1) Normal body temperature is around 36.8°C orally, with variations throughout the day and based on factors like age, sex, and meal consumption. Common sites to take a temperature include the mouth, axilla, rectum and ear. 2) A fever is defined as a temperature above the normal daily variation that occurs with an increased hypothalamic set point. Types of fevers include continuous, intermittent, remittent, relapsing, and irregular. 3) Hyperthermia differs from fever in that the hypothalamic set point is unchanged, resulting in an uncontrolled rise in body temperature beyond what the body can dissipate. Causes include heat stroke, certain drug reactions, and

1. FEVER / HYPERTHERMIA Dr.Mohamad Shaikhani.

3. Common Sites for Temperature Measurement WWW.SMSO.NET Uses Cons Pros Site Most common site in adults and children over 5. Affected by eating, drinking, etc. Temperature varies within oral cavity. Hard to keep thermometer in place, esp. if edentulous. Easy access Familiar Minimally invasive Oral cavity Often requested by MDs as the 'most accurate' site for core temperature. Site records highest temp in body. Lags behind other core sites when temp is changing rapidly. Preferred by MDs. Rectum Most common site in children under 5. Sometimes used during surgery. Reflects skin temperature. Not always a good indicator of core temperature. Must be held in place. Takes long time to reach equilibrium. Easy access Familiar Minimally invasive. Preferred by American Academy of Pediatrics for use in infants. Axilla Commonly used in hospitals and clinics. Requires thorough training and attention to technique. Easy access Familiar Minimally invasive. Two sites available. Reflective of brain temperature. Ear

4. Body Normal Temperature WWW.SMSO.NET 36.8 c Mouth 36.4 c Axilla 37.7 c Rectum 36.8 c Ear

5. Electronic/Disposable Thermometer Skill 31-1: Step 6C(7). Thermometer tip in axilla. View

9. Continuous fever

10. Remittent:

11. Intermittent:

12. Undulant:

13. Relapsing:

14. Irregular:

16. Types WWW.SMSO.NET examples character type Typhoid fever, typhus, drug fever, malignant hyperthermia. Does not remit Continued Pyogenic infection, lymphoma, military T.B. Temperature falls to normal everyday Intermittent Not characteristic for any particular disease. Daily fluctuation >2c .temperature dos not return to normal Remittent Malaria: tertian-3days pattern, fever peaks every other day (plas. Vivax, plas.ovale), quatrain-4day pattern . fever peaks every third day (p.malaria) lymphoma: HODJKIN lymphoma Pyogenic infection Temperature returns to normal for days before rising again Relapsing