Alfalfa
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Alfalfa is a perennial legume grown primarily as hay for dairy cattle. It is high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. Alfalfa fixes nitrogen from the air, improves soil tilth, and provides nitrogen to subsequent crops. Leading alfalfa states are California, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Alfalfa grows 3 feet tall with compound leaves and roots deeply, from 25-30 feet. It flourishes in well-drained, fertile soil and is harvested after flower buds form but before seed pods, typically yielding 6-8 tons per acre over 6-8 cuttings per year. Pests include alfalfa weevil and caterpillars.
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Feb 19, Monday - in
one week is Exam I
Poisonous Hemlock
Carrot family – Apiaceae,
Also know as the parsley
family Umbelliferae.
300 genera & ~ 3000
Species: ¼ of genera
native to U.S.
Contains important food
plants: Carrots, parsnips, celery
Coriander seeds, cilantro,
Caraway, parsley & dill –
also poison hemlock.
Poisonous Hemlock
Conium maculatum L.
Description: A tall, usually much
- branched, imposing plant with
purple-spotted stems,
compound leaves, and small
compound umbels of white
Flowers.
Height: Two to ten feet.
Leaves: Pinnate compound.
Poisonous Hemlock:
Flowering: 2mm long, five petals,
compound umbel.
Habitat: Waste places, weedy areas, and
woodland borders.
Range: Throughout East, except Newfoundland &
Arctic, also in much of Western U.S.
All parts of this plant are poisonous,
containing the toxic alkaloid called coniine.
Toxin is a volatile oily compound.
Coniine was the first alkaloid synthesized
in the laboratory.
Piperidine structure: nitrogen in a
six-member ring.
Coniine killed Socrates!
Socrates drank a potent solution of poisonous hemlock 399 BC
Coniine causes paralysis of the diaphragm
and subsequent respiratory failure
No plant extract should be consumed by
unqualified practitioners!
Poisonous hemlock is a narcotic
herb that sedates and relieves pain.
The young leaves and fresh seeds
contain the highest alkaloid content.
Used by Greek and Arab physicians for a variety
of problems including arthritis.
It was not always effective …caused death... as
the difference btw. a therapeutic and a toxic
amount or measure can be very slight..
Poisonous Hemlock:
Overdoses can produce paralysis
and loss of speech being followed
by depression of the respiratory
function then death!
No plant extract should be consumed by
unqualified humans (practitioners)!
A current issue with poisonous hemlock is:
prevent livestock from consuming poisonous
hemlock while grazing (in large open rangelands)!
Paper: Hemlock alkaloids and Socrates to
poison Aloes (Aloe ruspoliana): on mycourses
• 399 BC poisoning of Socrates by poisonous
hemlock.
• Active constituents are of the piperidine
alkaloids family
• ~all related to coniine alkaloids all of very
simple chemical structures.
The Legumes
The Legumes:
Legume family (Leguminosae)
Synonymous with pod, the fruit produced
Seeds are inside the pod or legume
Examples include: Peas, Soybean,
Beans, Clover, Alfalfa & Peanuts
With N-fixing
root nodules
Importance of Legumes:
Major plant source of protein & oil
Major nitrogen fixers with symbiotic bacteria in
root modifications called root nodules – fixes
nitrogen from air and makes it available to plant
Vegetative Characteristics:
Legumes plants are mostly herbs with
compound leaves and most are annuals
Flowers are irregular, .
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Alfalfa
- 1. Alfalfa Production Introduction and Evaluation
- 2. Introduction Medicago sativa Introduced into US 1736 Oldest cultivated forage crop Rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals Very high yield
- 3. Benefits Beneficial insects Attracts wildlife Nitrogen fixation Alfalfa replaces high N-requiring crops Alfalfa provides N to a subsequent crop Improves Soil Tilth Protect groundwater
- 5. Basics Grown for seed,meal, cover, mostly for hay California, South Dakota, Wisconsin, & Minnesota are leading alfalfa states Alfalfa lives from 5 to 7 years
- 7. Consumers Dairy = 60% Meat Animals = 25% Horses = 15%
- 8. Plant Biology Alfalfa is a legume Grow about 3 ft.high & compound leaves Stems grow from buds on crown (base) Racemes. Alfalfa roots 25-30 feet or more under favorable conditions
- 9. Types of Alfalfa Hardy northern part of the US and in Canada. Medium hardy are raised mainly in the central United States. Nonhardy thrive on irrigated land in the Western United States
- 10. Growing Alfalfa Flourish in fertile, well-drained soil that is neutral or slightly alkaline Plant in early spring or late summer Cut after the plants begin to produce flower buds, but before the seed pods form.
- 11. Variety Selection Factors Yield Potential -5% improvement in yield Stand Persistence- <5 plants/square ft. Hardiness & Dormancy Disease and Insect Resistance
- 12. Visual evaluation Stage of maturity-maturity at harvest influences quality more than any other factor. Leafiness-contain highly digestible energy and at least two-thirds of the protein found in hay. Color-bright green is a good indicator of proper curing, good palatability. Foreign material-weeds and straw have little or no feeding value Odor and condition
- 13. Designations Premium-Prebloom stage low fiber, high energy/protein TDN (54% and higher) Good-Early bloom stage, low to medium fiber, high protein and energy TDN (52-54 %) Fair-Mid-late bloom coarse texture TDN (49- 52%) Poor- full to late bloom very coarse very little leaf TDN (<49%)
- 14. Laboratory analyses Quality Designations: Relative Feed Value Acid Detergent Fiber Crude Protein RFV ADF CP Supreme Over 180 Under 27 .22 or over Premium 150-180 27-29 .20-.22 Good 125-150 29-32 .18-.20 Fair 100-125 32-35 .15-.18
- 15. Laboratory analyses Dry matter (DM) Crude protein (CP) Acid detergent fiber (ADF) Total digestible nutrients (TDN) Relative feed value (RFV)
- 16. Alfalfa Perennial Deep rooted Needs good soil & Good Drainage Dormant, Semi Dormant, Non-Dormant
- 17. Alfalfa Deep loam 8’ – 40’ Ph – 6.5 – 7.5 Level fields – irrigation slope .2’ - .4’/100’
- 18. Seedbed Laser level Borders 100’ – 200’ wide (Border Machine) Pre-plant fertilizer = 6-20-20, 9-19-0, 11-46-0 Pre-plant Herbicide = incorporated – eptan, balan. Established – Karmex, treflan
- 19. Seedbed Preparation Heavy work Disc 2x’s with stubble disk Sub soil Finish work Landplane 2x’s Put up borders
- 20. Plant September and sprinkled up Brillion seeder 25-30 lbs./ac 15 lbs./ac = 64 plants/sq. ft. 25 lbs./ac = 107 plants/sq. ft. 35 lbs./ac = 150 plants/sq. ft. 45 lbs./ac = 193 plants/sq. ft.
- 21. Plant Time Fall or Spring Method Broadcast Drill Depth Lightly cover
- 22. Irrigation Problems = Too Soon Too Much Too Little Too Late Alfalfa will extract: 46% of its water from the top 2’ 26% of its water from the top 2’-4’ 18% of its water from the top 4’-6’ 10% of its water from the top 6’-8’
- 23. Irrigation Total for season 4’-5’ Timing 1st . Irrigation critical 1st . Choice is no irrigation before 1st . Cutting Number of irrigations Depends on the number of cutting and weather conditions Source of water Ditch water or well water
- 24. Irrigation Loss – wind, temperature, radiation, Humidity ET – Evapotranspiration Rate KMJ
- 25. Pests – Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil 1. Alfalfa caterpillar 2. Army worm 3. Aphids 4. Alfalfa Weevil (Hypera postica) 5. Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil( Hypera Brunneipennis) Different Species but almost identical in most respects.
- 26. A. Thrive in cool spring weather B. Adults lay eggs in the stem C. When the eggs hatch, the larvae emerge and begin feeding on the leaves. D. So. Calif. & Arizona - Feb to April E. No. Calif. – March to May F. Weevils generally affect 1-2 cuttings G. Parasitic wasp (Bathyplectes curulionis) H. Furadan – Permit & gets bees I. Lorsban – non permit & doesn’t bother bees.
- 27. Diseases A. Phytophthora – moisture related B. Nematodes – Sandy Soils C. Leafspot – spotted leaves D. Anthracnose – Leaf E. Rhizoctonia - @ crown; moisture related. F. Fusarium – Wilt
- 28. Weed control in established stand Main weeds Fiddle neck, chickweed, foxtail, groundsel, Malva, curly dock, ect.. Control Depends on the time of year and type of weed.
- 29. Fertilization of established stand Spring 250lbs./ac ammonium phosphate 11-52-0 Lime
- 30. Harvesting 24-35 Days ( depends on the farmer) Re-growth of shoot and maturity. Swather – windrows Rake – 55% - 65% moisture Bale 17% - 23% Cured – 10% - 12%
- 31. Harvesting Swather cost Curing time Depends on weather Raking Types 41/2 to 5 mph Lube every 50 – 75 hours Baling Big bale Small bale Moisture
- 33. Yields Tons per acre 6 to 8 tons per acre Number of cuttings 6 to 8 Cash cost per acre