Fever is a protective response initiated by the body to fight infections. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is defined as a temperature above 38°C for more than 3 weeks without an established diagnosis after initial investigations. Common causes of FUO include infections, malignancies, and connective tissue disorders. Evaluating a patient with FUO involves taking a detailed history, conducting a physical exam, and running diagnostic tests. Treatment focuses on identifying the underlying cause, with antipyretics used for fever control. Prognosis depends on the identified condition.
This document provides information on body temperature regulation and fever. It discusses how the hypothalamus controls normal body temperature and the pathogenesis of fever. Fever is defined as an elevation of the hypothalamic set point, triggering heat conservation mechanisms to raise the body temperature. Hyperthermia is an uncontrolled rise in temperature exceeding the body's ability to lose heat. The document also covers approaches to patients with fever or hyperthermia and treatment options for fever and hyperthermia.
This document provides information on evaluating and approaching the febrile patient. It discusses the physiology of fever, common causes of fever including infectious and non-infectious etiologies, and important aspects of the history and physical exam. A thorough history is emphasized to identify potential infectious sources, exposures, or medications that could be causing the fever. A repeated, detailed physical exam pays special attention to signs in the skin, throat, eyes, lymph nodes, abdomen, and heart.
Fever and Hyperthermia and Pyrexia of unknown origin by Dr Mohammad Hussien for Medical Student .
Ass.Lecturer of Hepatogastroentrology at Kafrelsheikh University.
This document provides an overview of altered body temperature, including fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines key terms, describes the physiology of thermoregulation, and outlines the causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic findings, and management approaches for various conditions of elevated or reduced core body temperature. Nursing interventions are also summarized, focusing on ongoing assessment, rewarming or cooling techniques, and supporting patient comfort and hydration needs.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. A fever typically involves four stages: prodrome of nonspecific symptoms, temperature rising, flush of warm skin, and defervescence through sweating. Fever enhances the immune response and inhibits some microbes. Causes of fever include infection, autoimmune diseases, and drugs. Evaluation of fever considers associated symptoms to identify potential causes and guide treatment.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction with an
increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-
39⁰C.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. Fever has various stages as temperature rises and falls, and can be classified by pattern of temperature changes. Fever benefits the immune response by enhancing immune cell activity and inhibiting microbial growth at higher temperatures. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while controlling temperature.
The document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia) including its pathophysiology, types, and differential diagnosis. It discusses how fever is regulated in the hypothalamus and the role of cytokines like interleukin and tumor necrosis factor in initiating the fever response. The document also outlines how to take a thorough history from a febrile patient to understand the biomedical and contextual perspectives of their illness.
This document provides information on body temperature regulation and fever. It discusses how the hypothalamus controls normal body temperature and the pathogenesis of fever. Fever is defined as an elevation of the hypothalamic set point, triggering heat conservation mechanisms to raise the body temperature. Hyperthermia is an uncontrolled rise in temperature exceeding the body's ability to lose heat. The document also covers approaches to patients with fever or hyperthermia and treatment options for fever and hyperthermia.
This document provides information on evaluating and approaching the febrile patient. It discusses the physiology of fever, common causes of fever including infectious and non-infectious etiologies, and important aspects of the history and physical exam. A thorough history is emphasized to identify potential infectious sources, exposures, or medications that could be causing the fever. A repeated, detailed physical exam pays special attention to signs in the skin, throat, eyes, lymph nodes, abdomen, and heart.
Fever and Hyperthermia and Pyrexia of unknown origin by Dr Mohammad Hussien for Medical Student .
Ass.Lecturer of Hepatogastroentrology at Kafrelsheikh University.
This document provides an overview of altered body temperature, including fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines key terms, describes the physiology of thermoregulation, and outlines the causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic findings, and management approaches for various conditions of elevated or reduced core body temperature. Nursing interventions are also summarized, focusing on ongoing assessment, rewarming or cooling techniques, and supporting patient comfort and hydration needs.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. A fever typically involves four stages: prodrome of nonspecific symptoms, temperature rising, flush of warm skin, and defervescence through sweating. Fever enhances the immune response and inhibits some microbes. Causes of fever include infection, autoimmune diseases, and drugs. Evaluation of fever considers associated symptoms to identify potential causes and guide treatment.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature that exceeds
normally daily variation and occurs in conjunction with an
increase in the hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-
39⁰C.
Fever is an elevation of body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens. It is a common symptom of infection or inflammation. Fever has various stages as temperature rises and falls, and can be classified by pattern of temperature changes. Fever benefits the immune response by enhancing immune cell activity and inhibiting microbial growth at higher temperatures. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while controlling temperature.
The document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia) including its pathophysiology, types, and differential diagnosis. It discusses how fever is regulated in the hypothalamus and the role of cytokines like interleukin and tumor necrosis factor in initiating the fever response. The document also outlines how to take a thorough history from a febrile patient to understand the biomedical and contextual perspectives of their illness.
The document defines various types of fever and hyperthermia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. It discusses the body's normal temperature regulation controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is an elevation of the hypothalamic set point in response to pyrogens, while hyperthermia is an uncontrolled rise exceeding the ability to lose heat. Types of fever covered include drug fever and factitious fever. Causes, presentations, and management principles are provided for hyperthermia syndromes like heat stroke, serotonin syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Treatment involves physical cooling, IV fluids, and medications like dantrolene.
This document discusses various topics related to thermoregulation including types of temperature, factors affecting thermoregulation, fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines these conditions and discusses their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Nursing considerations are provided for assessment and care of patients experiencing fever, hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Current trends in cooling techniques for hyperthermia are also reviewed.
Fever is a common problem in the ICU, occurring in 30-70% of patients. It can be caused by infections, non-infectious factors, or a combination. A thorough evaluation including blood tests, imaging, and cultures is important to determine the cause. Common infectious causes include ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. Non-infectious causes include drug reactions, transfusions, and environmental factors. Prompt treatment of the underlying cause is key to avoiding adverse outcomes in critically ill ICU patients experiencing fever.
Hyperthermic syndrome in ICU and their management.pptxNeurologyKota
Based on the information provided, this patient is likely experiencing malignant hyperthermia (MH). Key signs include:
- Muscle rigidity developing post-operatively
- Increasing tachycardia, tachypnea, and rising temperature shortly after being admitted to PACU
- Recent exposure to inhalational anesthetic triggers for MH like halothane during surgery
The immediate steps in management should be:
1. Discontinue any triggering anesthetic agents
2. Administer dantrolene sodium 2-3 mg/kg IV to reduce calcium release and muscle rigidity
3. Initiate cooling measures and monitor for signs of multiple organ dysfunction as temperature rises further
Prompt diagnosis and
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
This document discusses fever and rash, including definitions, diagnostic approaches, and specific conditions that can present with fever and rash. It defines fever and discusses methods of taking temperature. It describes patterns of fever such as continuous, remittent, and intermittent fever. It then discusses specific conditions that can present with fever and a rash, categorizing them based on the type of rash: centrally distributed maculopapular eruptions (such as measles, rubella, epidemic typhus), nodular eruptions (such as erythema nodosum), and purpuric eruptions (such as meningococcal disease). It emphasizes taking a thorough history, physical exam, and conducting appropriate laboratory
This document discusses the approach to evaluating a febrile patient. It covers thermoregulation, the febrile response, fever patterns, physical examination findings that may indicate an infectious source, and appropriate laboratory tests. A thorough history and repeated physical exams are important to identify potential infections, while focused testing can help confirm a diagnosis. The goal is to identify common infections, but uncommon manifestations of common diseases are more frequent than common signs of rare diseases.
The document discusses temperature regulation and monitoring during general anesthesia. It begins by introducing homeostasis of core body temperature and the role of the hypothalamus. It then discusses heat production, transfer, and loss in the body. The effects of anesthesia on thermoregulation are described, including impaired responses and increased risk of hypothermia. Consequences of hypothermia like increased bleeding and infection risk are covered. The document concludes by reviewing methods of temperature measurement and preferred monitoring sites.
APPROACH TO CASE OF PYREXIA(HUSAIN).pptxpiyushtageja2
This document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia), including its introduction, mechanism, pathogenesis, patterns, approach to patients, and treatment. It discusses the difference between hyperpyrexia and hyperthermia. Fever is caused by an increased hypothalamic set point and occurs in conjunction with infections or non-infectious causes like trauma or vaccines. Different fever patterns include continuous, remittent, intermittent, relapsing, and drug fever. The approach involves a physical exam, labs like CBC and CRP, and treating the underlying cause while withholding antipyretics in some cases.
The next step is E) Continue to monitor patient and recheck thyroid function after illness resolve. This clinical presentation suggests Euthyroid Sick Syndrome/Non-thyroidal illness syndrome, which causes changes in thyroid function tests similar to hypothyroidism during acute illness but does not require thyroid hormone treatment. Thyroid function should be reassessed after recovery from the acute illness.
Approach to history taking in a patient with feverReina Ramesh
The document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia), including its definition, pathophysiology, types, and differential diagnosis. It discusses how fever is regulated by the hypothalamus and the role of pyrogens and cytokines in initiating the febrile response. Common causes of fever are described, such as infections, malignancies, and autoimmune conditions. Different patterns of fever are also outlined, including continuous, intermittent, and remittent fever. The evaluation of pyrexia of unknown origin is summarized. Factitious fever is defined as fever intentionally fabricated by the patient. The importance of a thorough history is emphasized when evaluating a febrile patient.
The document discusses care of patients with altered body temperature. It defines body temperature and how it is regulated in the body. Temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus and can be increased or decreased through various mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and vasodilation. Fever is defined as a temperature above normal, while hypothermia is below normal. Various factors like age, environment, and illness can impact temperature. Nursing care involves assessing temperature, identifying causes of changes, and intervening to restore normal temperature through measures like antipyretics, fluids, and environmental controls.
This document discusses fever, including its definition, causes, types, stages, treatment and management. It defines fever as a body temperature above the normal range of 36.6-37.2°C due to a raised hypothalamic temperature set-point in response to pyrogens. Causes can be infectious, inflammatory or toxic. Treatment focuses on hydration, antipyretics and cooling measures, with fever itself not usually requiring treatment below 40.6°C.
This document provides information on assessing and interpreting vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. The procedures for measuring each vital sign are outlined, including the appropriate equipment and sites on the body. Reasons for routinely measuring vital signs and guidelines for documentation are also discussed.
This document provides guidelines for assessing various vital signs including body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. It discusses appropriate techniques for measuring each vital sign, normal ranges, factors that influence the measurements, and guidelines for documentation. The key vital signs covered are temperature (measured orally, rectally, axillary, or tympanically), pulse (measured at radial or apical sites), and respiration (assessed by chest or abdominal movement and counted for a full minute).
This document provides information on fever in children, including:
- Definitions of fever and classifications based on temperature and duration.
- The pathophysiology of fever, including the role of pyrogens and the hypothalamus in regulating body temperature.
- Guidelines for assessing and evaluating a febrile child, including taking a history, performing a physical exam, and potential laboratory tests.
- Different patterns of fever and their potential associations with various conditions.
- The "traffic light system" for evaluating the risk of serious illness in a febrile child based on symptoms and signs.
This document provides an overview of vital signs and how to assess them. It discusses the purposes of monitoring vital signs, which include obtaining baseline data about a patient's condition and determining treatment effectiveness. The four main vital signs covered are body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. For each sign, the document outlines the relevant physiology, factors that can influence measurements, acceptable ranges, appropriate assessment techniques, and potential abnormalities. It also provides guidance on applying hot and cold treatments to address certain medical issues.
Ali, a 1-month old boy, presented with fever, irritability, decreased feeding and urine output. His rectal temperature was 38-38.5°C. Examination found tachycardia, tachypnea and mottled skin. Investigations revealed leukocytosis, elevated CRP and CSF showing turbidity, neutrophil predominance and gram-negative rods on microscopy. He was diagnosed with bacterial meningitis and started on IV antibiotics, completing treatment and making a full recovery. Fever is an important sign that should prompt evaluation of its cause, with treatment focused on improving comfort once the cause is determined.
1. Humans tightly regulate their core body temperature around 37°C through feedback mechanisms involving thermal sensing receptors, central processing in the hypothalamus, and efferent responses like vasoconstriction and shivering.
2. During general anesthesia, thermoregulation is impaired as behavioral responses are removed and autonomic responses like shivering and vasoconstriction are decreased. This commonly leads to unintended hypothermia from heat loss exceeding the body's ability to generate heat.
3. Regional anesthesia also impairs thermoregulation by blocking cutaneous vasoconstriction and decreasing the shivering threshold, potentially resulting in hypothermia if not monitored. Active warming and other
This document provides an overview of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It discusses the new nomenclature of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The document reviews the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management options for NAFLD/NASH. It provides details on non-invasive and invasive testing methods as well as histological scoring systems used to evaluate NAFLD and NASH.
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been renamed to metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) to better reflect its pathogenesis.
- MASLD includes hepatic steatosis in the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors like obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
- Risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of MASLD were discussed with emphasis on lifestyle modifications, weight loss, treatment of cardiometabolic conditions, and potential pharmacotherapy.
The document defines various types of fever and hyperthermia, their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. It discusses the body's normal temperature regulation controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is an elevation of the hypothalamic set point in response to pyrogens, while hyperthermia is an uncontrolled rise exceeding the ability to lose heat. Types of fever covered include drug fever and factitious fever. Causes, presentations, and management principles are provided for hyperthermia syndromes like heat stroke, serotonin syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Treatment involves physical cooling, IV fluids, and medications like dantrolene.
This document discusses various topics related to thermoregulation including types of temperature, factors affecting thermoregulation, fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia, and frostbite. It defines these conditions and discusses their causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Nursing considerations are provided for assessment and care of patients experiencing fever, hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Current trends in cooling techniques for hyperthermia are also reviewed.
Fever is a common problem in the ICU, occurring in 30-70% of patients. It can be caused by infections, non-infectious factors, or a combination. A thorough evaluation including blood tests, imaging, and cultures is important to determine the cause. Common infectious causes include ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. Non-infectious causes include drug reactions, transfusions, and environmental factors. Prompt treatment of the underlying cause is key to avoiding adverse outcomes in critically ill ICU patients experiencing fever.
Hyperthermic syndrome in ICU and their management.pptxNeurologyKota
Based on the information provided, this patient is likely experiencing malignant hyperthermia (MH). Key signs include:
- Muscle rigidity developing post-operatively
- Increasing tachycardia, tachypnea, and rising temperature shortly after being admitted to PACU
- Recent exposure to inhalational anesthetic triggers for MH like halothane during surgery
The immediate steps in management should be:
1. Discontinue any triggering anesthetic agents
2. Administer dantrolene sodium 2-3 mg/kg IV to reduce calcium release and muscle rigidity
3. Initiate cooling measures and monitor for signs of multiple organ dysfunction as temperature rises further
Prompt diagnosis and
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
This document discusses fever and rash, including definitions, diagnostic approaches, and specific conditions that can present with fever and rash. It defines fever and discusses methods of taking temperature. It describes patterns of fever such as continuous, remittent, and intermittent fever. It then discusses specific conditions that can present with fever and a rash, categorizing them based on the type of rash: centrally distributed maculopapular eruptions (such as measles, rubella, epidemic typhus), nodular eruptions (such as erythema nodosum), and purpuric eruptions (such as meningococcal disease). It emphasizes taking a thorough history, physical exam, and conducting appropriate laboratory
This document discusses the approach to evaluating a febrile patient. It covers thermoregulation, the febrile response, fever patterns, physical examination findings that may indicate an infectious source, and appropriate laboratory tests. A thorough history and repeated physical exams are important to identify potential infections, while focused testing can help confirm a diagnosis. The goal is to identify common infections, but uncommon manifestations of common diseases are more frequent than common signs of rare diseases.
The document discusses temperature regulation and monitoring during general anesthesia. It begins by introducing homeostasis of core body temperature and the role of the hypothalamus. It then discusses heat production, transfer, and loss in the body. The effects of anesthesia on thermoregulation are described, including impaired responses and increased risk of hypothermia. Consequences of hypothermia like increased bleeding and infection risk are covered. The document concludes by reviewing methods of temperature measurement and preferred monitoring sites.
APPROACH TO CASE OF PYREXIA(HUSAIN).pptxpiyushtageja2
This document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia), including its introduction, mechanism, pathogenesis, patterns, approach to patients, and treatment. It discusses the difference between hyperpyrexia and hyperthermia. Fever is caused by an increased hypothalamic set point and occurs in conjunction with infections or non-infectious causes like trauma or vaccines. Different fever patterns include continuous, remittent, intermittent, relapsing, and drug fever. The approach involves a physical exam, labs like CBC and CRP, and treating the underlying cause while withholding antipyretics in some cases.
The next step is E) Continue to monitor patient and recheck thyroid function after illness resolve. This clinical presentation suggests Euthyroid Sick Syndrome/Non-thyroidal illness syndrome, which causes changes in thyroid function tests similar to hypothyroidism during acute illness but does not require thyroid hormone treatment. Thyroid function should be reassessed after recovery from the acute illness.
Approach to history taking in a patient with feverReina Ramesh
The document provides an overview of fever (pyrexia), including its definition, pathophysiology, types, and differential diagnosis. It discusses how fever is regulated by the hypothalamus and the role of pyrogens and cytokines in initiating the febrile response. Common causes of fever are described, such as infections, malignancies, and autoimmune conditions. Different patterns of fever are also outlined, including continuous, intermittent, and remittent fever. The evaluation of pyrexia of unknown origin is summarized. Factitious fever is defined as fever intentionally fabricated by the patient. The importance of a thorough history is emphasized when evaluating a febrile patient.
The document discusses care of patients with altered body temperature. It defines body temperature and how it is regulated in the body. Temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus and can be increased or decreased through various mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and vasodilation. Fever is defined as a temperature above normal, while hypothermia is below normal. Various factors like age, environment, and illness can impact temperature. Nursing care involves assessing temperature, identifying causes of changes, and intervening to restore normal temperature through measures like antipyretics, fluids, and environmental controls.
This document discusses fever, including its definition, causes, types, stages, treatment and management. It defines fever as a body temperature above the normal range of 36.6-37.2°C due to a raised hypothalamic temperature set-point in response to pyrogens. Causes can be infectious, inflammatory or toxic. Treatment focuses on hydration, antipyretics and cooling measures, with fever itself not usually requiring treatment below 40.6°C.
This document provides information on assessing and interpreting vital signs, including temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, and pain. It describes the normal ranges for each vital sign and factors that can influence them. The procedures for measuring each vital sign are outlined, including the appropriate equipment and sites on the body. Reasons for routinely measuring vital signs and guidelines for documentation are also discussed.
This document provides guidelines for assessing various vital signs including body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure. It discusses appropriate techniques for measuring each vital sign, normal ranges, factors that influence the measurements, and guidelines for documentation. The key vital signs covered are temperature (measured orally, rectally, axillary, or tympanically), pulse (measured at radial or apical sites), and respiration (assessed by chest or abdominal movement and counted for a full minute).
This document provides information on fever in children, including:
- Definitions of fever and classifications based on temperature and duration.
- The pathophysiology of fever, including the role of pyrogens and the hypothalamus in regulating body temperature.
- Guidelines for assessing and evaluating a febrile child, including taking a history, performing a physical exam, and potential laboratory tests.
- Different patterns of fever and their potential associations with various conditions.
- The "traffic light system" for evaluating the risk of serious illness in a febrile child based on symptoms and signs.
This document provides an overview of vital signs and how to assess them. It discusses the purposes of monitoring vital signs, which include obtaining baseline data about a patient's condition and determining treatment effectiveness. The four main vital signs covered are body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. For each sign, the document outlines the relevant physiology, factors that can influence measurements, acceptable ranges, appropriate assessment techniques, and potential abnormalities. It also provides guidance on applying hot and cold treatments to address certain medical issues.
Ali, a 1-month old boy, presented with fever, irritability, decreased feeding and urine output. His rectal temperature was 38-38.5°C. Examination found tachycardia, tachypnea and mottled skin. Investigations revealed leukocytosis, elevated CRP and CSF showing turbidity, neutrophil predominance and gram-negative rods on microscopy. He was diagnosed with bacterial meningitis and started on IV antibiotics, completing treatment and making a full recovery. Fever is an important sign that should prompt evaluation of its cause, with treatment focused on improving comfort once the cause is determined.
1. Humans tightly regulate their core body temperature around 37°C through feedback mechanisms involving thermal sensing receptors, central processing in the hypothalamus, and efferent responses like vasoconstriction and shivering.
2. During general anesthesia, thermoregulation is impaired as behavioral responses are removed and autonomic responses like shivering and vasoconstriction are decreased. This commonly leads to unintended hypothermia from heat loss exceeding the body's ability to generate heat.
3. Regional anesthesia also impairs thermoregulation by blocking cutaneous vasoconstriction and decreasing the shivering threshold, potentially resulting in hypothermia if not monitored. Active warming and other
This document provides an overview of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It discusses the new nomenclature of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH). The document reviews the prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management options for NAFLD/NASH. It provides details on non-invasive and invasive testing methods as well as histological scoring systems used to evaluate NAFLD and NASH.
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been renamed to metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) to better reflect its pathogenesis.
- MASLD includes hepatic steatosis in the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors like obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
- Risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of MASLD were discussed with emphasis on lifestyle modifications, weight loss, treatment of cardiometabolic conditions, and potential pharmacotherapy.
This document provides information on fever with rashes, including:
1. It describes the causes and characteristics of fever and rashes. Fever is caused by pyrogens or cytokines during infection or inflammation, while rashes can result from infectious organisms, toxins, autoimmune responses, or vasculature involvement.
2. It outlines the approach to evaluating a patient with fever and rashes, including taking a thorough history, examining the rash characteristics, and performing laboratory tests. Differential diagnoses are made based on signs and symptoms.
3. Common infectious diseases that present with central or peripheral maculopapular rashes are described, such as measles, rubella, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1. The ECG shows signs of an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction including ST elevations in leads II, III, and aVF with ST depressions in leads V2-V3.
2. Additional findings include left ventricular hypertrophy and a left bundle branch block.
3. The patient is assessed to have had an acute inferior wall MI in the setting of pre-existing left ventricular hypertrophy and left bundle branch block.
This document appears to be a medical record that contains the following information in 3 sentences:
It includes patient information such as names, ages, genders, and medical imaging procedures including chest X-rays dated between 2011-2013. The document also references S.S.I.M.S. & R.C. Davangere, which is likely a hospital name. No other significant details can be discerned from the poor quality document.
This document discusses various insect and animal bites and stings, including:
- Black widow spider bites cause neurotoxicity and muscle spasms. Brown spider bites result in skin necrosis and systemic effects like anaphylaxis.
- Bee stings contain toxins like histamine and dopamine that can cause allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Soda bicarbonate can neutralize bee venom.
- Scorpion venom contains neurotoxins that cause autonomic storm responses with symptoms like muscle twitching and shaking. Scorpion stings are graded based on severity of symptoms and managed with fluids, electrolytes, benzodiazepines, and other drugs.
This document discusses different types of eczemas. It classifies eczemas into exogenous types caused by external irritants or allergens, and endogenous types caused by internal factors. Some common endogenous eczemas mentioned are atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and hand eczema. The stages of eczema progression and clinical features at each stage are also outlined. Various allergens that can cause allergic contact dermatitis as well as treatments for different eczemas are described.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
2. Introduction
What is fever ?
• Fever is a response to cytokines and acute phase proteins
• Fever is a protective mechanism initiated by the body to destroy or
inhibit the growth of any bacteria or virus that is sensitive to
temperature changes
• Normal body temperature ranges from 36.5 – 37.5°C (37 ± 0.5) °C
.
4. How is hyperthermia different ?
• Hyperthermia is due to Exogenous heat exposure and excessive
endogenous heat production.
• Does not involve pyrogenic molecules.
• No change in hypothalamic setpoint.
• Antipyretics cannot be used to control hyperthermia.
5. Heat production
Metabolism
• Basal rate of metabolism of all the cells of the body.
• Extra rate of metabolism caused by muscle activity including muscle
contractions caused by shivering.
• Extra metabolism caused by the effect of thyroxine
• Extra metabolism caused by the effect of norepinephrine,
epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation of cells
• Extra metabolism caused by the thermogenic effect of food.
6. Heat conservation
• Fat in subcutaneous tissue – have less heat conductive property
therefore it minimizes the heat transfer to the skin.
• Blood flow to the skin.
• Piloerection.
7. How is heat lost from the body ?
• Radiation – loss of heat from the body in form of infrared heat rays.
• Conduction – heat is conducted from body to objects in contact with
it, e.g. chair, bed, etc.
• Convection – heat is lost by the means of air currents.
• Evaporation – 0.58 calorie (2.421 joules) of heat is lost for each ml of
water that is evaporated.
9. Role of hypothalamus
• The temperature of the body is mainly regulated by the temperature
regulating centers in the hypothalamus.
• The preoptic anterior hypothalamic area and the posterior
hypothalamus work together and integrate the central and peripheral
temperature sensory signals.
10.
11. Concept of setpoint
What is a setpoint ?
• It is a programmed optimal temperature in the hypothalamus that it
maintains.
How does it maintain ?
• When the temperature is above 37.5ºC, the rate of heat loss > the
rate of heat production.
• When temperature is below 36.5ºC, the rate of heat production > the
rate of heat loss.
12. Mechanisms initiated when the body is too hot are:
• Vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin.
• Sweating.
• Decrease in heat production.
- metabolic thermogenesis inhibited.
- shivering inhibited.
Mechanisms initiated when the body is too cold are:
• Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin.
• Piloerection.
• Increase in heat production (thermogenesis)
- metabolic thermogenesis.
- shivering reflex initiated.
16. Phases of fever
• Prodromal phase – mild headache, fatigue, malaise
• Onset phase- characterized by chills and shivering
• Stationary phase – characterized by flushed skin and feeling hot.
• Defervescence or resolution phase – Initiation of sweating.
17.
18. Patterns of fever
1. Continuous fever
• Temperature remains above normal throughout the day.
• Does not fluctuate more than 1⁰ C in 24 hours.
• E.g. lobar pneumonia, infective endocarditis.
19. 2. Remittent fever
• Temperature remains above normal through out the day.
• Fluctuation of temperature is more than 1⁰ C.
• E.g. viral pneumonia.
20. 3. Intermittent fever
• Temperature is present for some hours in a day and remits to normal,
e.g. miliary TB
21. 4. Relapsing fever
• Temperature rises abruptly and then falls abruptly to normal before
rising again, e.g. malaria.
22. 5. Undulant fever
• It is called undulant because the fever pattern is rising and falling like
a wave.
23. 6. Pel – Ebstein fever
A cyclic fever pattern that is occasionally seen in Hodgkin’s lymphoma
which is characterized by irregular episodes of fever of several days’
duration.
24. Exercise:
What is a pyrogen ?
A. a bacteria
B. a substance produced by the bacteria, virus, fungi and
parasite which induces fever.
C. Cytokines
D. Both b and c
25. Answer : D
A pyrogen is a fever producing agent.
two types
1. Exogenous pyrogen
• Foreign substance derived outside the host
e.g. lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins, exotoxins.
2. Endogenous pyrogen
• Produced by the immune cells that are activated in presence of infectious
agents. E.g. cytokines (IL1,IL6, TNF)
27. Introduction
• Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is defined as a temperature
persistently above 38.0°C for more than 3 weeks, without diagnosis
upon initial investigation done during 3 days of inpatient care or after
more than two outpatient visits.
28. Durack and street’s classification of fuo
1. Classic – 3 outpatients visits or 3 days in hospital without any
explanation of the cause.
2. Nosocomial – patient hospitalized for ≥ 24 hours but no fever or
incubating on admission
3. Neutropenic – fever on several occasions in patients whose neutrophil
count is less 500 per µL (Normal range:1500 – 8000 per µL of blood).
4. HIV associated – fever for more ≥ 4 weeks in out patients, >3 days for
inpatients with confirmed HIV infection.
29. Category Definition Aetiologies
Classic - Temperature more > 38⁰ C
- Duration of > 3 weeks
- Evaluation of at least 3 outpatient visits or 3 days in
hospital.
- Infection
- Malignancy
- Collagen vascular disease
nosocomial - Temperature more > 38⁰ C
- Patient hospitalized ≥ 24 hours but no fever or
incubating on admission
- Evaluation of at least 3 days.
- Clostridium difficile enterocolitis.
- Drug induced e.g.
- Pulmonary embolism
- Septic thrombophlebitis
- Sinusitis
neutropenic - Temperature more > 38⁰ C
- Neutrophil count < 500 per µL of blood
- Evaluation of at least 3 days.
- Opportunistic bacterial infections
- Aspergillosis
- Candidiasis
- Herpes virus
HIV
associated
- Temperature more > 38⁰ C
- Duration of ≥ 4 weeks for outpatient and > 3 days
inpatient.
- HIV infection confirmed.
Primary
- HIV
Secondary
- Cytomegalovirus
- Drug induced
33. 1.History taking
• Duration: when did it start ?
• Onset: acute or gradual
• Character: high grade or low grade fever
• Pattern: fever pattern, sustained or persistent.
• Associated symptoms: any joint pain, headache, chills, abdominal
pain etc.
• Past medical and surgical history: inflammatory bowel disease,
diabetes mellitus, any surgery, any operation.
• Drug history: any corticosteroids any antibiotics, etc.
• Family history: does anyone in the family has it ?
34. • Social history
- Travel history
- residential area: diseases endemic to your area.
- occupation- set of occupational diseases.
- diet history
- sexual orientation – HIV, STD’S, PID
- contact with animals
35. 2. Physical examination
HEENT
1. Central nervous system examination
- Signs
- Reflexes
- Conscious level
2. Cardiovascular examination
42. Pharmacological treatment
• The treatment for fever of unknow origin is designed according to the
underlying diagnosis.
However;
• Empirical therapeutic trials with antibiotics, glucocorticoids, or
antituberculous agents should be avoided in FUO except when a
patient's condition is rapidly deteriorating after previous diagnostic
tests have failed to provide a definite diagnosis.
43. Antipyretics
• Paracetamol 1g Q6H PO × 3/7
mechanism of action
• Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins.
Adverse effects:
• Liver damage (hepatotoxicity)
• NSAIDs are not the best choice for antipyretic therapy due to their
adverse effects such as GI bleeding, headache, dizziness.
44. Prognosis
• The risk of death related to FUO is dependent on the underlying
disease.
• Studies show that malignancy accounts for most FUO related deaths
compared to nonmalignant FUO where fatality rates are very low.
• The good outcome in patients without a diagnosis confirms that
potentially lethal diseases are very unusual and that empirical therapy
with antibiotics, antituberculous agents, or glucocorticoids is rarely
required in stable patients.
45. Conclusion
• Fever is both a sign and a symptom.
• Fever is a protective response initiated by the body to fight off
infections.
• The processes through which heat is lost from the body are radiation,
conduction, convection, evaporation and respiration.
• Fever results from alteration in the thermoregulatory set point.
• The best choice of antipyretic drug is paracetamol as it is better
tolerated by our body and has fewer adverse effects compared to
NSAIDs.
46. Reference
Anthony Fauci., Eugene Braunwald., Dennis Kasper., Stephen Hauser.,
Dan Longo., J. Jameson. et al. Harrison's principles of internal medicine.
19th ed. 2015.pp. 123- 141
Ralston S, Penman I, Strachan M, Hobson R, Britton R, Davidson S.
Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. 22nd ed. 2014.
Hall J. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. 12th ed.
Elsevier; 2011.pp. 867-875
47. Dinarello C. Infection, fever, and exogenous and endogenous pyrogens:
some concepts have changed. Journal of Endotoxin Research [Internet].
2004 [cited 30 April 2019];10(4):201. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15373964
Unger M, Karanikas G, Kerschbaumer A, Winkler S, Aletaha D. Fever of
unknown origin (FUO) revised. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
[Internet]. 2016 [cited 30 April 2019];128(21-22):796-801. Available
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5104815/
48. Jain G. Fever [Internet]. Slideshare.net. [cited 30 April 2019]. Available
from: https://www.slideshare.net/GirishJain10/fever-76088303