Materi Bab 3 Activity Cost and Behavior, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 10Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses key concepts in segmented reporting and responsibility accounting. It begins with learning objectives about decentralization, costing methods, return on investment, residual income and transfer pricing. It then defines responsibility centers and explains why firms decentralize. Absorption and variable costing are compared using an example. Return on investment is defined as operating income divided by average operating assets. Residual income and economic value added are also introduced. Transfer pricing between divisions of the same firm is the price charged for components.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 1Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 1 Introduction: The Role, History, And
Direction Of Management Accounting, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 2Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 2 Basic Management Accounting Concepts, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Bab 8 membahas penilaian persediaan dengan pendekatan biaya dasar, meliputi klasifikasi persediaan, sistem perpetual dan periodik, biaya yang dimasukkan ke persediaan, dan asumsi arus biaya seperti FIFO, rata-rata, dan identifikasi khusus. "
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 9Dwi Wahyu
1. Standard costing systems set quantity and price standards to establish planned costs. Variances are calculated by comparing actual costs to planned costs to identify areas for improvement.
2. A standard cost sheet provides details of standard costs for direct materials, direct labor, and overhead to calculate the standard cost per unit.
3. Total variances are decomposed into price and usage/efficiency variances to determine who or what is responsible for variances and make the information more useful for management control.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 10Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses key concepts in segmented reporting and responsibility accounting. It begins with learning objectives about decentralization, costing methods, return on investment, residual income and transfer pricing. It then defines responsibility centers and explains why firms decentralize. Absorption and variable costing are compared using an example. Return on investment is defined as operating income divided by average operating assets. Residual income and economic value added are also introduced. Transfer pricing between divisions of the same firm is the price charged for components.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 1Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 1 Introduction: The Role, History, And
Direction Of Management Accounting, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 2Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 2 Basic Management Accounting Concepts, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Bab 8 membahas penilaian persediaan dengan pendekatan biaya dasar, meliputi klasifikasi persediaan, sistem perpetual dan periodik, biaya yang dimasukkan ke persediaan, dan asumsi arus biaya seperti FIFO, rata-rata, dan identifikasi khusus. "
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 9Dwi Wahyu
1. Standard costing systems set quantity and price standards to establish planned costs. Variances are calculated by comparing actual costs to planned costs to identify areas for improvement.
2. A standard cost sheet provides details of standard costs for direct materials, direct labor, and overhead to calculate the standard cost per unit.
3. Total variances are decomposed into price and usage/efficiency variances to determine who or what is responsible for variances and make the information more useful for management control.
This document discusses accounting for receivables. It covers identifying different types of receivables like accounts receivable and notes receivable. It also covers recognizing accounts receivable when sales are made on credit and how to value accounts receivable using methods like the direct write-off and allowance methods. The allowance method estimates uncollectible amounts and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts balance. The document also discusses disposing of accounts receivable through write-offs or recoveries.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 11Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, which expresses the break-even point, impact of changes in fixed costs on profit, and sensitivity of profit to price and cost changes. It provides learning objectives, definitions of key CVP terms, formulas for calculating break-even units and sales, and an example of a multiple product CVP analysis. The document also discusses assumptions of CVP analysis, profit-volume and cost-volume graphs, and the impact of risk, uncertainty and activity-based costing on CVP.
Dokumen tersebut membahas analisis biaya-volume-laba (cost-volume-profit analysis) yang mempelajari hubungan antara penjualan, biaya, dan laba. Terdapat pembagian biaya menjadi biaya variabel dan tetap, serta konsep titik impas (break even point) dimana suatu organisasi tidak mendapat laba atau rugi. Metode perhitungan titik impas menggunakan persamaan matematika atau kontribusi margin.
Analisa operasional leverage dan financial leverage & Break Even PointFarrelfebrinal
Perusahaan harus menjual minimum 7.000 unit produk dengan harga Rp95.000 per unit atau total penjualan Rp665 juta untuk mencapai titik impas (break even point) dimana pendapatan sama dengan biaya. Analisis ini mempertimbangkan biaya tetap Rp140 juta dan biaya variabel Rp75.000 per unit.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang laporan laba rugi komprehensif dan laporan perubahan ekuitas. Terdiri dari tujuan pembelajaran yang meliputi pemahaman kegunaan dan keterbatasan laporan laba rugi komprehensif, format, pengungkapan, dan informasi yang terkandung dalam laporan-laporan tersebut. Juga dijelaskan tentang elemen-elemen laporan laba rugi komprehensif seperti penghasilan, beban, laba rugi, dan pendap
This document discusses cost behavior and different types of costs. It defines variable costs as those that vary directly with activity and fixed costs as those that do not change with activity. It also discusses step costs that increase in blocks as activity increases. Mixed costs contain both fixed and variable portions. Different methods are presented for estimating the fixed and variable components of costs using scattergraphs and the high-low method. Committed resources involve long-term commitments while flexible resources do not.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 5Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 5 Activity Based Management, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN 2
EQUITY
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Membahas karakteristik bentuk dari organisasi perseroan.
Menjelaskan komponen utama dari ekuitas pemegang saham.
Menjelaskan prosedur akuntansi untuk penerbitan saham.
Menjelaskan akuntansi untuk saham treasuri.
5. Menjelaskan akuntansi dan pelaporan saham preferen.
6. Menjelaskan kebijaksanaan yang digunakan dalam pembagian dividen.
7. Mengidentifikasi berbagai bentuk pembagian dividen.
8. Menjelaskan akuntansi untuk dividen saham kecil dan besar, dan untuk pemecahan saham.
9. Menunjukkan bagaimana menyajikan dan menganalisis ekuitas pemegang saham.
jangan lupa like & share ya ;)
1) The document discusses accounting for inventories, including classifying inventory, determining inventory quantities, inventory costing methods, and ownership of goods.
2) It describes steps to determine inventory quantities such as taking a physical count and outlines cost flow assumptions methods like FIFO and average cost.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate inventory costing methods and determining ownership of goods in transit.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan contoh soal tentang penerbitan obligasi oleh dua perusahaan beserta jawabannya yang mencakup jurnal akuntansi untuk mencatat transaksi penerbitan, pembayaran bunga, dan pelunasan obligasi. Jawaban juga menghitung amortisasi diskonto dan premium obligasi dengan metode garis lurus beserta tabelnya.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang piutang, termasuk klasifikasi piutang, kontrol internal piutang, akuntansi piutang tak tertagih menggunakan metode pencadangan dan penghapusan langsung, serta akuntansi wesel tagih.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 14Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses different inventory management models and techniques. It begins with an overview of the traditional Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model, which calculates the optimal order size to minimize total inventory costs. It then covers Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management and the Theory of Constraints (TOC), both of which aim to improve delivery and quality while controlling costs. The TOC approach identifies binding constraints as the most important factors limiting throughput.
The document provides an overview of financial statement analysis, including:
1. It outlines the framework for analyzing financial statements, which involves assessing the business environment, reading financial statements and footnotes, evaluating earnings quality, and predicting future profits or cash flows.
2. Financial statement analysis is used to assess a company's financial condition and performance, strengths and weaknesses.
3. Various types of business analysis are described, including credit analysis, equity analysis, and prospective analysis to estimate a company's intrinsic value.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengakuan pendapatan, termasuk:
1. Prinsip-prinsip pengakuan pendapatan yaitu manfaat ekonomi akan mengalir ke perusahaan dan manfaat tersebut dapat diukur secara andal.
2. Pengakuan pendapatan pada saat penjualan, penyimpangan dari dasar penjualan, dan pengakuan pendapatan kontrak jangka panjang.
3. Metode pengukuran pendapatan seperti metoda angs
Dokumen tersebut membahas analisis laporan keuangan perusahaan dengan menggunakan beberapa metode seperti analisis rasio, indeks, common size dan lainnya. Metode-metode tersebut digunakan untuk menilai kinerja keuangan perusahaan di masa lalu dan masa kini serta memprediksi masa depan.
This document discusses intangible assets and related accounting issues. It begins by describing the characteristics of intangible assets, such as being identifiable, lacking physical existence, and not being monetary assets. It then discusses the valuation and amortization of purchased and internally created intangible assets. The document identifies six major categories of intangible assets and provides examples. It also explains the conceptual issues and accounting procedures related to goodwill. Finally, it discusses impairment testing and accounting for impairments of intangible assets.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang klasifikasi biaya menjadi biaya tetap, biaya variabel, dan biaya campuran berdasarkan perilaku biayanya ketika volume produksi berubah. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan beberapa metode untuk memisahkan komponen biaya tetap dan variabel dari biaya campuran, seperti metode tinggi-rendah, scatter plot, dan metode kuadrat terkecil.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 4Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 4 Activity Based Product Costing, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
This document discusses accounting for receivables. It covers identifying different types of receivables like accounts receivable and notes receivable. It also covers recognizing accounts receivable when sales are made on credit and how to value accounts receivable using methods like the direct write-off and allowance methods. The allowance method estimates uncollectible amounts and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts balance. The document also discusses disposing of accounts receivable through write-offs or recoveries.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 11Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis, which expresses the break-even point, impact of changes in fixed costs on profit, and sensitivity of profit to price and cost changes. It provides learning objectives, definitions of key CVP terms, formulas for calculating break-even units and sales, and an example of a multiple product CVP analysis. The document also discusses assumptions of CVP analysis, profit-volume and cost-volume graphs, and the impact of risk, uncertainty and activity-based costing on CVP.
Dokumen tersebut membahas analisis biaya-volume-laba (cost-volume-profit analysis) yang mempelajari hubungan antara penjualan, biaya, dan laba. Terdapat pembagian biaya menjadi biaya variabel dan tetap, serta konsep titik impas (break even point) dimana suatu organisasi tidak mendapat laba atau rugi. Metode perhitungan titik impas menggunakan persamaan matematika atau kontribusi margin.
Analisa operasional leverage dan financial leverage & Break Even PointFarrelfebrinal
Perusahaan harus menjual minimum 7.000 unit produk dengan harga Rp95.000 per unit atau total penjualan Rp665 juta untuk mencapai titik impas (break even point) dimana pendapatan sama dengan biaya. Analisis ini mempertimbangkan biaya tetap Rp140 juta dan biaya variabel Rp75.000 per unit.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang laporan laba rugi komprehensif dan laporan perubahan ekuitas. Terdiri dari tujuan pembelajaran yang meliputi pemahaman kegunaan dan keterbatasan laporan laba rugi komprehensif, format, pengungkapan, dan informasi yang terkandung dalam laporan-laporan tersebut. Juga dijelaskan tentang elemen-elemen laporan laba rugi komprehensif seperti penghasilan, beban, laba rugi, dan pendap
This document discusses cost behavior and different types of costs. It defines variable costs as those that vary directly with activity and fixed costs as those that do not change with activity. It also discusses step costs that increase in blocks as activity increases. Mixed costs contain both fixed and variable portions. Different methods are presented for estimating the fixed and variable components of costs using scattergraphs and the high-low method. Committed resources involve long-term commitments while flexible resources do not.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 5Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 5 Activity Based Management, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN 2
EQUITY
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Membahas karakteristik bentuk dari organisasi perseroan.
Menjelaskan komponen utama dari ekuitas pemegang saham.
Menjelaskan prosedur akuntansi untuk penerbitan saham.
Menjelaskan akuntansi untuk saham treasuri.
5. Menjelaskan akuntansi dan pelaporan saham preferen.
6. Menjelaskan kebijaksanaan yang digunakan dalam pembagian dividen.
7. Mengidentifikasi berbagai bentuk pembagian dividen.
8. Menjelaskan akuntansi untuk dividen saham kecil dan besar, dan untuk pemecahan saham.
9. Menunjukkan bagaimana menyajikan dan menganalisis ekuitas pemegang saham.
jangan lupa like & share ya ;)
1) The document discusses accounting for inventories, including classifying inventory, determining inventory quantities, inventory costing methods, and ownership of goods.
2) It describes steps to determine inventory quantities such as taking a physical count and outlines cost flow assumptions methods like FIFO and average cost.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate inventory costing methods and determining ownership of goods in transit.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan contoh soal tentang penerbitan obligasi oleh dua perusahaan beserta jawabannya yang mencakup jurnal akuntansi untuk mencatat transaksi penerbitan, pembayaran bunga, dan pelunasan obligasi. Jawaban juga menghitung amortisasi diskonto dan premium obligasi dengan metode garis lurus beserta tabelnya.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang piutang, termasuk klasifikasi piutang, kontrol internal piutang, akuntansi piutang tak tertagih menggunakan metode pencadangan dan penghapusan langsung, serta akuntansi wesel tagih.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 14Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses different inventory management models and techniques. It begins with an overview of the traditional Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model, which calculates the optimal order size to minimize total inventory costs. It then covers Just-in-Time (JIT) inventory management and the Theory of Constraints (TOC), both of which aim to improve delivery and quality while controlling costs. The TOC approach identifies binding constraints as the most important factors limiting throughput.
The document provides an overview of financial statement analysis, including:
1. It outlines the framework for analyzing financial statements, which involves assessing the business environment, reading financial statements and footnotes, evaluating earnings quality, and predicting future profits or cash flows.
2. Financial statement analysis is used to assess a company's financial condition and performance, strengths and weaknesses.
3. Various types of business analysis are described, including credit analysis, equity analysis, and prospective analysis to estimate a company's intrinsic value.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengakuan pendapatan, termasuk:
1. Prinsip-prinsip pengakuan pendapatan yaitu manfaat ekonomi akan mengalir ke perusahaan dan manfaat tersebut dapat diukur secara andal.
2. Pengakuan pendapatan pada saat penjualan, penyimpangan dari dasar penjualan, dan pengakuan pendapatan kontrak jangka panjang.
3. Metode pengukuran pendapatan seperti metoda angs
Dokumen tersebut membahas analisis laporan keuangan perusahaan dengan menggunakan beberapa metode seperti analisis rasio, indeks, common size dan lainnya. Metode-metode tersebut digunakan untuk menilai kinerja keuangan perusahaan di masa lalu dan masa kini serta memprediksi masa depan.
This document discusses intangible assets and related accounting issues. It begins by describing the characteristics of intangible assets, such as being identifiable, lacking physical existence, and not being monetary assets. It then discusses the valuation and amortization of purchased and internally created intangible assets. The document identifies six major categories of intangible assets and provides examples. It also explains the conceptual issues and accounting procedures related to goodwill. Finally, it discusses impairment testing and accounting for impairments of intangible assets.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang klasifikasi biaya menjadi biaya tetap, biaya variabel, dan biaya campuran berdasarkan perilaku biayanya ketika volume produksi berubah. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan beberapa metode untuk memisahkan komponen biaya tetap dan variabel dari biaya campuran, seperti metode tinggi-rendah, scatter plot, dan metode kuadrat terkecil.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 4Dwi Wahyu
Materi Bab 4 Activity Based Product Costing, Akuntansi Manajemen buku Hansen & Mowen Edisi 8. Presentasi powerpoint oleh Gail B. Wright, Professor Emeritus of Accounting, Bryant University
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 6Dwi Wahyu
1. The document discusses product and service costing methods, specifically job-order costing and process costing. It provides learning objectives and definitions for each method.
2. Job-order costing tracks costs for each individual job, while process costing accumulates costs for products produced through similar processes. The document compares the two methods and provides examples of calculating costs.
3. Process costing involves calculating equivalent units to determine a standard unit cost, then applying that cost to inventory valuations. The document outlines the five steps to prepare a production report using process costing.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perilaku biaya dan model penggunaan sumber daya, serta metode-metode pemisahan biaya campuran menjadi komponen tetap dan variabel. Metode-metode tersebut adalah metode tinggi-rendah, scatterplot, dan kuadrat terkecil.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 8Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses budgeting and its role in planning, control, and decision making. It defines a master budget as a comprehensive financial plan for an organization that includes operating and financial budgets. Operating budgets include sales, production, materials purchases, labor, overhead, expenses, and inventory projections. Financial budgets include cash flows, projected balance sheets, and capital expenditures. Flexible and activity-based budgeting are also covered, which allow budgets to vary with changes in activity levels. Budgets are important tools for planning, performance evaluation, and improving managerial decision making and coordination within an organization.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 15Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses quality costs and productivity. It defines four types of quality costs: prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. It explains approaches to measuring quality costs such as the multiplier method and Taguchi quality loss function. The document also discusses the concepts of acceptable quality level and total quality control. Productivity is defined and formulas are provided for measuring total productivity and calculating the impact of productivity changes on profits.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 12Dwi Wahyu
1. The document discusses tactical decision making in management accounting, including defining tactical decisions as those with an immediate or limited end in view, as opposed to strategic decisions that establish long-term competitive advantage.
2. It provides examples of applying the tactical decision-making model, which involves recognizing the problem, identifying alternatives, costs/benefits, and selecting the optimal alternative based on overall benefit. Case studies discussed include production and outsourcing decisions.
3. The concept of relevant costs is explained as those that differ across alternatives being considered. Irrelevant costs do not impact the differential cost between alternatives.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 18Dwi Wahyu
1. The document discusses international issues in management accounting. It covers topics like the role of management accountants in international business, levels of international trade involvement, managing foreign currency risk, reasons for decentralization in multinational companies, performance evaluation in multinational companies, and transfer pricing.
2. It provides learning objectives for each topic and defines key terms. For example, it defines tariffs, foreign trade zones, outsourcing, and joint ventures.
3. It discusses how management accountants can help companies manage transaction risk, economic risk, and translation risk from currency fluctuations through hedging and forward contracts. It also covers challenges like addressing language differences and using multiple measures for performance evaluations across cultures
Akuntansi manajemen konsep biaya dan perilaku biayasaid_asyrofi
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konsep biaya dan perilaku biaya dalam akuntansi manajemen. Secara ringkas, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan pengertian biaya secara umum, klasifikasi biaya, konsep-konsep biaya dalam akuntansi manajemen seperti biaya diferensial, biaya kelayakan dan biaya penanaman, serta jenis-jenis perilaku biaya seperti biaya variabel dan biaya tetap.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 17Dwi Wahyu
1. The document discusses environmental cost management and accounting. It defines key terms like environmental quality costs, detection costs, and failure costs.
2. Methods for assigning environmental costs to products and processes are explained, including using cost formulas in examples. Life-cycle cost assessment is introduced as identifying environmental impacts throughout a product's life cycle.
3. Two approaches to environmental control are compared: activity-based control focuses on prevention and detection, while strategic-based control aims to minimize resource use and waste over the long run.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 7Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses cost allocation methods for support and producing departments. It begins by defining key terms like allocation, common costs, causal factors, and budgeted vs actual costs. It then explains the direct, sequential, and reciprocal methods for allocating support department costs to producing departments. Multiple charging rates and departmental overhead rates are also covered. Finally, it discusses allocating joint costs between products using physical units, sales value at split-off, or net realizable value methods.
The document discusses cost behavior analysis and classification of costs. It describes three types of costs: fixed costs which do not change with activity levels, variable costs which change proportionately with activity levels, and semi-variable (mixed) costs which have both fixed and variable components. It provides examples of identifying fixed and variable cost components through high-low analysis, scattergraph analysis, and regression analysis methods. The goal of separating semi-variable costs is to help with overhead rate calculation, flexible budgeting, variance analysis, break-even analysis, and other managerial accounting techniques.
Akuntansi Manajemen Edisi 8 oleh Hansen & Mowen Bab 13Dwi Wahyu
This document discusses capital investment decisions and methods for evaluating projects. It begins by defining key terms like independent and mutually exclusive projects. It then outlines various evaluation methods like payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). The document provides formulas and examples for calculating each method. It emphasizes that NPV is preferable to IRR for mutually exclusive projects and discusses adjusting cash flows for taxes and inflation. The document concludes by noting both financial and non-financial factors are considered when setting criteria for project evaluation in advanced manufacturing.
1. The document discusses cost behavior analysis and outlines six learning objectives related to defining different types of costs, understanding the resource usage model, separating mixed costs, evaluating cost equations, using multiple regression, and applying managerial judgment.
2. It provides examples from Reddy Heaters to illustrate fixed, variable, and mixed costs, and explains how activity drivers like production levels impact cost behavior.
3. Methods for separating mixed costs like the high-low method, scatterplot, and least squares regression are covered, along with evaluating the reliability of cost equations using the coefficient of determination and correlation.
This document discusses using regression techniques to predict house prices. It explores using Ridge, Lasso, ElasticNet, linear regression, and gradient boosting models on a housing dataset from Ames, Iowa. Feature engineering steps are applied to the data, including filling in missing values and converting categorical variables. Models are trained and their root mean squared logarithmic error (RMSLE) scores are reported, with stacking multiple models found to improve the average score. Lasso and gradient boosting models are highlighted, and stacking them achieved the best RMSLE of 0.068. The document concludes various factors impact house prices and regularized models perform well on this dataset.
This document provides an overview of activity-based costing (ABC) systems for product costing. It begins by explaining the importance of calculating accurate unit costs and the limitations of traditional functional-based costing approaches. Specifically, functional-based costing can distort product costs when overhead is assigned proportionally, without considering different products' actual consumption of activities. The document then describes how ABC systems work to assign costs at the activity level before flowing them down to products based on each product's actual usage of activities. Finally, it notes that ABC systems can reduce complexity by using consumption ratios or approximating the full ABC method to reduce the number of activity rates.
A CCP is an experienced practitioner with advanced knowledge and technical expertise to apply the broad principles and best practices of Total Cost Management (TCM) in the planning, execution and management of any organizational project or program. CCPs also demonstrate the ability to research and communicate aspects of TCM principles and practices to all levels of project or program stakeholders, both internally and externally.
This document discusses standard costing and variance analysis. It provides learning objectives for the chapter that cover setting unit standards, using standard cost sheets, calculating variances, and preparing journal entries for variances. Examples are given for computing materials, labor, and overhead variances for a company called Blue-Corn Foods. Variances are decomposed into price, usage, rate, efficiency, spending, and volume components. The document aims to explain how variances are used for managerial control and performance evaluation.
A review on various optimization techniques of resource provisioning in cloud...IJECEIAES
Cloud computing is the provision of IT resources (IaaS) on-demand using a pay as you go model over the internet.It is a broad and deep platform that helps customers builds sophisticated, scalable applications. To get the full benefits, research on a wide range of topics is needed. While resource over-provisioning can cost users more than necessary, resource under provisioning hurts the application performance. The cost effectiveness of cloud computing highly depends on how well the customer can optimize the cost of renting resources (VMs) from cloud providers. The issue of resource provisioning optimization from cloud-consumer potential is a complicated optimization issue, which includes much uncertainty parameters. There is a much research avenue available for solving this problem as it is in the real-world. Here, in this paper we provide details about various optimization techniques for resource provisioning.
The document provides an overview of an advanced econometrics and Stata training course. It includes the schedule, which covers topics like single and multi regression, panel data models, time series models, stochastic frontier approach (SFA), data envelopment analysis (DEA), and difference-in-differences (DID). The document also discusses efficiency concepts, performance appraisal techniques, methods for estimating efficiency frontiers like SFA and DEA, and considerations for specifying functional forms.
This document discusses cost estimation methods including engineering estimates, account analysis, and statistical analysis using regression. It provides examples of estimating costs for a new computer repair center using these different methods. Specifically, it walks through estimating fixed and variable costs using account analysis of the repair center's actual cost data. It then uses this data to estimate costs through regression analysis and interpret the regression output, including identifying potential problems with regression data like nonlinear relationships, outliers, and spurious relationships. The overall document provides an overview of cost estimation techniques and applying them to a case example.
The document discusses methods for determining how costs behave and estimating cost functions. It explains that total costs can often be explained by changes in a single activity level and that cost behavior is commonly approximated by linear functions within a relevant range. It then outlines different types of linear cost functions and approaches to estimating cost functions, including the industrial engineering method, conference method, account analysis, and quantitative regression analysis. Key steps in estimation include selecting a dependent cost variable and driver, collecting data, plotting relationships, and evaluating estimated functions.
The document discusses the concept of long-run average costs (LRAC) curves. It explains that in the long-run, all costs are variable as firms can adjust all inputs. The LRAC curve shows the minimum average cost for different output levels when all inputs are adjustable. It relates the LRAC curve to a firm's set of short-run average cost curves, which correspond to different plant sizes. Economies of scale exist when average costs decrease with increasing output, while diseconomies of scale occur when average costs increase with larger output. Naturally monopolies have LRAC curves with economies of scale over the entire market demand range. The shape of the LRAC curve depends on production technology.
How Business mathematics assist Business in decision makingFahad Fu
The presentation discusses how mathematics, including matrices, coordinate geometry, functions, limits, continuity, differentiation, and maxima and minima, can assist in business decision making. Several group members each presented on a mathematics topic and provided examples of how it is used, such as using matrices to analyze production elements or differentiation to determine optimal production levels for maximizing profit. The document concludes by solving an example maximizing profit by finding the production rate that balances total cost and total revenue functions.
The Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program provides funding through member donations and industry support to bring expert lecturers to discuss emerging topics. This lecture discusses how big data analytics can help petroleum engineers and geoscientists reduce costs, improve productivity and efficiency by analyzing large datasets to find patterns and relationships. Case studies demonstrate applications in reservoir modeling, production optimization, and predictive maintenance.
Operations Management VTU BE Mechanical 2015 Solved paperSomashekar S.M
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2. 2
1. Define cost behavior for fixed, variable, &
mixed costs.
2. Explain the role of the resource usage
model in understanding cost behavior.
3. Separate mixed costs into their fixed &
variable components using the high-low
method, scatterplot method, and method of
least squares.
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
Continued
3. 3
4. Evaluate the reliability of a cost equation.
5. Discuss the role of multiple regression in
assessing cost behavior.
6. Describe the use of managerial judgment in
determining cost behavior.
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
4. 4
If Reddy Heaters produces
twice as many heaters as last
year, will production costs
double?
NO. Variable costs will double
if production doubles but fixed
costs will not change.
LO 1
5. 5
FIXED COST: DefinitionFIXED COST: Definition
Fixed costs do not vary over the
relevant range.
Reddy Heaters: 1 cutting
machine costs $60,000 per year
& can produce up to 240,000, 3-
inch segments
LO 1
6. 6
VARIABLE COST: DefinitionVARIABLE COST: Definition
Variable costs vary in direct
proportion to changes in output.
Reddy Heaters: 1 segment uses
0.1 kilowatts at cost of $2.00 per
kilowatt. Each segment costs
$.20.
LO 1
7. 7
MIXED COST: DefinitionMIXED COST: Definition
Mixed costs have a variable and
a fixed component.
Reddy Heaters: sales people
earn a $10,000 salary + $0.50
commission on each heater sold.
LO 1
8. 8
COST BEHAVIOR ACTIVITIES
Every activity has a
Time horizon for measurement
Resources to accomplish the task
Materials
Labor
Capital
Output measures (activity drivers)
LO 1
Materials
Labor
Capital
9. 9
CAPACITY: DefinitionCAPACITY: Definition
Capacity for an activity is the
amount of an activity a company
can perform.
Practical capacity is the level at
which company can perform
efficiently.
LO 2
amount of an activity a
company can perform.
10. 10
How much capacity does a
company need? What happens
if there is excess capacity?
Need for capacity depends on
level of performance required.
Excess capacity affects cost
behavior.
LO 2
11. 11
FLEXIBLE RESOURCES
Are resources that can be acquired as needed
No long term commitment
Quantity supplied = quantity demanded
>>>>>NO EXCESS CAPACITY
Example: direct materials
LO 2
as needed
12. 12
COMMITTED RESOURCES
Are resources acquired in advance of usage
Often have long term commitment
Quantity supplied (often) ≠ quantity demanded
>>>>> MAY MEAN EXCESS CAPACITY
Example: factory building
LO 2
in advance
13. 13
COMMITTED RESOURCES:
Can Be
COMMITTED RESOURCES:
Can Be
Committed fixed costs, such as
a building or equipment bought,
leased; or
Committed discretionary
costs, such as implicit contracts
with employees.
LO 2
14. 14
STEP COST: DefinitionSTEP COST: Definition
Step-costs exhibit a discontinuous
behavior pattern.
Step-costs are constant for a certain
range of output, then jump to another
level, remaining constant again over a
certain range of output.
LO 2
15. 15
CHANGE ORDER EQUATIONS
CHANGE ORDER = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost
= Engineering Cost + Supply Cost
Fixed activity rate =
Total committed cost
Total capacity available
Variable activity rate =
Total cost of flexible resources
Capacity used
LO 2
16. 16
LINEARITY ASSUMPTION
Variable cost
assumes a linear
relationship
between cost and
activity driver.
Variable cost
assumes a linear
relationship
between cost and
activity driver.
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 3-73-7
LO 3
17. 17
HIGH-LOW EQUATIONS
Variable rate = Change in cost / Change in output
(High cost – Low cost) / (High output – Low output)
Fixed cost =
Total cost for high (Low) point
{Variable rate x High (Low) output}
LO 3
18. 18
SCATTERPLOT METHOD
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 3-113-11
Scatterplot is a
method of
determining the
equation of a line by
plotting the data on
a graph.
Scatterplot is a
method of
determining the
equation of a line by
plotting the data on
a graph.
LO 3
19. 19
What are the advantages,
disadvantages of scatterplot?
LO 3
Scatterplot
Allows you to see the data BUT
It lacks any objective criterion
for choosing the best-fitting line
20. 20
SCATTERPLOT ADVANTAGE
Can you see why
the high-low
method doesn’t
always provide the
best cost equation?
EXHIBITEXHIBIT 3-123-12
LO 3
22. 22
How reliable is the cost
equation developed by the
least squares method?
LO 4
R2
, the coefficient of
determination, and the
coefficient of correlation will tell
you the goodness of fit of your
cost equation.
23. 23
COEFFICIENT OF
DETERMINATION (R2
)
Percentage of variability in dependent
variable explained by independent
variable
Range: 0 – 1
Higher is better
Percentage of variability in dependent
variable explained by independent
variable
Range: 0 – 1
Higher is better
LO 4
24. 24
COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
Square root of coefficient of
determination
Measures whether variables move in
same (+) or opposite (-) directions
Range: -1 - +1
Square root of coefficient of
determination
Measures whether variables move in
same (+) or opposite (-) directions
Range: -1 - +1
LO 4
25. 25
MULTIPLE REGRESSION: DefinitionMULTIPLE REGRESSION: Definition
Multiple regression uses 2 or more
independent variables (variable
costs) in addition to the y-
intercept (fixed cost) to explain
the dependent variable.
LO 5
26. 26
MANAGERIAL JUDGMENT
Is a method of cost assignment used to
Determine fixed, variable cost
Uses managerial experience
Uses past observation of cost relationships
To refine statistical estimation results
Advantage: simplicity
Disadvantage: judgment errors
LO 6