This document discusses various alternative fuels to conventional fuels including methanol, ethanol, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it describes what it is, how it is produced, its environmental characteristics, and advantages. Methanol is produced from synthesis gas and emits fewer smog-forming emissions than gasoline. Ethanol is produced through fermentation and has lower emissions than gasoline. Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas also have lower emissions than gasoline. Biodiesel is made from plant oils and fats and has lower emissions than diesel. Electricity can be provided by batteries or fuel cells, which have almost zero emissions. Alternative fuels are important to
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO – straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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2. Alternative Fuels
“Alternative fuel" means fuel that is
(a)for use in motor vehicles to deliver direct propulsion,
(b)less damaging to the environment than
conventional fuels, and
(c) prescribed by regulation,
including, without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, ethanol, methanol, propane gas, natural
gas, hydrogen or electricity when used as a sole
source of direct propulsion energy.
2
3. Alternative fuels include :
• Methanol and ethanol (Alcohol fuels)
• Natural gas (compressed or liquefied)
• Liquefied petroleum gas
• Hydrogen
• Biodiesel
• Electricity (Batteries and Fuel Cells)
3
4. Methanol
What it is: Methanol is an alcohol fuel. The
primary alternative methanol
used is M-85, which is made
fuel being
up of 85
percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline. In the
future, neat methanol (M-100), may also be used.
How it is produced: created
Methanol is
(hydrogen and CO),
from asynthesis gas
which isreacted in the presence of a
catalyst. Methanol can also be produced
from non-petroleum feed-stocks such as
coal and biomass.
4
5. Environmental Characteristics:
Emissions from M-85 vehicles are slightly lower than in
gasoline powered vehicles. Smog-forming emissions
hydrocarbons emissions from M-85 vehicles
are generally 30-50 percent lower; NOx and
are
similar to slightly lower. However, CO emissions are
usually equal or slightly higher than in gasoline
vehicles.
Advantages:
• High octane and performance characteristics.
• Only minor modific ations are needed to allow
of reactive
gasoline engines to use methanol.
•There is a significant reduction
emissions when using M-85.
5
6. What it is: It’s a cheap non-petroleum based fuel.
As with methanol, E-85 is the primary ethanol
alternative fuel. The use of ethanol in vehicles is
not a new innovation. In the 1880s, Henry Ford
built one of his first automobiles to run on ethanol.
How is it produced: It can be produced by
fermentation of vegetables and plant materials.
In India, its main source is molasses - a
byproduct of sugarc ane. Its done in three stages
1. Extra ction of juice from sugarcane
2. Fermentation of the juice
3. Distillation
Ethanol
6
7. Environmental Characteristics: It has approximately
30-50% fewer smog forming emissions than a
gasoline vehicle. Air toxics are also reduced by
about 50 percent when compared to gasoline. As
with all internal combustion engines, vehicles using
ethanol emit minor amounts of aldehydes. This is
resolved by installing advanced catalytic
converters on the vehicles.
Major problem with ethanol is the corrosion. Ethanol
driven vehicles require lines, hoses and valves to be
resistant to the corrosion that alcohol can induce.
Alcohol corrodes lead-plated fuel tanks;
magnesium, copper, lead, zinc, and aluminum
parts; and some synthetic gaskets.
7
8. Natural Gas - LNG & CNG
• What it is:Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons -
mainly methane (CH4). It can be stored on a
vehicle either in a compressed gaseous state
(CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG).
• How it is produced: Natural gas is primarily
extracted from gas wells or in conjunction with
crude oil production; it can also be produced as a
"by-product" of landfill operations.
• Environmental Characteristics: Natural gas has low
CO emissions, virtually no PM (particulate matter)
volatile organic
emissions,
compounds.
and reduced
Per unit of energy, natural
less carbon than any other fossil
contains
leading to lower CO2 emissions per vehicle
gas
fuel,
mile
traveled.
8
9. • Advantages
1. Its cheap
2. It’s Engine-Friendly
3. It’s safe
4. There islot of it in India.
5. It’s clean, easy to trap and odorless.
• Disadvantages
1. The storage cylinder takes a lot of space.
2. CNG gas stations are not widely available in India.
9
10. Liquified Petroleum Gas - LPG
What it is: Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consists
of various hydrocarbons, mainly propane,
propylene, butane, and butylene in various
mixtures. The main constituent, in most of the
cases , is propane.
How it is produced: LPG is a byproduct of natural
gas processing and petroleum refining.
Environmental Characteristics: The LPG run
vehicles have lower emission of reactive
hydrocarbons (about one-third less), NOx (20
percent less), and CO (60 percent less) than
gasoline vehicles.
10
11. • Advantages
1.Its cost is60% of petrol with 90% of its mile age.
2.Has a higher octane numb er and burns more
efficiently.
3.LPG has many of the storage and transportation
advantages of liquids, along with the fuel
advantages of gases.
4. Saves on the maintenance costs.
11
12. Hydrogen (H2)
What it is:Hydrogen gas (H2)
How it is produced: Hydrogen can be produced from
a numb er of different sources, including natural gas,
water, methanol etc. Two methods are generally used
to produce hydrogen:
(1)Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from ste am reforming or
partial oxidation.
Environmental Characteristics: When combusted
(oxidized), is produced.
combustion engine,
When
small
burned
amounts
only water vapor
in an internal
of nitrogen oxides and small amounts of
unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are
produced, due to the use of engine lubric ants.
12
13. Advantages
❖Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly 10 times
faster than gasoline- air mixture.
❖Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperature but
requires very little energy to ignite it.
❖Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
❖As a fuel it isvery efficient as there are no losses
associated with throttling.
Disadvantages
❖There is danger of back fire and induction
ignition.
❖ Though low in exhaust , it produces toxic NOx.
❖Its difficult to handle and store, requiring high
capital and running cost.
13
14. What it is: Biodiesel is a fuel made primarily
from the oils and fats of plants. Although, it
can be used as a straight replacement to
diesel, the blend of biodiesel to diesel can
be as low as 20% biodiesel, 80% diesel.
How it is produced: Biodiesel can be
produced through a transesterfication
process, forming fatty esters. One of the
byproducts of production is glycerol, which
can then be sold as an independent
product.
Biodiesel
14
15. Environmental Characteristics: Biodiesel
has no aromatic content and only
trace amounts of sulfur.In
vehicle tests, it has
lower emissions of carbon
soot, and polycyclic
monoxide,
aromatic
hydrocarbons than conventional diesel.
With adjustments in the injection engine
timing, it is possible to reduce the NOx
emissions.
Biodiesel
15
17. Electricity (Batteries & Fuel Cells)
What it is: Electricity is a type of energy where
mechanical power is derived directly from it,
as opposed to other alternative fuels, which
release stored chemical energy
combustion to provide mechanical
through
power.
Electricity in vehicles is commonly provided by
rechargeable batteries, but fuel cells are also
being explored.
Environmental Characteristics: Battery-
powered electric vehicles are almost
vehicles.
zero-
using
as the
Fuel
fuel,
cell emissions,
are water vapor and
emission
hydrogen
heat.
17
18. Batteries
• Batteries are the storage "tanks" for
electricity, and the quantity of
potential power available from them
is given by the battery rating
(determined by plate size, quantity
of electrolyte, etc.).
18
19. Fuel Cells
• Fuel cells do not store energy; inste ad
chemical energy is converted into
electricity. An external source of
hydrogen (for example, from natural
gas, gasoline, or one of the alcohol
fuels) and oxygen (from air) are fed to
the fuel cell. The electrolyte fuel cells
employ the electrochemic al reaction
between hydrogen and oxygen to
generate electricity.
19
20. Our dependence on energy is central to
our economy and way of life.
Economically, we need to utilize new and
renewable types of fuels, as our supplies of
many current fuels are very limited.
Environmentally, burning fossil fuels has
been greatly affecting and damaging our
planet.
Thus, it is important to compare all types of
fuels, in order to determine the best ones,
economically and environmentally, short
term and long term. For this we need to
develop alternative fuels.
Conclusions
20