Alluvial mining in geology based
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My seminar At Periyar University Salem I'm Thomas chinnappan Keeranur Pudukkottai tamilnadu India @tcoftheworld @tcorganization
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Mineral exploration
1) The document summarizes geological mapping and exploration for iron and manganese ores around the Narayanapura Mine in Sandur, Karnataka.
2) The objectives were to prepare a geological map of the area and explore for iron and manganese using various techniques like trenching and drilling.
3) Geological mapping of the area identified formations containing iron and manganese mineralization. Exploration methods like pitting and trenching were used to sample and drill the formations to analyze iron and manganese content.
Classification of ore deposits
This document discusses various classifications of ore deposits that have been proposed over time. It describes six major classifications: Niggli (1929), Schneiderhöhn (1941), Lindgren (1913, revised 1933, modified 1968), Bateman (1942, revised 1950, revised 1979), Stanton (1972), and Guilbert and Park (1986). The classifications vary in their criteria but most are based on the nature of the ore-bearing fluid, origin, environment of formation, or process of deposition. The purpose is to group deposits with similar characteristics to better understand their genesis and aid in exploration. No single classification is perfect as deposits can have complex origins and classifications are subject to revision.
PROCESSES OF FORMATION OF ORE DEPOSIT
The document summarizes the various processes of formation of ore deposits, which are grouped into three main types: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic processes include magmatic concentration, hydrothermal processes, and sublimation. Sedimentary processes include sedimentary deposits, oxidation and supergene enrichment, residual and mechanical concentration, volcanogenic deposits, evaporation, and bacteriogenic processes. The key magmatic and sedimentary processes are described in further detail.
Sampling techniques
1. Sampling of minerals involves collecting portions of rocks or ores to determine their quality and composition. There are different types and methods of sampling depending on whether it is done above or below ground.
2. Common sampling methods include grab sampling, channel sampling, chip sampling, and drill hole sampling. Grab sampling involves collecting rock specimens while channel sampling cuts channels across rock faces.
3. Sampling seeks to provide a representative sample of the whole deposit but can be subject to random and systematic errors from factors like improper spacing, insufficient samples, or incorrect analysis. Proper sampling techniques aim to minimize these errors.
Sampling techniques for mineral deposit
This document discusses sampling methods for minerals exploration. It defines sampling as collecting portions of rock to determine overall quality and composition. There are various sampling equipments, types (chemical, technological, technical), and methods (surface, underground, channel, chip, grab, bulk, drill hole). Accuracy depends on proper spacing, sufficient samples, correct locations and weights. Errors can occur from improper techniques or analysis. Overall, sampling aims to closely represent the full material's value and is useful for exploration stages.
Sedimentary Basins
This document discusses sedimentary basin formation processes and basin margin concepts. It describes how tectonism controls the creation and destruction of sedimentary basins through subsidence. The two main mechanisms for tectonic subsidence are extension and flexural loading. Extensional basins form in rift settings and experience rapid initial subsidence that decreases over time. Compressional basins, also called foreland basins, form in response to lithospheric bending under thrust belts. Strike-slip basins have irregular subsidence patterns. Basin margins include shelf-break, ramp, rift, and growth-fault margins, which influence depositional responses to sea level changes.
Ore forming process
The document discusses three main types of ore forming processes: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It focuses on magmatic processes, describing early and late magmatic processes like dissemination, segregation, injection, and residual liquid segregation and injection. Immiscible liquid segregation and injection are also discussed. Pegmatite deposits and contact metasomatic deposits near invading magmas are summarized. A variety of ore deposits can form from these magmatic processes depending on temperature and pressure conditions during crystallization and cooling of magma.
Mineral exploration
Mineral exploration is the process of finding ore deposits to mine through organized prospecting. The most crucial part is selecting suitable areas based on geology and terrain to make exploration easy, cheap, and quick. Common exploration methods include geophysics using physical measurements, remote sensing using aerial technologies like satellites, and geochemical methods to identify anomalies within mineral deposit areas. The ultimate goal of exploration is the extraction and profitable sale of identified minerals, though there are risks from changing prices and weather conditions that could delay revenue generation.
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Mineral exploration
1) The document summarizes geological mapping and exploration for iron and manganese ores around the Narayanapura Mine in Sandur, Karnataka.
2) The objectives were to prepare a geological map of the area and explore for iron and manganese using various techniques like trenching and drilling.
3) Geological mapping of the area identified formations containing iron and manganese mineralization. Exploration methods like pitting and trenching were used to sample and drill the formations to analyze iron and manganese content.
Classification of ore deposits
This document discusses various classifications of ore deposits that have been proposed over time. It describes six major classifications: Niggli (1929), Schneiderhöhn (1941), Lindgren (1913, revised 1933, modified 1968), Bateman (1942, revised 1950, revised 1979), Stanton (1972), and Guilbert and Park (1986). The classifications vary in their criteria but most are based on the nature of the ore-bearing fluid, origin, environment of formation, or process of deposition. The purpose is to group deposits with similar characteristics to better understand their genesis and aid in exploration. No single classification is perfect as deposits can have complex origins and classifications are subject to revision.
PROCESSES OF FORMATION OF ORE DEPOSIT
The document summarizes the various processes of formation of ore deposits, which are grouped into three main types: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic processes include magmatic concentration, hydrothermal processes, and sublimation. Sedimentary processes include sedimentary deposits, oxidation and supergene enrichment, residual and mechanical concentration, volcanogenic deposits, evaporation, and bacteriogenic processes. The key magmatic and sedimentary processes are described in further detail.
Sampling techniques
1. Sampling of minerals involves collecting portions of rocks or ores to determine their quality and composition. There are different types and methods of sampling depending on whether it is done above or below ground.
2. Common sampling methods include grab sampling, channel sampling, chip sampling, and drill hole sampling. Grab sampling involves collecting rock specimens while channel sampling cuts channels across rock faces.
3. Sampling seeks to provide a representative sample of the whole deposit but can be subject to random and systematic errors from factors like improper spacing, insufficient samples, or incorrect analysis. Proper sampling techniques aim to minimize these errors.
Sampling techniques for mineral deposit
This document discusses sampling methods for minerals exploration. It defines sampling as collecting portions of rock to determine overall quality and composition. There are various sampling equipments, types (chemical, technological, technical), and methods (surface, underground, channel, chip, grab, bulk, drill hole). Accuracy depends on proper spacing, sufficient samples, correct locations and weights. Errors can occur from improper techniques or analysis. Overall, sampling aims to closely represent the full material's value and is useful for exploration stages.
Sedimentary Basins
This document discusses sedimentary basin formation processes and basin margin concepts. It describes how tectonism controls the creation and destruction of sedimentary basins through subsidence. The two main mechanisms for tectonic subsidence are extension and flexural loading. Extensional basins form in rift settings and experience rapid initial subsidence that decreases over time. Compressional basins, also called foreland basins, form in response to lithospheric bending under thrust belts. Strike-slip basins have irregular subsidence patterns. Basin margins include shelf-break, ramp, rift, and growth-fault margins, which influence depositional responses to sea level changes.
Ore forming process
The document discusses three main types of ore forming processes: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It focuses on magmatic processes, describing early and late magmatic processes like dissemination, segregation, injection, and residual liquid segregation and injection. Immiscible liquid segregation and injection are also discussed. Pegmatite deposits and contact metasomatic deposits near invading magmas are summarized. A variety of ore deposits can form from these magmatic processes depending on temperature and pressure conditions during crystallization and cooling of magma.
Mineral exploration
Mineral exploration is the process of finding ore deposits to mine through organized prospecting. The most crucial part is selecting suitable areas based on geology and terrain to make exploration easy, cheap, and quick. Common exploration methods include geophysics using physical measurements, remote sensing using aerial technologies like satellites, and geochemical methods to identify anomalies within mineral deposit areas. The ultimate goal of exploration is the extraction and profitable sale of identified minerals, though there are risks from changing prices and weather conditions that could delay revenue generation.
magmatic deposits - economic geology
Magmatic deposits are accumulations of magmatic minerals that are closely related to intermediate or deep-seated igneous rocks. They form as parts of the igneous mass or as offset bodies and crystallize from magma. Magmatic deposits are classified as early or late deposits based on whether the ore minerals crystallize earlier or later than the rock silicates. Early deposits form simultaneously with the host rock via simple crystallization or segregation, while late deposits form towards the end of the magmatic period associated with mafic igneous rocks through processes like crystallization differentiation. Examples of important magmatic deposits in India include diamond and corundum deposits, rare metal pegmatites, carbonatites containing rare earth
Geochemical methods in mineral exploration
This document discusses geochemical methods for mineral exploration. It covers general principles of geochemistry as they relate to mineral deposits. It also discusses optimizing exploration through proper planning, selection of areas and methods, and organization of field, lab, and supervisory operations. Geochemistry is described as an essential component of modern integrated exploration programs due to the low-grade, large-tonnage nature of most economic deposits and its effectiveness in weathered tropical environments.
Geothermometry in economic geology
This document discusses geothermometry, which is the use of temperature measurements to study geological processes. It was written by Thomas Chinnappan, who has an M.Sc. in Applied Geology from Periyar University in Salem. The document expresses gratitude to the reader.
Ore bearing fluids
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Lecture 4: Underground Mining
The document discusses underground mining methods. It begins by explaining that the choice of mining method depends on characteristics of the orebody like thickness and dip, as well as the competency of surrounding rock. It then provides details on various hard rock and soft rock underground mining methods. These include longwall mining, room-and-pillar, blast mining, shortwall mining, and coal skimming for soft rocks. For hard rocks, methods include various stoping techniques, longwall mining, and caving methods. Stoping is defined as the process of extracting ore by leaving behind an open space called a stope.
Placer formation
Mechanical concentration forms placer deposits by separating heavy minerals from light ones using gravity and moving fluids like water or air. Placer deposits can form in various environments including along hill slopes (eluvial placers), in streams (alluvial placers), on beaches, and from wind (eolian placers). Key factors that influence concentration include differences in mineral density, size, shape, and the velocity of the moving fluid. Common minerals found in placer deposits include gold, platinum, tin, magnetite, and chromite due to their high density and resistance to weathering.
Paired metamorphic belts
Paired metamorphic belts occur where zones of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism are parallel to zones of low-pressure high-temperature metamorphism. They were first recognized in Japan and form due to subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust. Paired metamorphic belts support the theory of plate tectonics, as the contrasting pressure-temperature conditions in the two parallel belts can be explained by ocean-continent convergence. Examples of paired metamorphic belts are found throughout the basement rocks of the former Gondwanaland supercontinent.
Geological criteria in exploration
The document discusses the various geological criteria used in mineral exploration, including stratigraphic, structural, lithological, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Geological criteria are an indirect method of locating ore deposits to save time and money during exploration. Some examples of deposits associated with different criteria include stratigraphically-controlled coal and uranium, structurally-controlled porphyry copper deposits related to subduction zones, and lithologically-controlled tin deposits associated with granitic rocks.
Seismic stratigraphy
This document discusses seismic stratigraphy, which uses seismic data to extract stratigraphic information about subsurface rock layers. It defines seismic waves and methods, including refraction and reflection. Reflection seismic is more commonly used to identify structures like folds and faults beneath the surface. Key parameters for interpretation are reflection configuration, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. Depositional environments are also identified based on their relationship to the wave base.
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
This document summarizes sedimentary basins in India. It discusses how sedimentary basins form primarily through convergent, divergent, and transform tectonic boundaries. India has 26 sedimentary basins that have been divided into four categories based on their prospectivity for hydrocarbons. Category I basins have proven commercial production, while Category II have known hydrocarbon occurrences but no production. Category III are prospective based on geology, while Category IV require more data but show potential. The document concludes that sedimentary basins preserve important information and contain critical resources like hydrocarbons that are used for fuel and various industrial materials.
Topic 2 classification of mineral deposits
ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND MODELS; Syngenetic Ore Deposit; Magmatic deposits ; Epigenetic Ore Deposit; Historical Perspective & Different Classifications; Ore deposits classified by Evans (1997) into broad classes namely: syngenetic and epigenetic
Underground mining method
Underground mining methods include room-and-pillar, longwall mining, sublevel caving and block caving. Longwall mining involves completely removing the entire coal seam in one operation by leaving no pillars and allowing the roof to cave. Factors that influence the selection of an underground mining method include the deposit's size, shape, depth and geology, geotechnical properties, economic considerations, available technology, and environmental concerns. The optimal mining method maximizes resource recovery while maintaining safety and minimizing costs and environmental impacts.
Sedimentry basin of india
This technical paper provides an overview of the major sedimentary basins in India that contain hydrocarbon reserves. It divides the basins into four categories based on the status of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The key basins discussed in detail include the Assam Shelf Basin, Cambay Basin, Bombay Offshore Basin, and Krishna-Godavari Basin. For each basin, it summarizes the geological setting, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks. The paper provides a high-level technical summary of India's major sedimentary basins with proven oil and gas reserves.
Open pit mining
Open pit mining, also called surface mining, involves excavating minerals or rock that are close to the surface. There are two main types of mining methods: underground mining, which excavates deeper deposits; and surface mining, where the deposits are closer to the surface. Open pit mining involves digging a pit on the surface to extract near-surface mineral deposits through horizontal benches. It is best suited for deposits that are no deeper than 300 meters and have a low ratio of overburden rock to ore. The process involves site preparation, drilling and blasting of overburden rock, removing overburden with heavy machinery, excavating and transporting ore, and reclaiming the land after mining is complete.
Mineral exploration
Remote sensing techniques can be used to identify mineral deposits. Landsat satellites have collected imagery since the 1970s that is useful for mineral exploration. Spectral bands can recognize hydrothermally altered rocks associated with ore deposits due to their distinct reflectance properties compared to unaltered rocks. At the Goldfield, Nevada mining district, Landsat imagery has been used to map hydrothermal alteration minerals like alunite and clays using ratio images of spectral bands 5 and 7, and 3 and 1, that highlight altered rock areas correlating with known deposits. Classification algorithms can further analyze imagery to automatically categorize altered and unaltered rock types to aid exploration.
Economic geology - Metallogeny and plate tectonics
1. The document discusses the relationship between plate tectonics and metal deposits. It describes various tectonic settings associated with divergent and convergent plate boundaries that are favorable for forming different types of metal deposits.
2. Key settings discussed include continental rifts, failed rift arms, passive continental margins during seafloor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, and subduction zones. Metallogeny in these settings includes deposits forming from hydrothermal vents, volcanic-hosted massive sulfides, and porphyry copper deposits.
3. The formation of different deposit types is tied to the specific geological processes associated with different stages of plate interactions, such as crustal extension during rifting and compression during
DRILLING METHODS
This document discusses various rock drilling methods. It defines rock drilling and lists its objectives such as exploration and production. The document then classifies and describes several drilling methods - auger drilling, reverse circulation drilling, diamond core drilling, air core drilling, jumper bar drilling, jack hammer drilling, churn drilling, direct push rig, hydraulic rotary drilling, and sonic drilling. It provides details on the working principles, advantages, and limitations of each method.
Mining geology an overview
This presentation is about general and basics of mining geology with an target for professionals with non-geology backgrounds.
Cratons of india
The document summarizes the major cratons found in India, including the Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli cratons. It describes the geographic distribution, rock types, ages, and tectonic evolution of each craton. Key events in the evolution of the Indian cratons included continental crust formation over 3 billion years ago, greenstone belt formation and granite intrusion between 2.8-2.5 billion years ago, and collision and deformation between 3-2 billion years ago.
Drilling
There are four main drilling methods: percussion, churn, diamond core, and rotary. Diamond core drilling is most useful for mineral exploration as it recovers intact core samples, allowing details about geology and mineralogy. Core logging involves examining core in boxes in geological order to record important rocks and structures. It is an important part of exploration analysis.
reservoir rock in fuel geology
This document discusses reservoir rock, which is subsurface rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to allow for the accumulation of petroleum. It defines porosity as the capacity for rocks to contain fluids, describing primary porosity from spaces between deposited particles and secondary porosity from post-depositional dissolution. Permeability is the ability of fluid to pass through porous rock. Major reservoir rock types include siliciclastic rocks from weathered igneous and sedimentary materials, and marine, lacustrine, and fluvial rocks formed in various depositional environments.
Methods of prospecting for oil and gas in fuel geology
This document discusses various methods used for prospecting oil and gas, including geological, geophysical, aerial and drilling techniques. Geological methods involve surface mapping and analyzing data from exploratory wells. Geophysical techniques encompass gravimetric, magnetic, and seismic surveys to detect underground structures. Prospective drilling involves extracting core samples from test wells to identify potential oil and gas reserves. Together, these prospecting methods are used to identify favorable conditions for oil and gas accumulation and inform decisions about exploration and extraction.
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magmatic deposits - economic geology
Magmatic deposits are accumulations of magmatic minerals that are closely related to intermediate or deep-seated igneous rocks. They form as parts of the igneous mass or as offset bodies and crystallize from magma. Magmatic deposits are classified as early or late deposits based on whether the ore minerals crystallize earlier or later than the rock silicates. Early deposits form simultaneously with the host rock via simple crystallization or segregation, while late deposits form towards the end of the magmatic period associated with mafic igneous rocks through processes like crystallization differentiation. Examples of important magmatic deposits in India include diamond and corundum deposits, rare metal pegmatites, carbonatites containing rare earth
Geochemical methods in mineral exploration
This document discusses geochemical methods for mineral exploration. It covers general principles of geochemistry as they relate to mineral deposits. It also discusses optimizing exploration through proper planning, selection of areas and methods, and organization of field, lab, and supervisory operations. Geochemistry is described as an essential component of modern integrated exploration programs due to the low-grade, large-tonnage nature of most economic deposits and its effectiveness in weathered tropical environments.
Geothermometry in economic geology
This document discusses geothermometry, which is the use of temperature measurements to study geological processes. It was written by Thomas Chinnappan, who has an M.Sc. in Applied Geology from Periyar University in Salem. The document expresses gratitude to the reader.
Ore bearing fluids
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
Lecture 4: Underground Mining
The document discusses underground mining methods. It begins by explaining that the choice of mining method depends on characteristics of the orebody like thickness and dip, as well as the competency of surrounding rock. It then provides details on various hard rock and soft rock underground mining methods. These include longwall mining, room-and-pillar, blast mining, shortwall mining, and coal skimming for soft rocks. For hard rocks, methods include various stoping techniques, longwall mining, and caving methods. Stoping is defined as the process of extracting ore by leaving behind an open space called a stope.
Placer formation
Mechanical concentration forms placer deposits by separating heavy minerals from light ones using gravity and moving fluids like water or air. Placer deposits can form in various environments including along hill slopes (eluvial placers), in streams (alluvial placers), on beaches, and from wind (eolian placers). Key factors that influence concentration include differences in mineral density, size, shape, and the velocity of the moving fluid. Common minerals found in placer deposits include gold, platinum, tin, magnetite, and chromite due to their high density and resistance to weathering.
Paired metamorphic belts
Paired metamorphic belts occur where zones of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism are parallel to zones of low-pressure high-temperature metamorphism. They were first recognized in Japan and form due to subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust. Paired metamorphic belts support the theory of plate tectonics, as the contrasting pressure-temperature conditions in the two parallel belts can be explained by ocean-continent convergence. Examples of paired metamorphic belts are found throughout the basement rocks of the former Gondwanaland supercontinent.
Geological criteria in exploration
The document discusses the various geological criteria used in mineral exploration, including stratigraphic, structural, lithological, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Geological criteria are an indirect method of locating ore deposits to save time and money during exploration. Some examples of deposits associated with different criteria include stratigraphically-controlled coal and uranium, structurally-controlled porphyry copper deposits related to subduction zones, and lithologically-controlled tin deposits associated with granitic rocks.
Seismic stratigraphy
This document discusses seismic stratigraphy, which uses seismic data to extract stratigraphic information about subsurface rock layers. It defines seismic waves and methods, including refraction and reflection. Reflection seismic is more commonly used to identify structures like folds and faults beneath the surface. Key parameters for interpretation are reflection configuration, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. Depositional environments are also identified based on their relationship to the wave base.
SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF INDIA.pptx
This document summarizes sedimentary basins in India. It discusses how sedimentary basins form primarily through convergent, divergent, and transform tectonic boundaries. India has 26 sedimentary basins that have been divided into four categories based on their prospectivity for hydrocarbons. Category I basins have proven commercial production, while Category II have known hydrocarbon occurrences but no production. Category III are prospective based on geology, while Category IV require more data but show potential. The document concludes that sedimentary basins preserve important information and contain critical resources like hydrocarbons that are used for fuel and various industrial materials.
Topic 2 classification of mineral deposits
ORE DEPOSIT TYPES AND MODELS; Syngenetic Ore Deposit; Magmatic deposits ; Epigenetic Ore Deposit; Historical Perspective & Different Classifications; Ore deposits classified by Evans (1997) into broad classes namely: syngenetic and epigenetic
Underground mining method
Underground mining methods include room-and-pillar, longwall mining, sublevel caving and block caving. Longwall mining involves completely removing the entire coal seam in one operation by leaving no pillars and allowing the roof to cave. Factors that influence the selection of an underground mining method include the deposit's size, shape, depth and geology, geotechnical properties, economic considerations, available technology, and environmental concerns. The optimal mining method maximizes resource recovery while maintaining safety and minimizing costs and environmental impacts.
Sedimentry basin of india
This technical paper provides an overview of the major sedimentary basins in India that contain hydrocarbon reserves. It divides the basins into four categories based on the status of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The key basins discussed in detail include the Assam Shelf Basin, Cambay Basin, Bombay Offshore Basin, and Krishna-Godavari Basin. For each basin, it summarizes the geological setting, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks. The paper provides a high-level technical summary of India's major sedimentary basins with proven oil and gas reserves.
Open pit mining
Open pit mining, also called surface mining, involves excavating minerals or rock that are close to the surface. There are two main types of mining methods: underground mining, which excavates deeper deposits; and surface mining, where the deposits are closer to the surface. Open pit mining involves digging a pit on the surface to extract near-surface mineral deposits through horizontal benches. It is best suited for deposits that are no deeper than 300 meters and have a low ratio of overburden rock to ore. The process involves site preparation, drilling and blasting of overburden rock, removing overburden with heavy machinery, excavating and transporting ore, and reclaiming the land after mining is complete.
Mineral exploration
Remote sensing techniques can be used to identify mineral deposits. Landsat satellites have collected imagery since the 1970s that is useful for mineral exploration. Spectral bands can recognize hydrothermally altered rocks associated with ore deposits due to their distinct reflectance properties compared to unaltered rocks. At the Goldfield, Nevada mining district, Landsat imagery has been used to map hydrothermal alteration minerals like alunite and clays using ratio images of spectral bands 5 and 7, and 3 and 1, that highlight altered rock areas correlating with known deposits. Classification algorithms can further analyze imagery to automatically categorize altered and unaltered rock types to aid exploration.
Economic geology - Metallogeny and plate tectonics
1. The document discusses the relationship between plate tectonics and metal deposits. It describes various tectonic settings associated with divergent and convergent plate boundaries that are favorable for forming different types of metal deposits.
2. Key settings discussed include continental rifts, failed rift arms, passive continental margins during seafloor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, and subduction zones. Metallogeny in these settings includes deposits forming from hydrothermal vents, volcanic-hosted massive sulfides, and porphyry copper deposits.
3. The formation of different deposit types is tied to the specific geological processes associated with different stages of plate interactions, such as crustal extension during rifting and compression during
DRILLING METHODS
This document discusses various rock drilling methods. It defines rock drilling and lists its objectives such as exploration and production. The document then classifies and describes several drilling methods - auger drilling, reverse circulation drilling, diamond core drilling, air core drilling, jumper bar drilling, jack hammer drilling, churn drilling, direct push rig, hydraulic rotary drilling, and sonic drilling. It provides details on the working principles, advantages, and limitations of each method.
Mining geology an overview
This presentation is about general and basics of mining geology with an target for professionals with non-geology backgrounds.
Cratons of india
The document summarizes the major cratons found in India, including the Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, and Aravalli cratons. It describes the geographic distribution, rock types, ages, and tectonic evolution of each craton. Key events in the evolution of the Indian cratons included continental crust formation over 3 billion years ago, greenstone belt formation and granite intrusion between 2.8-2.5 billion years ago, and collision and deformation between 3-2 billion years ago.
Drilling
There are four main drilling methods: percussion, churn, diamond core, and rotary. Diamond core drilling is most useful for mineral exploration as it recovers intact core samples, allowing details about geology and mineralogy. Core logging involves examining core in boxes in geological order to record important rocks and structures. It is an important part of exploration analysis.
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Methods of prospecting for oil and gas in fuel geology
This document discusses various methods used for prospecting oil and gas, including geological, geophysical, aerial and drilling techniques. Geological methods involve surface mapping and analyzing data from exploratory wells. Geophysical techniques encompass gravimetric, magnetic, and seismic surveys to detect underground structures. Prospective drilling involves extracting core samples from test wells to identify potential oil and gas reserves. Together, these prospecting methods are used to identify favorable conditions for oil and gas accumulation and inform decisions about exploration and extraction.
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Recycling mineral resources and energy is the topic of this document. The author is Thomas Chinnappan, who has an M.Sc. in Applied Geology from Periyar University in Salem. The document likely discusses methods for recycling minerals and generating energy from waste materials.
palte boundary related earthquake
Earthquakes occur primarily along plate boundaries. The circum-Pacific belt experiences over 80% of the world's shallow and medium quakes due to subduction zones where oceanic plates converge along the edges of continents and islands. There are three types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other (subduction), divergent where plates move apart like at mid-ocean ridges, and transform where plates slide past each other along strike-slip faults. Large quakes originate at these plate boundaries when friction overcomes and the plates suddenly shift.
Plate Tectonics and environment geology, minerals and rock, ecology and geology
This document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonics and how it relates to the environment, minerals, rocks, and ecology. It describes how plate tectonics theory explains the movement of tectonic plates in the earth's lithosphere. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform faults where motion is horizontal. Plate tectonics causes volcanism and mountain building which can influence climate patterns. Weathering and mining impact the environment and change rocks and minerals over time. Environmental factors like temperature and rainfall also control the rate of rock weathering. Ecology differs from geology in that ecology studies the relationships between living organisms and their habitat,
point source and non poinr source in water pollution
This document discusses point source and non-point source water pollution. Point source pollution originates from discrete, confined sources like pipes or ditches. It includes wastewater from municipal treatment plants and industrial discharges. Non-point pollution has diffuse, intermittent sources and is influenced by land use and climate. It includes runoff carrying oils, fertilizers and pesticides from urban and agricultural areas. The document outlines methods to control pollution through infiltration, detention, retention, constructed wetlands, filtration and biofilters. It also discusses regulations aimed at point sources and voluntary efforts to address non-point sources.
land-water ecosystem
This one paragraph document discusses land and water ecosystems. It was written by Thomas Chinnappan, who has an M.Sc. in Applied Geology from Periyar University in Salem. The author thanks the reader for their time.
landslide in environmental geology
Landslides are downward or outward movements of soil, rock, or vegetation under the influence of gravity. There are several types of landslides including rotational, translational, rock fall, rock toppling, lateral spreading, and debris flows. Landslides are caused by both natural factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and human factors like construction. Landslides can cause physical damage, casualties, flooding, loss of infrastructure and property, and decreased agricultural productivity and property values. Signs of landslide risks include steep slopes, cracks in the ground, tilted trees or structures, and changes in groundwater levels.
Landslides full detail in environmental geology
This document discusses landslides, their causes, types, effects, and mitigation strategies. It defines a landslide as the downward movement of soil, rock or vegetation under the influence of gravity. Key causes of landslides include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, erosion, steep slopes, and geological factors. The document outlines different types of landslides and their potential direct and indirect effects. It then discusses various passive and active intervention strategies that can be used to prevent landslides, including drainage improvements, reforestation, retaining walls, and landslide hazard mapping.
over population in environmental geology
This document discusses the impacts of population increase on land use and the environment. It notes that human population has grown due to our ability to inhabit all climate zones and improved agriculture and healthcare lowering death rates. Factors influencing population growth include birth and death rates as well as migration. Solutions proposed to slow growth include economic development, education, family planning, and reproductive healthcare. The environmental effects of overpopulation include increased farming impacts like deforestation for new farmland, and climate change from fossil fuel use to support larger populations.
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF EARTH
The document summarizes the internal structure of Earth in three main layers - crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer and thinnest, divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below is the mantle, making up 80% of the Earth's volume and divided into lithosphere and asthenosphere layers. The innermost layer is the core, with a solid inner core and liquid outer core composed primarily of iron and nickel.
HUMAN ACTIVITY AND COASTAL EROSION – PRECEPTION of adjustment to coastal haz...
Coastal erosion due to human activity and hazards is a problem that requires adjustment. Thomas Chinnappan studied the perception of adjustment to coastal hazards. His research focused on how coastal communities understand and deal with erosion caused by development and natural threats to shorelines.
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Methods of prospecting for oil and gas in fuel geology
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Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
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- 26. Thank you to all present here