This document summarizes the floral biology and seed production of fennel. It begins with the taxonomic classification of fennel, noting it is a highly aromatic herb. It then describes the botanical features of fennel including its floral structure. Key aspects of fennel's floral biology are discussed such as its cross-pollinated nature. The document outlines best practices for fennel seed production including variety selection, agro-climatic conditions, cultivation techniques and pest/disease management. Fennel seed yields around 12-13 qt/ha and has economic importance as a stimulant and for its essential oils used in cosmetics and medicines.
it include the medicinal plant sarapgandha scientifically called rauvolfia serpentina it cure problem of high blood pressure and important for diabetic paitents,this ppt includes its botany cultural practices and its use
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
it include the medicinal plant sarapgandha scientifically called rauvolfia serpentina it cure problem of high blood pressure and important for diabetic paitents,this ppt includes its botany cultural practices and its use
CLOVE
Scientific Name : Syzygium aromaticum
Family : Myrtaceae
Chromosome number :- 22
Origin place :-Molluccas Island of Eastern Indonesia
The clove is one of the important tree spice crop grown in India.
The clove of commerce is the fully grown but unopened aromatic dried flower bud of an evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum.
The term 'clove' is derived from the French word 'cloy' and the English word 'clout', both meaning 'nail.The volatile oil obtained from the clove bud contains mainly (80-90%) and caryophyllene (4-8%).
Area and Production:-
In India the clove is cultivated in an area of 2,600 ha. with annual production of 1,160 tonnes. The productivity is 400 kg/ha.
Botany :-
The clove is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 7-15 m.
It begins to fork near the base, into two or three main erect branches. The smaller branches are semi-erect, the twigs are brittle, smooth and greyish-white in colour, and the whole head is bushy and dense.
The leaves are simple, opposite, exstipulate, glabrous and aromatic owing to plenty of oil glands on the lower surface. The new leaves appear in flushes and are bright pink.
The hermaphrodite flowers are borne on a terminal, corymbose, trichotomous panicle.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
seed production of Carrot (CSK HPKV) harmanjeet singhStudent
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Scientific Classification
Why Most Of Carrot In Orange Colour ???
Climate
Soil
Land Requirement
Seeds And Sowing
Sowing Time
Manures And Fertilization
Spacing
Carrot Varieties
Irrigation
Weed Control
Pollination Of Carrot
Isolation
Methods Of Seed Production
Plant Protection
Harvesting And Seed Yield
Seed Standards (%)
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu
Scientific Name: Mangifera indica L.
Common Names: Mamidi, Am
Chromosome number : 2n = 2x = 40
The origin of mango is Indo – Burma region.
In India Mango is acclaimed as “King of fruits”.
Floral Biology :
Inflorescence :
Inflorescence is a large and terminal panicle.
The branching of the inflorescence is usually tertiary, rarely quaternary, but the ultimate branching is always cymose.
The mango inflorescence or panicle bears mainly two types of flowers – male and hermaphrodite.
The panicle bear 500-6000 flowers of which 1-70% are bisexual, remaining are male depending on the cultivar and temperature during its development. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 per cent in Rumani, 16.41 to 55.7 per cent in Neelum and up to 69.8 per cent in Langra.
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
seed production of Carrot (CSK HPKV) harmanjeet singhStudent
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Scientific Classification
Why Most Of Carrot In Orange Colour ???
Climate
Soil
Land Requirement
Seeds And Sowing
Sowing Time
Manures And Fertilization
Spacing
Carrot Varieties
Irrigation
Weed Control
Pollination Of Carrot
Isolation
Methods Of Seed Production
Plant Protection
Harvesting And Seed Yield
Seed Standards (%)
Its all about the non traditional crops. It includes the the production technology of sun flower its all factors, its area of production and all the necessary aspects of growing the sun flower.
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
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as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
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solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
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that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
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is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
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a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
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z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
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and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. SUBMITTED BY :-
PALAGULLA VENKATA MAHENDRA REDDY
M.Sc. (Ag) Seed Science and Technology
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OFAGRICULTURE
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES. ALLAHABAD - 211007, U.P., INDIA
“FLORAL BIOLOGY AND SEED PRODUCTION OF FENNEL
THE ROYAL SPECIES”
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Taxonomic classification
Botanical Description
Floral Biology
Seed Production of Fennel
Economical Importance of Fennel
3. INTRODUCTION OF FENNEL CROP (SAUNF)
Fennel is a Long day crop and Cultivated in Rabi Season in India.
It is widely cultivated throughout the Temperate and Sub-tropical regions of
the world and native of Southern Europe and Mediterranean region.
Fennel is a Perenial, Highly Aromatic and flavourable herb with various Medical
values.
During the Thirteenth century in England, Fennel was considered as a Royal
spices and was served to kings with fruits.
India is the top producer of Fennel Crop in the whole world.
4. TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom :- Plantae
Sub Kingdom :- Tracheobionta
Superdivision :– Spermatophyta
Division :– Magnoliophyta
Class :- Magnoliopsida
Order :– Apiales
Family :– Apiaceae or Umbelliferae
Genus :– Foeniculum
Species :- Foeniculum vulgare
Chromosome Number :– 2n= 22 (Diploid)
5. Crop Description
Fennel has large number of varieties which are differing in size, odour and taste of
fruits. There are Two distinct Sub-species in fennel as below:-
A. Piperitum : It grows as a wild form found in the Mediterranean region.
B. Capillaceum : It is widely cultivated species and consists of 3 varieties:
1. Foeniculum vulgare var. azorium: It is Commonly referred as Florence
fennel and is widely cultivated in Italy as a vegetable.
2. Foeniculum vulgare var. Dulce: It is Commonly known as Sweet fennel,
French fennel and Roman fennel and cultivated for its aromatic grain having
sweet oil (yellowish green liquid).
3. Foeniculum vulgare var. Vulgare: It is Commonly known as Bitter
fennel and cultivated for its aromatic grains having bitter oil.
6. Habitat:-
The Plants are Annual/Biennial/Perennial aromatic
herbs.
It Grows to a height of 150-180 cm.
Stem:-
The Stem is Erect, Stout, Cylindrical, smooth and hollow
at maturity with distinct veins.
Each Main stem bears 4 to 8 alternate branches.
Leaves:-
Leaves are Alternate, stalked, petiole (Very long)
Roots:-
Tap root and Branched root system.
BOTANICAL DESCREPTION
7. FLORAL BIOLOGY OF FOENICULUM VULGARE
Inflorescence :-
The Inflorescence of Fennel is referred as
Compound Umbel with subtended Involucre
of bracts and appears terminally on the plant.
One Plant may produce 11 to 30 Umbels. Each
umbel may have 4 to 22 umbellate containing
4.0 to 7.0 florets per umbellate.
Schizocarp
Pedicel
8. Calyx:-
Sepals are Five and are Gamosepalous (fused).
Corolla :-
Petals are Five in number and are Polypetalous
(free).
Petals are Brightly yellow in colour.
Each Umbel has long stalk, slender, curved, often
unequal in lengths.
9. Androecium :-
Androecium consists of Five stamens.
The Anthers are Bilobed, Introrse, Dorsifixed.
The Filaments are free. The Anthers splits longitudinal for
the dehiscence of anther.
Gynoecium:-
Gynoecium is Bicarpellary, Syncarpous, Bilocular with
Epigynous (inferior ovary).
The Pair of styles swells and spreads at the base forming
stylopodium (for attracting the bees).
11. Flower:-
Small, Yellow flowers are found in fennel.
15-20 flowers are found in an umbel with long stalk.
Flowers are Bisexual or Hermaprodite.
A strict sequence of blooming is observed in Centrifugal manner (Inner to outer).
First Umbel takes 84-90 days, while that of the last umbel takes 113-121 days for
opening after the date of sowing.
Pollination :- (Highly Cross Pollinated Crop)
Flowers are Protentous and Hence highly cross pollinated.
Both Wind and Insect pollinations are considered to be active.
13. SELECTION OF AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Fennel is A Cool season crop mainly grown during winter season. So A dry and
cold weather favours higher seed production.
A Temperature of 15-20°C is the Optimum. The Optimum temperatures for seed
germination is 25-29°C.
Above 25°C for extended period usually retards development and in early
growth may result premature flowering and may reduce the Seed yield.
Crop is susceptible to frost injury at flowering stage.
High Winds at the time of maturity can cause shattering and very hot winds at
flowering reduce seed setting.
14. SELECTION OF SEED PLOT
The Plot Selected for Seed crop must be
free from Volunteer plants, weed plants and
have good soil texture and fertility.
The soil of the seed plot should be
comparatively free from soil borne diseases
and insects pests.
Soil:-
Well drained Loamy soil or Black or Sandy soil rich in organic matter is suitable for
fennel cultivation.
However, Heavy soils are more desirable than light soils.
A Neutral to slightly alkaline soil in the range PH 6.5-8.0 is preferable
15. Isolation of Seed Crop :-
The Seed crop must be isolated from other nearby fields of the same crops and the
other contaminating crops as per requirement of the certification standards.
Preparation of Land :-
The First Ploughing should be done by soil turning plough and afterward 2-3
ploughing should be done by cultivator or harrow.
The Ploughed field should be made fine and leveled by planking. There should be
moisture in soil for good germination.
Add FYM 10 t/ha before last ploughing.
Form beds and channels.
16. SELECTION OF VARIETY
The Variety selected for Seed production must be carefully selected, should pocess
following Characters:-
Disease resistance
Earliness
Seed quality
Higher yielder
Adapted to the agro-climatic conditions of the region.
Source of getting the Seeds should be well known and should be of proper seed class.
17. Fruit :-
Fruits are oblong with Persistent style.
Fruit is considered as Cremocarp of Schizocarp type of fruit. It mean two one
seeded mericarps split along the carpophore.
Seed:- (Oblong or Curved in shape)
Seed is Endospermic and Green to Gray in colour.
19. SEED TREATMENTS
Seed treatment is an important practice for control of seed and soil borne
diseases. So it is necessary to treat the Seeds.
So before Sowing seed treatment with Bavistin or Captan or Thiram @
2.5g/kg seeds is done or Treat with Trichoderma @ 6.0 g/kg seed especially
for organic fennel production.
Seed soaking in water for 6 to 8 hours before sowing is found to increase the
germination percentage (82%).
20. TIME OF PLANTING
The Seed crops should invariably be sown at their normal planting time.
Depending upon the incidence of diseases and pests, some adjustments, could be
made, if necessary.
The Sowing of Fennel may be done in both late Kharif and Rabi season .
For Early fennel, Seed is sown in nursery in the month of June-July and 45-60
days of sowing in nursery. Seedlings of fennel should be planted in the main field.
The First fort night of October is ideal for direct sowing of the fennel as main
season crops.
Season:
Hills: May - June
( Transplanted type)
Plains: October - November
21. Seed Rate :-
The Lower seed rates than usual for raising Fennel crop is desirable to
facilitate rouging operations and inspection of seed crops.
For Direct sowing:- 9 – 12 kg/ha.
(not preferred for Seed Production)
For Transplanting:- 3 – 4 kg/ha – Nursery area 100 sq.m.at a spacing of 60 x 30
cm
Thinning
:-
In case of Direct sown crop thin 4 – 5 weeks old seedlings to aspacing of 25 – 30 cm
is done.
Depth of Sowing :-
The Seeds are sown at depths of 1.5 to 2 cms.
22. Spacing :-
Row spacing of 60 cm in heavy soils and 45 cm in light soils are desirable to
obtain better seed yield.
Roughing :-
Removal of Offtypes, diseases plants, unwanted plants of other crops etc from
seed crop is referred as Roughing.
The Adequate and timely field inspections are to be done to maintain The purity
of seed crop.
Rouging in fennel may be done at the following stages as per needs :-
1. Vegetative / Pre-flowering stage
2.
Flowering stage
3. Maturity stage
23. For Good production of fennel, About 15 tonnes/hac well decomposed FYM
should be applied at least 3-4 weeks before sowing.
In the early growth, stage of fennel if plant seems week, then spray 1% urea on
the crop 3 weeks after sowing.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Time of
Application
N (Kg/hac) P (Kg/hac) K (Kg/hac)
Top Dressing 25 10 0
Basal Dressing 25 0 0
24. CRITICAL STAGES OF IRRIGATION
Fennel crop requires more number of irrigation due
to longer duration of the crop.
Depending up on the temperatures and type of soil
6-8 irrigation during growth period is needed. The
irrigation interval should be kept 15-20 days.
Immediately after transplanting irrigation should be
given.
In direct sowing seed crop light irrigation is given
immediately after sowing if initial moisture is low.
Irrigation at 4 days interval with pressurized and
low pressure drip have been found very effective.
25. The Fennel crop growth is slow for first 50 days. Therefore, It is prone to
severe weed crop competition.
To harvest good yield it is necessary to keep crop weed free. About 2 to 3
weeding and hoeing is required.
Pre-emergence application of Oxadiargyl @ 75 /hac with one hand
weeding at 45 DAS has been very effective for ensuring effective weed
control of the fennel crop.
Two or three weedings are necessary. The plants are earthed up after 3
months. Pre-emergent application of Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i./ha and one
hand weeding.
INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
26. MAJOR DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL
Name Symptoms Control
Leaf blight
Angular Brown Necrotic spots first
appear on older leaves. Later Linear
rectangular spots cover the whole stem,
peduncle and fruits.
Foliar Spraying of
0.2% Dithane M-45 or
0.1 % Propiconazole
repeated in 15 days
intervel
Powdery
Mildew
The Powdery fungal growth usually
develops first on leaves which later can
cover all succulent stems and branches
including flowers
Dusting of Sulphur
@20-25 kg/ha or
Foliar spraying
Wettable sulphur 2
gm/lit at the time of
appearence of disease
Aphids
Signs of damage are leaves not opening
properly and being smaller in size.
Severe infestation can cause shoots to
wilt and dry out
Foliar spraying with
0.03.% Dimethoate
(30 EC) or 0.025%
Thiamethoxam is
effective
27. HARVESTING
The Fennel Crop matures in 170 to 180 days.
Harvest the umbels 4 - 5 times at 10 - 15 days intervals because the all
fruits does not mature at a time., dry in sun for 4 - 5 days and seeds are
threshed.
Umbels are Plucked when fruits have changed their colour from green to
yellow and are fully mature.
For Green fennel, Umbels are harvested about 30-40 days after flowering when
these are still green and have attained half length size.
28. SEED YIELD ( Kg/hec or Qt/hec )
An Average yields of 12 to 13 qt/ha can be harvested.
29. DRYING AND STORAGE OF SEEDS
Harvested Umbels should be dried in shade under well aerated conditions
particularly for green fennel.
Umbels should never be piled as it may deteriorate the quality. The dried
umbel are separated and cleaned by winnowing.
The Proper care should be taken to prevent the Mechanical deterioration
during handling of seeds.
After Drying, Seeds should be Stored in Gunny or cloth bags in Storage unit.
31. ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF CROP
Fennel is mainly cultivated for its seed which has a pleasing fragrance and
aromatic taste.
The Seeds act as stimulants and are carminative. They are used to aid diseases
like cholera, nervous disorder, cough and cold, constipation, dysentery and
diarrhea.
The Essential oil in Fennel is in a range of 1.5 – 6.5 percent, yellowish green
liquid, which having main constituents are 50-60 percent, anithole and 10-25
percent fenchone
These Essential oil of fennel has been use for treating Post menopausal
syndrome (PMS) and regulates menstrual period.
Owing to antimicrobial properties it is used in cosmetic creams, body lotions
and moisturizers.
