The document discusses different types of compressors and their applications. It begins by explaining that a compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers high-pressure air to a storage vessel. It then describes two basic compressor types - positive displacement compressors that mechanically reduce air volume to increase pressure, and dynamic compressors that impart velocity energy to continuously flowing air. Specific compressor types are then outlined, including reciprocating compressors that use pistons, rotary vane compressors with rotating blades, and screw compressors that employ two rotating helical screws to compress air. Applications of compressed air in tools, spraying, mining, and pneumatic systems are also summarized.
Valve timing diagram is one of the most important topic about engine. This gives u the idea about how engine's valves should open and close. Knowing this u can make your engine more efficient and effective.
Valve timing diagram is one of the most important topic about engine. This gives u the idea about how engine's valves should open and close. Knowing this u can make your engine more efficient and effective.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
The pressure energy is fed to the actuator through a number of control block called valves.
• Various type of valve are used in hydraulic system to control or regulate the flow medium.
• Basicallyvalvesareexpectedtocontrol: – Direction
– Pressure
– Flow
– Otherspecialfunctions.
An expansion device in a refrigeration system normally serves two purposes :
The thermodynamic faction of expanding the liquid refrigerant from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.
The control functions which may involve the supply of liquid to the evaporator at the rate at which it is evaporated. This determines the efficiency with which evaporator surface is utilized.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Air Compressor in mechanical Engineering
1.
2.
3. Introduction
A compressor is a machine capable of compressing and delivering
the air at desires pressure.
It is driven by a prime mover(Engine or a electric motor).
A compressor takes in atmospheric air, compresses it and delivers
the high pressure air to a receiver(storage vessel) from which it may
be conveyed by a pipeline.
4. Applications of compressed air
For operating pneumatic hand tools such as rivet sets,
drills.
painting and spraying.
For driving mining tools.
To supply the air blast in bessemer converter and blast
furnace.
To operate air brakes in automobiles , ram lifts and
pneumatic conveyers.
To supercharge IC Engines
To inflate automobile tiers.
To transmit power for operation of machines.
To clean machines and work shop floor.
5. Two Basic Compressor Types
Types of Compressors
Type of
compressor
Positive
displacement
Dynamic
Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Axial
6. • Intake air filters
• Inter-stage coolers
• After coolers
• Air dryers
• Moisture drain traps
• Receivers
Main Components in Compressed
Air Systems
Introduction
7. Positive displacement compressor
In the positive-displacement type, a given quantity of
air or gas is trapped in a compression chamber and
the volume it occupies is mechanically reduced,
causing a corresponding rise in pressure prior to
discharge. At constant speed, the air flow remains
essentially constant with variations in discharge
pressure.
Ex: Reciprocating compressors, screw compressors,
vane compressors & so on.
Prepare by :- Shivkumar Panjabi 7
8. Dynamic compressors:
Dynamic compressors impart velocity energy to continuously
flowing air or gas by means of impellers rotating at very high
speeds. The velocity energy is changed into pressure energy
both by the impellers and the discharge volutes or diffusers. In
the centrifugal-type dynamic compressors, the shape of the
impeller blades determines the relationship between air flow
and the pressure (or head) generate.
Ex: centrifugal compressors, axial compressors.
Prepare by :- Shivkumar Panjabi 8
9. Reciprocating compressors
Principle of Operation
Fig shows single-acting piston actions in the cylinder
of a reciprocating compressor.
The piston is driven by a crank shaft via a connecting
rod.
At the top of the cylinder are a suction valve and a
discharge valve.
A reciprocating compressor usually has two, three,
four, or six cylinders in it.
9
11. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
12. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
13. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
14. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
15. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
16. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
V
p
V
1
23
4
17. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
18. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
19. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
20. p
V
1
23
4
1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
21. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
22. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
23. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
24. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
25. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
26. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
27. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
28. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
29. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
30. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
31. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
32. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
33. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
34. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
35. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
36. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
37. 1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytropic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
38. Reciprocating Compressor: Ideal Indicator Diagram
1 – 2 polytropic compression
(2 delivery valve opens)
2 – 3 delivery at constant
pressure and temperature
(3 delivery valve closes)
3 – 4 polytrophic expansion
(4 suction valve opens)
4 – 1 suction at constant
pressure and temperature
(1 suction valve closes)
p
V
1
23
4
39. Multistage Reciprocating
Compressors
The compression of air in single stage has
many disadvantages and its use is limited
where low delivery pressure is required.
A multistage compression is more efficient
and mostly employed for high pressures.
42. Advantages of multistage compression
It provides a facility to install an inter cooler between
the stages.
Less power is required to deliver the same quantity
of air at the same delivery pressure.
Better lubrication due to lower temperature.
43. Centrifugal compressors
The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic
compressor, which depends on transfer of
energy from a rotating impeller to the air. The
rotor accomplishes this by changing the
momentum and pressure of the air. This
momentum is converted to useful pressure by
slowing the air down in a stationary diffuser.
43
46. AXIAL COMPRESSORS
Axial flow compressors are designed for high volume, high efficiency
and high reliability applications.
Typical applications of Axial Compressors are air separation, sewage
treatment, wind tunnel, FCC air blowers, Blast furnaces etc.
Now a days commonly used in Aeroplanes.
46
47. Continued . . . .
Axial compressors have flow in the axial direction by accelerating air
tangentially with blades attached to the rotors.
The Axial Compressor is composed of several rows of airfoil cascades.
Static rows are called Stators and rows which rotates are called Rotors.
Rotors
Stators
Prepare by :- Shivkumar Panjabi 47
49. Rotary Compressors
Rotary compressors are broadly classified into two types.
1.Positive displacement compressor.
a) Vane compressor
b) Roots blower
c) Screw compressor
2. Non Positive Displacement(study flow) compressors
a) Radial Centrifugal compressor
b) Axial Flow Compressor
50. Rotary vane compressors
Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor
with a number of blades inserted in radial slots
in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a
larger housing that is either circular or a more
complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide
in and out of the slots keeping contact with the
outer wall of the housing. Thus, a series of
decreasing volumes is created by the rotating
blades.
Prepare by :- Shivkumar Panjabi 50
53. Roots Blower
Its consists of two rotors each having two
lobes and are enclosed in a casing.
Two rotors are driven by a pair of equal spur
gears.
As the rotor rotates further air is trapped
between the rotors and the casing.
This air is transferred to the delivery side at
constant pressure.
55. Screw Compressors
Rotary screw compressors are also positive
displacement machines.
These compressors employ two rotating interleaved
helical screws which capture air in a pocket between
them
The space in which the air is trapped becomes
smaller as it moves down the axis of the screw.
Finally compressed air discharge from the opposite
end of intake.