Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recent advances in orthodontics / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
COGS analysis (Cephelometrics for orthognathic surgery) / fixed orthodontics ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Recent advances in orthodontics / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
dear reader
This Powerpoint Illustrates The Hypersensitivity Type-I Only
Actually This My First Project That I create And Upload,Hope You Find This Powerpoint Helpful Even 10% ^_^ Thanks In Advance
Rania Hadi
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Drug hypersensitivity results from interactions between a pharmacologic agent and the human immune system.
Immune-mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions typically pose a predictable, more serious health risk with re-exposure to a drug
Drug allergy is the term for a group of symptoms caused by an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction occurs when your immune system mistakes the drug for a harmful substance and mounts an inflammatory response that actually harms rather than protects you. Any medication — over-the-counter, prescription or herbal — is capable of inducing a drug allergy. However, a drug allergy is more likely with certain medications
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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This presentation includes Investigations and basic as well recent advances in management of allergic rhinitis. Starting from antihistamines, steroid (systemic and topical), Immunotherapy. Hope its helpful for some Undergraduates and postgraduates
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
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indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Allergy in exodontia /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. ALLERGY IN EXODONTIA
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. • INTRODUCTION
Definition : Allergy is a hypersensitive state
acquired through exposure to a particular
allergen, re-exposure to which produces a
heightened capacity to react.
An immuno logically mediated disease .
Covers a broad range of clinical manifestations
from mild, delayed reactions to immediate life
threatening reactions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. CLASSIFICATION
According to GELL&COOMBS
TYPE
I
Anaphylatic(Immed Sec to
iate
mins
hypersensitivity)
IgE
TYPE
II
Cytotoxic or
cytolytic
IgG,IgM
TYPE
III
Immune complex
disease
6-8 hrs Soluble immune
complexes(AgAb)
TYPE
IV
‘Delayed’ or cellmedicated
hypersensitivity
48 hrs
_
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_
4. CLASSIFICATION
Based on time of onset:
Reaction
Onset
Clinical reactions
Immediate
0-1 h
Anaphylaxis Hypotension
Laryngeal oedema
Accelerated
1-72 h
Urticaria/angioedema
Laryngeal oedema
Wheezing
Late
>72 h
Haemolytic anaemia
Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia
serum sickness
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. PATHOGENSIS
TYPE
MECHANISMS
TYPE I
Free Ag binds to IgE fixed on mast cells and
basophils,causing release of histamine etc.
TYPE II
Free IgG or IgM Ab binds to Ag on cell membranes to cause
commplement activation,cell damage or phagocytosis.
TYPE III
Persistence of Ag/Ab complexes may lead to activation of
complement,inflammation and tissue damage,particularly
vasculitis and arthritis.
TYPE IV Ag activates sensitized T-cells to become cytotoxic and to
release factors(lymphokines) that stimulate other leucocytes.
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6. ANTIGENS
An antigen is any foreign substance capable of inducing the
formation of an antibody.
Most antigens are proteins with a molecular weight between 5000
and 40,000.
Drugs,however,are not proteins and commonly possess a very low
molecular weight(500 to 1000),making them unlikely antigens.
ALLERGEN:
An allergen is an antigen that can elicit allergic symptoms.
An antigen or allergen may stimulate the production of several
classes Ig which possess different functions.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. HAPTENS
A hapten is a specific,protein-free substance that can
combine to form a hapten-protein complex with a carrier
protien-circulating albumin.
The hapten itself is not antigenic;however,when coupled
with the carrier protein ,it may provoke an immune
response.
By this mechanism most drugs become antigens and thus
capable of inducing anti-body formation and causing an
allergic reaction.
Pencillin,aspirin,and barbiturates are examples of
haptens.
Haptens are also called incomplete antigens.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. ANTIBODIES (Ig)
An antibody is a substance found in the blood or tissues
that responds to the administration of an antigen or that
reacts with it.
The molecular weights of antibodies range from
150,000(immunoglobulin G[IgG]) to 900,000 (IgM).
Immunoglobulins are produced by B lymphocytes and are
classified as IgA,IgD,IgE,IgG,and IgM.
Antibodies possess the ability to bind with the specific
antigen that induces their production.
Antibodies are not entirely specific,and cross-sensitivity
is possible between chemically similar substances.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF
THE BODY
When a person is exposed to a foreign substance,the body attempts to
protect itself through a number of mechanisms.
ANATOMIC BARRIERS which attempt to exclude entry of the
antigen into the body.Examples:epithelium of the gastrointestinal
tract,the sneeze and cough mechanisms.
MOBILIZATION OF PHAGOCYTIC BLOOD CELLS such as
leukocytes,histiocytes,and macrophages.
PRODUCTION OF NONSPECIFIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
such as lysozymes and proteolytic enzymes,which assist in removal
of the foreign substances.
IgA ANTIBODY is produced by plasma cells in response to the
antigen.IgA then aids in the removal or detoxification of the antigen
from the host.
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12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
May be immediate or delayed reaction.
Number of organs and tissues are affected – Generalised
Anaphylaxis.
Reactions involving one organ or system is localised anaphylaxis.
When hypotension occurs as a part of a reaction resulting in loss of
consciousness is anaphylactic shock.
ONSET:Time between antigenic exposure & clinical symptoms.
More rapid-more intense reactions.
If they appear and rapidly increase in intensity, the reaction may be
life threatening.
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13. SKIN REACTIONS
Allergic skin reactions are the most common sensitization reactions
are of three types as,(1)Localised anaphylaxis,(2)Contact
dermatitis,&(3)Drug eruption.
Includes Urticaria erythema & angioedema
Urticaria is associated with wheals & frequently with intense itching
or pruritis.
In angioedema,localised swelling occurs in response to an allergic
with pain & itching.
Periorbital,perioral & intraoral regions of face,as well as extremities
are involved.
Lips,tongue,pharynx & larynx involvement can lead to airway
obstructis.
CONTACT DERMATITIS:
Allergic reactions in dental professionals.
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Includes erythema,induration,edema & vesicle formation .
14. RESPIRATORY REACTIONS
Respiratory reactions normally follow skin,exocrine &
gastrointestinal responses but precede cardiovascular reactions.
Bronchospasm:-classical respiratory manifestation which clinical
result of bronchial smooth muscle constriction.
Includes respiratory distress,dyspnoea,wheezing, flushing,possible
cyanosis,tachycardia.
Rhinitis:-Nasal congestion itching,sneezing.
LARYNGEAL OEDEMA: Swelling of the vocal apparatus with obstruction in airway.
Dyspnoea,hoarseness,throat tightness,hypersalivation.
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15. CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIONS
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Circulatory Collapse:Light headedness,generalised weakness,syncope,ischaemic chest
pain.
Tachycardia,hypo tension,shock.
Dysrrhythmias:-Includes all symptoms & palpitations.
Cardiac Arrest:-Pulselessness,ECG changes,ventricular fibrillation.
Gastro-intestinal reactions:Nausea & vomiting,diarrhoea,cramping,abdominal pain.
In case of fatal anaphylaxis,prominent pathologic features are
observed in RS & CVS.
Includes laryngeal edema,pulmonary hyperinflation,peribronchial
vascular congestion,intra-alveolar Haemorrhage,pulmonary edema
varying degree of myocardial damage.
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17. SKIN TESTING
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•
Two forms of skin testing are used:
Intradermal tests in which the drug is diluted and
injected into the dermis.
Prick testing the drug is introduced into the dermis by
pricking the patient’s skin through a drop of undiluted
drug.
The allergy skin test procedure includes a positive
control(usually histamine),a negative control(a solution
without allergens) and then various suspect allergens.
Medications such as antihistamines or antipressants
must be stopped from 2 days to 6 weeks or more before.
If an extract provokes an allergic reaction,a raised,red
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itehy wheal may develop within about 20 min.
18. INTRACUTANEOUS TEST
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This test is considered to be among the most reliable.
In this test 0.1ml of the following solutions is deposited
intravenously:
0.9% of normal saline solution
1% or 2% Lidocaine
3% Mepivacaine
4% Prilocaine
0.1ml of bacteriostatic water
One or more local anesthetics with methylparaben
Patients vital signs are monitored through out the
procedure
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19. Contd...
After this phase of testing 1ml of one of the preceding LA
that tested negative is administered intraorally by
supraperiosteal infiltration above a maxillary anterior
tooth. This is called the “CHALLENGE TEST”
Emergency drugs,equipment and personnel for
resuscitation must be readily available when allergy
testing is done.
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20. OTHER TEST
PATCH TESTING
Applying the allergen in an absorbent
dressing which is taped on to the skin.
PRIST TEST
Paper radio – immuno sorbent test
which measures serum IgE levels.
RAST TEST
Radio allergo sorbent test which
measures the IgE anti bodies level.
The level of radio activity indicates the
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level of specific IgE anti bodies.
21. POSSIBLE SUBSTITUTES
Antibiotics:
Penicillin – Erythromycin
Antibiotics:
Acetylsalicylic acid – Acetaminophen
Opioids – NSAIDs
Barbiturates – Diazepam, triazolam
Ester LA – Amide LA
Antioxidants – Non- vasopressor containing LA
Latex - Vinyl
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22. GENERAL MANAGEMENT
ELECTIVE DENTAL CARE:
• Elective dental case requiring local anesthesia may need to be
postponed until a thorough evaluation of the patient is completed by
a competent individual.
• Dental case not requiring injectable or topical A may be carried out
during this period.
EMERGENCY DENTAL CARE:
Option 1:Consultation:• Immediate consultation to test the patient for allergy to LA.
• If pain is present it may be managed orally with various analgesics
and infections can be controlled with antibiotics.
Option 2:General Anesthesia:• Use of GA in place of LA to manage the dental emergency.
• Highly useful and relatively safe technique but has complications and
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unavailability in dental office.
23. Cont…
Option 3:Histamine blocker:• Use of a histamine blocker like diphenhydramine as LA.
• 1% solution with 1 in 100,000 epinephrine,pulpal
anesthesia upto 30 mins is produced.
• Burning or stinging sensation is produced which can be
minimized by using nitrous oxide and O2.
• Post-operative tissue swelling and soreness may be
present.
Appropriate drug therapy with immediate medical
consultation (Option 1)is the most reasonable mode of
action.
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24. MANAGEMENT
SKIN REACTIONS:• Step 1:-Termination of dental procedure.
• Step 2:-P-Position.
• Step 3:-(A-B-C)-Airway-Breathing-Circulation & Basic life support.
• Step 4:-Definitive care.
• DELAYED:(4a)Administration of histamine blocker.
IV or IM-Diphenhydramine-50mg for adults,25mg for children.
-Chlorpheniramine-10mg for adults,5mg for children.
Orally-Diphenhydramine-3-4 times a day.
-Chlorpheniramine-4mg for adults,3/4 times a day.
-2mg for children (4-6hrs).
(4b)(1)Monitoring of vital sign.
(2)Repositioning of pt.
(3)O2 & venipuncture adm.
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(4)Adm of epinephrine.
25. MANAGEMENT
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Respiratory reactions:Step 1:-Termination of dental procedure.
Step 2:-Position.
Step 3:-A-B-C assess & BLS.
Step 4:-Definitive care.
Administration of bronchodilator:Aersol inhaler.
IM or SC-0.3ml of a 1:1000 dilution.
IV-0.1ml of 1:10,000,15 to 30 mins.
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26. MANAGEMENT OF
LARYNGEAL OEDEMA
• Step 1:-Termination.
• Step 2:-Position.
• Step 3:-A-B-C.
• Step 4:-Definitive care.
Administration of Epinephrine:• IM-0.3ml of 1:1000 for adults & 0.5ml for child,0.075 for
infants.
• IV-10ml of 1:10,000 over 5 mins.
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27. MANAGEMENT OF
GENERALISED ANAPHYLAXIS
•
Step 1:-P-Position.
• Step 2:-ABC.
• Step 3:-D-Definitive care.
• Adm of Epinephrine:-Sublingually/Intralingually.
• Adm of O2:-5 to 6l per min via nasal hood or full face mark.
If no clinical signs:• Step 1 :- Termination.
• Step 2:-Position.
• Step 3:- ABC or BLS.
• Step 4:- Definitive care.
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28. CONCLUSION
Thus allergy plays a vital role among
the medical emergencies in exodontia.Timely
identification and treatment of allergic reactions avoids
fatalities.
However,as per the saying,”When you
prepare for an emergency,the emergency ceases to
exist”,a proper history, diagnosis and planning always
reduces the risk of adverse reactions.
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