1) The document proposes a New Quantum Theory which states that photons have a nucleus of mass and charge located off-center, causing them to spin and travel in wave-like paths. 2) Key evidence for this theory includes the mass of photons being demonstrated experimentally and the requirement of charge to generate electromagnetic waves. 3) This off-center nucleus explains quantum phenomena like interference and wave-particle duality by changing the direction of angular momentum as the photon spins and travels.

1. ALL PHENOMENA OF PHYSICS
CAN BE EXPLAINED
N. S. Agarwal

2. QUANTUM THEORY
● Isaac Newton in 17th Century proposed ‘Corpuscular
Theory of Light’. The light is made of particles moving in
straight line having kinetic energy.
● During the similar times Christian Huygens proposed
‘Wave Theory of Light’. The waves of light move in all
direction from its source having energy.
● Max Planck, Albert Einstein & several other scientists
developed ‘Quantum Theory’. The Energy radiated or
absorbed must be an integral multiple of a fixed quantity of
energy called Quantum which cannot be further
subdivided. The quanta are discontinuously distributed in
the space.

3. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY
● Every elementary particle may be partly described as a particle
and also partly described as a wave due to its behaviour.
● Albert Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use
sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at
times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of
difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality;
separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of
light, but together they do.“
● All Electromagnetic Radiations & the fundamental particles
display the dual nature – Particle nature as well as Wave nature.
Wave Particle Duality remained a mystery for centuries and
could not be explained by any of the prevailing theory.

4. NEW QUANTUM THEORY
The nature is full of mysteries, simultaneously it also provides hints for
the solutions of the mysteries.
● An atom has a nucleus of mass & charge. The mass of nucleus is >
99.99% of the total mass of the atom while it occupies approx. 10-10
times the volume of the whole atom.
● Similarly, the Sun as the nucleus of the solar system has mass >
99.86% of the total mass of the solar system but occupies approx. 10-10
times the volume of the whole solar system.
● The most important similarity in both the systems is that the nucleus
is not located at the exact centre but is located off-centre.
The above mentioned ‘Realities of the Nature’ remained neglected till
now. These realities provides the solution to solve all the mysteries
in Quantum Physics.
The New Quantum Theory is based on the above analogies of the
atom & the solar system.

5. The New Quantum Theory states:
❖ A photon (or a Quantum) has a nucleus of mass & charge.
❖ Nearly all the mass of photon is concentrated in the nucleus
only.
❖ Nucleus is not in the centre but located off-centre in the
photon or quantum particle.
❖ The spinning Photon always travels in the path of a wave due
to its nucleus of mass & charge located off-centre forming
Electromagnetic Wave.
● The New Quantum Theory is applicable to all the quantum
particles.

6. ● The structure of a photon, based on the New Quantum
Theory, is shown in below. A nucleus of the mass &
charge is located off-centre in the photon.
● Yellow spherical particle shows a photon. Small red sphere is the “nucleus of the
mass & the charge”, which rotates continuously around the centre of the photon
in a circle of radius “r” with the spin of the photon. This photon is spinning in a
clockwise direction and moves in the X-direction.

7. ● The off-centre location of a nucleus of the mass & charge in
a spinning photon bestows special characteristics to the
photon which makes it mysterious and behave much
different from any ordinary particle.
● Such location of the mass and charge in the photon
develops ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ and
‘intrinsic spin magnetic moment’ respectively to
display all the mysterious quantum phenomena
and effects.

8. A PHOTON HAS MASS
● The Photons have mass, this has been proved
experimentally.
● Polarised photons turn on reflection by a plain
surface coated mirror. The angle of deviation of
photons from their straight line path depends on the
angle of polarisation and the frequency of photon.
● A photon develops inertial force at the contact point
of the mirror due to the ‘mass’ of the photon which
results in the deviation of the photon.

9. A PHOTON HAS CHARGE
● In the 19th century James Charles Maxwell developed the
‘Theory of Electromagnetism’.
● A moving point charge generates the electric & the magnetic
fields forming an electromagnetic wave. The intensities of the
electric & the magnetic fields generated by a moving charge
depend on the charge, velocity and acceleration of the moving
charge.
● The photons are the particles of electromagnetic radiations. A
photon moves in the path of wave and forms Electromagnetic
Wave, which is possible only if the photon has charge.

10. INTERFERENCE
● In the Constructive Interference, the two photons are
exactly in the same phase. The nuclei of the mass & the
charge of both the photons superimpose to coalesce to
form single identity. The strong force attraction is
possible between the two photons. This doubles the
‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ to double the
amplitude of the photon. There is no change in the
wavelength of the photon even after doubling of the
linear momentum as the total mass of the combined
photons also doubles.

11. WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY
● A photon particle has both the linear momentum as well as
the ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’. For a linearly
polarized photon, the direction of the spin angular
momentum continuously changes in 360˚ with the spin of
the photon in the plane of polarization.
● The combined effect of the spin angular momentum & the
linear momentum develops “Resultant Momentum”. The
direction & the magnitude of the Resultant Momentum
change continuously and moves the photon particle up &
down during its travel to form a Wave in the plane of
polarization.

12. ● As the the centre of mass rotates. The direction of
● The direction of ‘Resultant Momentum’ changes continuously to
move the photon up & down to form a wave.

13. POLARISATION
● The Polarisation phenomenon also takes place due to
the ‘intrinsic spin angular momentum’ created by the
mass of the photon.
● If the continuously changing direction of the ‘intrinsic
spin angular momentum’ confines in one plane and
the direction of photon travel is also in the same
plane. The Resultant Momentum develops in this
plane only. The photon is linearly polarised and
forms a wave in the plane of polarisation only.

14. HOW A PHOTON FORMS AN
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
● The charge in the nucleus of a moving & spinning photon
produces the electric & the magnetic fields depending on the
intensity of charge, velocity and acceleration of the moving charge
particle.
● The intensities of the electric & the magnetic fields increase with the
increase in velocity of the charge. If the velocity of the charge decreases,
the intensities of both the electric & the magnetic fields decrease.
● With the spin of the photon, the charge in the nucleus located off-
centre moves in the forward direction during the half spin cycle to
generate the electric & magnetic fields in the particular directions.
● During the remaining half spin cycle the charge in the nucleus
located off-centre moves in the backward direction which reverses
the directions of the electric & the magnetic fields.

15. ● Isometric view of the 3-D electromagnetic wave. The photon is polarized in X-Z
plane, therefore the charge in the nucleus of the photon generates the electric field
wave in the X-Z plane only. The charge generates the magnetic field wave from the
location of the charge in the wave and not from the centreline. The magnetic field
generates in the direction perpendicular to the electric field. Therefore, the magnetic
field wave generates in the 3-dimensions.

16. QUANTUM PHENOMENA
● All the Quantum Phenomena & Quantum Effects which
remained ‘Mystery’ so far can now be explained by the New
Quantum Theory.
● The mass & charge located at the off-centre position in a
photon or a quantum particle explains all the Quantum
Phenomena.
● The Quantum Theory developed about 100 years back needs
to be supplemented by the New Quantum Theory.
● The interactions of the Electromagnetic fields of the
Quantum Particles & the medium results in the change of
the spin & direction etc. of the photon to exhibit the
mysterious phenomena.

17. REFERENCE
● Agarwal N. S. (2016) New Quantum Theory Explains All
the Mysterious Quantum Phenomena. Journal of Modern
Physics, 7, 2135-2154. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2016.715186.
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