Alzheimer desease

1. Alzheimer Disease
P.S.T
Coursera

2. • Identify the parts of the nervous system that are active in your
example.
• Describe the functions of the nervous system that are apparent
and/or impaired in your example.
• Explain in detail the ways in which this course has allowed you to
better analyze the events and phenomena around you.

3. • Identify the parts of the nervous system that are active in your
example.
• Describe the functions of the nervous system that are apparent
and/or impaired in your example.
• Explain in detail the ways in which this course has allowed you to
better analyze the events and phenomena around you.

4. Example
• One person have loss of memories because she isn’t able to
remember where she keeps some things.
• Finally, she is diagnosed of Alzheimer Desease.

5. ALZHEIMER DESEASE
• Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is the most frequent type of dementia, being present in the 50-70% of all cases. It is estimated that
over 36.6 million people suffer AD world-wide
• AD is characterized by cognitive impairment. It is a late-onset, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder beginning
with mild symptoms and a final-stage comprising severe cognitive alterations, memory loss, deformed personality and
complete dependence on external care.
• This process usually covers extended periods of 10-20 years[1]. The areas affected In the Alzheimer's brain are shown in Fig 1.
• Earliest Alzheimer's - changes may begin 20 years or more before diagnosis.
• Mild to moderate Alzheimer's stages - generally last from 2 - 10 years.
• Severe Alzheimer's - may last from 1 - 5 years.
Areas affected by AD. a) Earliest Alzheimer’s. b) Mild to moderate Alzheimer’s stages. c) Isevere Alzheimer’s.
(Adapted from Alzheimer AssociationR Alz.org)

6. INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer’s disease
• It is a late-onset and progressive neurodegenerative disorder
Amyloid-cleavage pathways.
Genes where mutatations cause FAD: APP,
PS1 and PS2. (Adapted from Nature Reviews
Immunology 9, 429-439)
There are many factors such as physical, genetic or epigenetic causes that can promote AD. Only 1% or less of all
AD cases are familiar(FAD), which are purely genetic and inherited dominantly. Genes that when mutated cause
FAD are APP, PS1 and PS2 which are involved in the processing of APP. Most of AD cases are sporadic(SAD), which
start in people over 65, and with the age as the only known determining factor. However, little is known about SAD
causes.

7. Major features of AD.( Adapted from Sung Min et al. InTech; 2011)
Major features of AD
• Extracellular amyloid plaques.
• Hyperphosphorylated tau.
• Mitochondrial failure.
It is one of the most prominent features of AD.
Neurons depend on mitochondrial functions,
especially for their energy supply in the synapsis.
INTRODUCTION

8. ALZHEIMER DESEASE
Anatomical position
Temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure
on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian
brain.
This is involved in the retention of visual memories,
processing sensory input, comprehending language,
storing new memories, emotion, and deriving
meaning
Frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral
hemisphere and positioned anterior to the parietal
lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes.
This contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons
which is associated with reward, attention, short-
term memory tasks, planning, and motivation
Areas affected by AD.
• First stage
In the earliest stages, before symptoms can be detected with current
tests, plaques and tangles begin to form in brain areas involved in:
•Learning and memory
•Thinking and planning

9. Anatomical position
ALZHEIMER DESEASE
Areas affected by AD.
• Mild to moderate stages
Brain regions important in memory and thinking and
planning develop more plaques and tangles than were
present in early stages.
Plaques and tangles also spread to areas involved in:
•Speaking and understanding speech
•Your sense of where your body is in relation to objects
around you.
Parietal lobe is positioned above the occipital lobe
and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus.
Several portions of the parietal lobe are important in
language processing.
The main function is interpretation of the position of
the body in accordance to the other objects in its
surroundings.
The right parietal lobe function includes
interpretation of spatial information and regulation
of ones personality.
The left parietal lobe function includes the
ability to understand numbers, manipulation of
different objects and perform writing tasks.

10. ALZHEIMER DESEASE
Areas affected by AD.
• Advance stage
In advanced Alzheimer's disease, most of the cortex is seriously
damaged. The brain shrinks dramatically due to widespread cell
death.
• The cortex shrivels up, damaging areas involved in
thinking, planning and remembering
• Shrinkage is especially severe in the hippocampus.
• Ventricles grow larger.
Anatomical position
cerebral cortex is the outermost layered structure of neural
tissue of the cerebrum. It is divided into two cortices, along the
sagittal plane, covering the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
The mayor function are connections between thalamus and basal
ganglia, the sensory receives and processes information from the
sense and motor areas are very closely related with voluntary
control
Hippocampus is an area of the
cortex that plays a key role in
formation of new memories. t
belongs to the limbic system and
plays important roles in the
consolidation of information from
short-term memory to long-term
memory and spatial navigation.

11. • Identify the parts of the nervous system that are active in your
example.
• Describe the functions of the nervous system that are apparent
and/or impaired in your example.
• Explain in detail the ways in which this course has allowed you to
better analyze the events and phenomena around you.

12. • This course has allowed me to understand how the brain is able to
send commands to others parts of human body to perform different
actions.
• Furthermore, I have learned almost all of the brain pathologies and I
have understood how it affects in the diary routine of sick person.
• I would recommend this course to people which could be interested in
neuroscience because they could learn in an easier manner and
rapidly.

13. Alzheimer Disease
P.S.T.
Coursera