
disorientated and is likely to
experience hallucinations and
delusions.
19. CONTINUE
• The hallucinations and delusions
are often worse at night, and the
person with Alzheimer's disease
may start to become violent,
demanding, and suspicious of
those around them.
20. TREATMENT
Medication
Medications that may be prescribed
for Alzheimer’s disease include:
• Donepezil 5mg daily
• Galantamine 4mg twice a day
• Rivastigmine 1.5mg twice a day
21. CONTINUE
Side effects
Donepezil, galantamine and
rivastigmine (AChE inhibitors) can
cause side effects including:
• nausea (feeling sick)
• vomiting
• diarrhoea
• headache
• fatigue (extreme tiredness)
• insomnia
22.
23. Nurse’s Role
• Promote independence and
autonomy
• Prevent complications
• Provide comfort
• Promote quality of life
• Education
24. Planning Care
• No cure available
• Goals of treatment
– Slow progression
– Manage manifestations
• Care giver experience needed
– Long-term care
– End-of-life care
25. Planning Care
• Challenging behaviors and psychiatric
symptoms develop in the AD patient
• Settings used to care for AD patients
– Individual’s home or family member’s
home
– Hospitals
– Long-term-care facilities (nursing
homes)
– Congregate living facilities
– Hospice settings
27. CONTINUE
• Memantine (Namenda)
– N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)
antagonist
• Alternative and complementary therapies
– Vitamin E: limited support, more study
needed
– Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs/statins: patients taking these
have reduced development of AD
– Statins:are a class of drug used to
lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting
the enzyme HMG- CoA reductase.
28. Functional
Impairments
• Utilize therapeutic nonverbal
behaviors
• Avoid fatigue, nonroutine
activities, and alcohol
• Avoid a high-stimulus environment
• Prevent disability
• Treat other conditions that lead to
physical decline
29. CONTINUE
• Identify and respond rapidly to
acute changes in function
• Adapt care to accommodate
neuro motor changes secondary
to progression of dementia
30. Mood
Disorders
• Be alert for changes
– Appetite
– Disinterest
– Anhedonia
– Sleep abnormality
– Fatigue
31. Delusions and
Hallucinations
• Cause
– Delirium
– Interaction of dementia and
personality
– Separate mental disorder
coexisting with dementia
– Disinhibition of cortical
functions
34. Anxiety
• May be a primary disorder or a
symptom of depression
• May result from delusions,
hallucinations, or functional
impairment
• Plan interventions to reduce stress,
enhance feelings of trust and
safety
• Promote stability
• Provide diversion activities
35. Spatial
Disorientation
• Results in incorrect interpretation
of objects or directions
• Results in fear, anxiety,
suspicions, illusions, delusions,
and safety concerns
• Promote familiarity with
environment
• Use landmarks to provide “pop-
up” cues
36. Elopement
• means to run away, and to not
come back to the point of
origination
• A valid concern in individuals with
cognitive impairments
• Risk factors
• Alzheimer’s Association Safe
Return Program
37. Resistance to
Care
• Common in middle to late stages of
dementia
• Major reason for
institutionalization and use of
psychotropic medications and
restraints
• Management strategies
– Restore calm
– Time-out
38. Food Refusal
• Occurs in each of the progressive
stages of AD
• Causes
• Management interventions
39. Insomnia
• Insomnia noted months prior to
AD diagnosis
• Establish routines to promote
therapeutic sleep patterns
– Establish sleep hygiene
– Eliminate stimuli before bedtime
40. Apathy and
Agitation
• Associated with increasing
cognitive decline
• Escalation can result in violence
and combative behaviors
• Promote interest in the
environment
43. PREVENTION
• Quitting smoking
• Avoid drinking large amounts of
alcohol
• Eating a healthy balanced diet
• Exercising for at least 150 m
• If you have Diabetes, make sure
you keep to the diet and take and
medicines