This document summarizes a study of the aeromicrobiology of hospitals in the municipality of Kanchipuram, India from August 1999 to February 2000. It identifies 11 hospitals in the area, including one government hospital established in 1863. Air samples were collected from operation theaters, injection rooms, and doctors' rooms at each hospital using agar plates, and analyzed for culturable mold species. Nearly 50 species were identified, with the most prevalent being Aspergillus, Alternaria, Curvularia, Periconia, and Drechsleria. Large proportions belonged to the common indoor mold genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. The indoor hospital environments were found to be heavily contaminated with airborne dust and micro
Studies on the hydrobiological parameters and the distribution of nutrients i...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on the hydrobiological parameters and distribution of nutrients in the Grand Anaicut and Lower Anaicut areas of the Cauvery River in Tamil Nadu, India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. The study found seasonal variations in parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, nutrients, turbidity, humidity and rainfall. Temperature was highest in summer and lowest in monsoon season. Dissolved oxygen was highest in winter and lowest in summer. Nutrients like nitrates and phosphates showed some seasonal fluctuations. The data collected was within permissible limits and supports aquaculture and irrigation in the river.
The flesh-fly-sarcophaga-(liopygia)-crassipalpis-macquart-1839-as-an-invader-...Annex Publishers
Abstract
We present an indoor forensic case that occurred in spring 2013 in Cosenza (southern Italy). The entomological evidence collected at the scene consisted of Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), Fanniidae (Fannia scalaris) and Muscidae (Hydrotaea ignava). The minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI) was calculated by relating the entomological evidence to data available for Diptera species in the area and to our knowledge of the development of flies used as forensic indicators in Calabria. We report S. crassipalpis as a corpse invader for the first time in Italy.
Keywords: Forensic case; Flies; S. crassipalpis; mPMI; Southern Italy
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of common disinfectants used in poultry facilities at reducing bacterial and fungal populations when applied to floors that contain soil and organic matter. Four disinfectants were evaluated in both field trials conducted in commercial broiler houses and laboratory trials using inoculated soil. Floor plots were treated with the disinfectants and sampled over time to analyze bacterial, yeast, mold and pathogen levels. The results showed that disinfectant type, application rate, exposure time and presence of organic matter can impact microbial reductions on floor surfaces. Significant reductions were observed for most disinfectants tested in both field and laboratory trials.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla diaphorina citri kuwayama in f...Muhammad Qasim
The experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to check the efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla, and mortality was observed after three days, seven days and then after one month. Four insecticides, Polytrin-C, Talstar, Bifenthrin and Imidacloprid applied, had an almost equal effect on the population reduction of citrus psylla on all citrus plants. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having five treatments with three replications in a citrus orchard, after three days of spray showed percentage control as 96.91%, 94.33%, 93.83% and 93.06% of following insecticides Polytrin- C, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and Actara, respectively, calculated by Minitab 15. Psylla adults were exposed to different concentrations (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 ppm) of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin, and two controlled conditions (with leaves and without leaves). Both Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin insecticides proved to be the most effective against D. citri with lethal times (LT50s) of 4 and 5 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm, calculated from probability test with Minitab-15
22.Induction of CCC on growth and tuberisation of Colacasia esculentaAnnadurai B
CCC is a plant growth regulator known to reduce vegetative growth and induce tuberization. This study investigated the effects of two concentrations of CCC (250 and 500 ppm) on the growth and tuber production of Colocasia esculenta. The CCC treatments reduced the vegetative growth of C. esculenta plants compared to the control based on measurements of leaves, petioles, and plant weight. Both CCC concentrations also increased the contents of reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, and starch in the plants' corms compared to the control. There was little difference observed between the effects of the 250 and 500 ppm CCC concentrations.
34.Isolation and purification of juvenile hormone of Bombyx moriAnnadurai B
The document summarizes the isolation and purification of juvenile hormone from Bombyx mori (silkworm) up to 4,000-fold using extraction methods including methanol, saponification, silica chromatography, succinoylation, and gas liquid chromatography. The purification process yielded peaks at 12.9 minutes using hydrogen flame ionization detection. The document also reviews the roles of juvenile hormone and other hormones in regulating growth, development, moulting, and reproduction in silkworms.
57.insilico studies of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes various in silico studies performed on cellulases from Aspergillus terreus. The physicochemical properties of the cellulases were analyzed using tools from the ExPASy bioinformatics server. It was found that the molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and the isoelectric points were acidic. Secondary structure prediction using SOPMA showed that random coils dominated. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Workbench. 3D structures were obtained from ESyPred 3D server. The analyses provide insight into cellulase properties that can aid in purification and industrial applications.
Studies on the hydrobiological parameters and the distribution of nutrients i...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study on the hydrobiological parameters and distribution of nutrients in the Grand Anaicut and Lower Anaicut areas of the Cauvery River in Tamil Nadu, India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. The study found seasonal variations in parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, nutrients, turbidity, humidity and rainfall. Temperature was highest in summer and lowest in monsoon season. Dissolved oxygen was highest in winter and lowest in summer. Nutrients like nitrates and phosphates showed some seasonal fluctuations. The data collected was within permissible limits and supports aquaculture and irrigation in the river.
The flesh-fly-sarcophaga-(liopygia)-crassipalpis-macquart-1839-as-an-invader-...Annex Publishers
Abstract
We present an indoor forensic case that occurred in spring 2013 in Cosenza (southern Italy). The entomological evidence collected at the scene consisted of Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), Fanniidae (Fannia scalaris) and Muscidae (Hydrotaea ignava). The minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI) was calculated by relating the entomological evidence to data available for Diptera species in the area and to our knowledge of the development of flies used as forensic indicators in Calabria. We report S. crassipalpis as a corpse invader for the first time in Italy.
Keywords: Forensic case; Flies; S. crassipalpis; mPMI; Southern Italy
A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of common disinfectants used in poultry facilities at reducing bacterial and fungal populations when applied to floors that contain soil and organic matter. Four disinfectants were evaluated in both field trials conducted in commercial broiler houses and laboratory trials using inoculated soil. Floor plots were treated with the disinfectants and sampled over time to analyze bacterial, yeast, mold and pathogen levels. The results showed that disinfectant type, application rate, exposure time and presence of organic matter can impact microbial reductions on floor surfaces. Significant reductions were observed for most disinfectants tested in both field and laboratory trials.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla diaphorina citri kuwayama in f...Muhammad Qasim
The experiments were conducted in a citrus orchard to check the efficacy of insecticides against citrus psylla, and mortality was observed after three days, seven days and then after one month. Four insecticides, Polytrin-C, Talstar, Bifenthrin and Imidacloprid applied, had an almost equal effect on the population reduction of citrus psylla on all citrus plants. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) having five treatments with three replications in a citrus orchard, after three days of spray showed percentage control as 96.91%, 94.33%, 93.83% and 93.06% of following insecticides Polytrin- C, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and Actara, respectively, calculated by Minitab 15. Psylla adults were exposed to different concentrations (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 ppm) of Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin, and two controlled conditions (with leaves and without leaves). Both Imidacloprid and Bifenthrin insecticides proved to be the most effective against D. citri with lethal times (LT50s) of 4 and 5 hours, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm, calculated from probability test with Minitab-15
22.Induction of CCC on growth and tuberisation of Colacasia esculentaAnnadurai B
CCC is a plant growth regulator known to reduce vegetative growth and induce tuberization. This study investigated the effects of two concentrations of CCC (250 and 500 ppm) on the growth and tuber production of Colocasia esculenta. The CCC treatments reduced the vegetative growth of C. esculenta plants compared to the control based on measurements of leaves, petioles, and plant weight. Both CCC concentrations also increased the contents of reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, and starch in the plants' corms compared to the control. There was little difference observed between the effects of the 250 and 500 ppm CCC concentrations.
34.Isolation and purification of juvenile hormone of Bombyx moriAnnadurai B
The document summarizes the isolation and purification of juvenile hormone from Bombyx mori (silkworm) up to 4,000-fold using extraction methods including methanol, saponification, silica chromatography, succinoylation, and gas liquid chromatography. The purification process yielded peaks at 12.9 minutes using hydrogen flame ionization detection. The document also reviews the roles of juvenile hormone and other hormones in regulating growth, development, moulting, and reproduction in silkworms.
57.insilico studies of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes various in silico studies performed on cellulases from Aspergillus terreus. The physicochemical properties of the cellulases were analyzed using tools from the ExPASy bioinformatics server. It was found that the molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and the isoelectric points were acidic. Secondary structure prediction using SOPMA showed that random coils dominated. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Workbench. 3D structures were obtained from ESyPred 3D server. The analyses provide insight into cellulase properties that can aid in purification and industrial applications.
The document outlines the author's teaching interests which include a wide range of topics in biotechnology, food technology, plant biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and related fields. Some key courses taught include plant physiology, biotechnology, tissue culture technology, general plant biology, biodiversity, cell and molecular biology, and courses specific to various degrees in biotechnology, bioinformatics, and more. The author's research interests involve the production, purification, and kinetics of various enzymes as well as their gene sequences, with a focus on pectinases, amylases, arabinases, xylanases, proteinases, and laccases. Other research areas covered include aerobiology, plant-animal interactions, water analysis
09.Estimation of phytohormones in normal and infected onion leaves by Alterna...Annadurai B
1. The document estimates auxin content in normal and infected onion leaves affected by the fungus Alternaria cepulae. Auxin content decreases in normal leaves as growth advances but increases in infected leaves in the lesion area, peaking at 16 days after inoculation.
2. Several phytohormones, including indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and naphthalene acetic acid, inhibited the growth of A. cepulae in culture and the activity of endoPG enzymes.
3. The results suggest phytohormones play a role in plant disease resistance by inhibiting fungal growth and enzyme activity.
01.Extracellular enzymes of Alternaria cepulaeAnnadurai B
1. The fungus Alternaria cepulae was isolated from a leaf blight disease affecting onions in India. It was found to grow well in several common culture media.
2. Extracellular enzymes produced by A. cepulae that degrade cell walls, such as cellulase, arabinase, xylanase, and proteinase, were estimated. Cellulase activity was highest at pH 5.0. Arabinase and xylanase activity were highest in media containing natural onion leaves.
3. The study suggests A. cepulae produces extracellular enzymes that may help the fungus degrade plant cell walls and cause disease symptoms during infection of onion plants.
Prof. Dr. B. Annadurai has over 38 years of experience in teaching and research in biotechnology and related fields. He has held various academic positions including professor and head of departments at universities in India and Ethiopia. The document provides details on his educational qualifications, achievements, areas of research specialization, publications, administrative experience, and employment history.
39.Testicular enzymes in silkworms eposed to high temperature and RM values o...Annadurai B
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of high temperature and mating on testicular enzymes and band patterns in silkworm moths. The study found that some enzymes like succinate and glutamate dehydrogenases increased sperm production, while malate dehydrogenase reduced it. Esterase enzymes were important for copulation. Electrophoresis revealed different band patterns for virgin, mated, and egg-laying moths. Temperature and humidity in January were found to be most favorable for sperm and egg production.
56.Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of iron oxide Nanop...Annadurai B
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Key points:
- Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method by adding mixtures of metal salts to a sodium hydroxide solution, producing particles between 14-68 nm in size.
- Characterization using XRD, FTIR, VSM, and SEM confirmed the crystalline cubic spinel structure and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Particle size decreased with increased manganese substitution.
- Magnetic measurements showed saturation magnetization and coercivity decreased with increased manganese content due to changes in exchange interactions between metal sites.
- Antibacterial tests showed the nanoparticles had moderate antibacterial effects against E
51.Biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi)goid root root in Vign...Annadurai B
This document summarizes research on using Trichoderma fungi to biologically control the root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in black gram (Vigna mungo). The research found that:
1) Trichoderma viride most strongly inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in vitro, reducing its growth by 77.77%.
2) Seed treatment with T. viride resulted in the lowest root rot incidence (21.4%) among treatments. It also led to the highest seed germination, shoot length, and root length.
3) Soil application of T. viride resulted in the lowest root rot incidence in black gram.
47.Aerobiology of Mulberry fields in Vellore districtAnnadurai B
This document discusses an investigation into the aerobiology of mulberry fields in Vellore District, India. It aims to identify airborne microflora and causative organisms involved in mulberry diseases. Samples were collected from mulberry fields using an Andersen sampler and cultured on growth media to identify organisms. Weather data on rainfall, humidity and temperature was also collected, as these factors influence microflora growth. A variety of fungi, bacteria and other microbes were identified from the samples. The results provide information on mulberry pathogens and environmental conditions supporting their growth in Vellore District. This data can help with managing mulberry diseases and improving silk production.
The document discusses the process of creating a pollen calendar. It begins by defining a pollen calendar as a statistical representation showing pollen peaks in the atmosphere over time. There are two main types: pollen allergy calendars used to study airborne pollen and crime scene pollen calendars used in forensic palynology. The methods of making a pollen calendar are then outlined, including collecting pollen samples, microscopy, identification, and constructing a chart showing pollen counts over time to identify peak periods. The purpose of a detailed pollen calendar is to help with the diagnosis and treatment of pollen allergies.
This study analyzed the microbial loads of air samples collected from dumpsites in three towns in Delta State, Nigeria over a 6-month period. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest near the dumpsites and decreased with distance. Bacterial counts were generally higher in July-September while fungal counts increased in October-December. Common bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Klebsiella. Fungi isolated included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Curvularia, Rhizopus and Cladosporium. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in microbial loads between dumpsites, distances from dump
Abstract— Airborne pollen calendars are useful to estimate the flowering season of the different plants as well as to indicate the allergenic potential present in the atmosphere at a given time. In this study, a 1-year survey (from January 2013 to February 2014) is presented of the atmospheric concentration of pollen types in Guarda (Portugal), using a 7-day Hirst volumetric trap. The daily mean concentration of both the number of pollen grains and the main pollen season was determined as well as the bi-hourly variations. The highest airborne pollen concentration was found during early spring and early summer. Contrastingly, December was the month with the lowest pollen concentration. The major pollens sampled were Quercus, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Cupressaceae, Urticaceae, Apiaceae, Oleaceae and Polygonaceae. Some differences were found in the intradiurnal distribution patterns of the pollen types studied, with some taxa types being predominantly sampled in the morning (8:00-10:00 a.m.) while others were more evident in the late evening hours (8-10 p.m.). Finally, these results were compared with the forecast made by the Portuguese Aerobiology Network for the central region of Portugal, revealing some significant differences in the pollination periods.
The document analyzes soil samples collected from eastern Haryana, India to estimate levels of alpha radioactivity. Radon exhalation rates were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors exposed in the soil samples for 100 days. Track density measurements indicated radon concentrations ranging from 197 to 1495 Bq/m3 in samples from Karnal, 708 to 2243 Bq/m3 in samples from Panipat, and 905 to 2204 Bq/m3 in samples from Sonipat. Mass and surface exhalation rates were also calculated from the radon concentration data. The measurements found normal to higher levels of natural radioactivity in the soil samples, but within internationally accepted safe limits.
Quantitative assessment of air borne fungal spores during morning and evening...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document summarizes research on air spora (fungal spores and other biological components in air) over onion fields in Udgir, India from 1999-2001. The researchers found that Deuteromycetes dominated the airspora, contributing 71.76% of total spores, followed by Ascomycetes at 16.36%. The most common spore types were Cladosporium at 21.68% and Alternaria at 16.92%. Meteorological factors like temperature, humidity and rainfall affected spore release and composition. The study of air spora can help predict plant disease outbreaks and advise farmers on prevention and treatment.
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of butterfly species in the Union Council Koaz Bahram Dheri region of Pakistan. A total of 232 butterflies from 13 species across 3 families were collected and identified between July and October 2012. The family Nymphalidae was most abundant with 114 individuals (49%), followed by Pieridae with 86 (37%) and Papilionidae with 32 (14%). Danaus chrysippus was the most commonly observed species overall with 72 individuals (31%). Collection sites varied in species richness, with the highest diversity found at Hajji Sargund Kally. The highest butterfly activity occurred in the month of August.
Environmental Monitoring of Radon-Thoron Levels and Their Seasonal Variation ...IJERA Editor
Monitoring of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny concentration were carried out in some selected dwellings in and around Rampur city of Uttar Pradesh (India) by using Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD).The radon-thoron twin dosimeter cups are used for the study. The annual effective dose, annual exposure due to radon-thoron progeny and life time fatality risk factor under study have also been calculated. In the present study, it is found that the annual value of radon and thoron concentration varies from 18.80Bq/m3 to 45Bq/m3 and 10.90Bq/m3 to 21.20Bq/m3 respectively in different seasons, where as the value of radon progeny and thoron progeny concentration varies from 2.02mWL to 4.85mWL and 0.29mWL to 0.57mWL respectively in different seasons. The annual inhalation dose varies from 0.75mSv/y to 1.61mSv/y with an average value 1.15 mSv/y.The total annual exposure varies from 0.095WLM to 0.181 WLM with an average of 0.140WLM. The life time fatality risk of the residents of the study area ranges from 0.31 × 10−4 to 0.54 ×10−4 with an average value of 0.42 ×10−4. The annual effective dose varies from 0.37mSy/y to 0.70 mSv/y with an average value of 0.54 mSv/y.
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
The document describes a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different species of mushrooms. Three mushroom substrates (saprophytic, symbiotic, and parasitic) were applied to six polluted soil cells for 10 weeks. Residual PAH concentrations were measured every two weeks. A kinetic model was developed using MATLAB to study biodegradation rates. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1 and lowest residual concentration of 2.825 after 10 weeks, indicating it is most effective for bioremediating PAH pollution.
Diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from surrounding area...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from the surrounding area of Upper Lake in Bhopal, India over a two year period. A total of 55 genera and 94 fungal species were identified. The highest numbers of fungi were observed in the summer season (64 and 56), followed by winter (54 and 38), with the lowest numbers in the rainy season (42 and 32). Fungal populations varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature, rainfall, and humidity. The majority of identified species were well-adapted to the local environment.
Indoor and outdoor air quality in hospital environmentAlexander Decker
This study measured indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations at five locations in a Nigerian hospital between December 2010 and February 2011. The indoor particulate matter ranged from 243.05-451.39 micrograms per cubic meter, while outdoor particulate matter ranged from 451.39-625 micrograms per cubic meter. There was a positive correlation between indoor and outdoor particulate levels. Both indoor and outdoor particulate matter showed significant spatial variation between locations. Indoor particulate levels exceeded WHO and Nigerian standards in most locations, likely due to sources such as burning waste, cooking fires, photocopiers, vehicles, carpets and printers.
The document outlines the author's teaching interests which include a wide range of topics in biotechnology, food technology, plant biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and related fields. Some key courses taught include plant physiology, biotechnology, tissue culture technology, general plant biology, biodiversity, cell and molecular biology, and courses specific to various degrees in biotechnology, bioinformatics, and more. The author's research interests involve the production, purification, and kinetics of various enzymes as well as their gene sequences, with a focus on pectinases, amylases, arabinases, xylanases, proteinases, and laccases. Other research areas covered include aerobiology, plant-animal interactions, water analysis
09.Estimation of phytohormones in normal and infected onion leaves by Alterna...Annadurai B
1. The document estimates auxin content in normal and infected onion leaves affected by the fungus Alternaria cepulae. Auxin content decreases in normal leaves as growth advances but increases in infected leaves in the lesion area, peaking at 16 days after inoculation.
2. Several phytohormones, including indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and naphthalene acetic acid, inhibited the growth of A. cepulae in culture and the activity of endoPG enzymes.
3. The results suggest phytohormones play a role in plant disease resistance by inhibiting fungal growth and enzyme activity.
01.Extracellular enzymes of Alternaria cepulaeAnnadurai B
1. The fungus Alternaria cepulae was isolated from a leaf blight disease affecting onions in India. It was found to grow well in several common culture media.
2. Extracellular enzymes produced by A. cepulae that degrade cell walls, such as cellulase, arabinase, xylanase, and proteinase, were estimated. Cellulase activity was highest at pH 5.0. Arabinase and xylanase activity were highest in media containing natural onion leaves.
3. The study suggests A. cepulae produces extracellular enzymes that may help the fungus degrade plant cell walls and cause disease symptoms during infection of onion plants.
Prof. Dr. B. Annadurai has over 38 years of experience in teaching and research in biotechnology and related fields. He has held various academic positions including professor and head of departments at universities in India and Ethiopia. The document provides details on his educational qualifications, achievements, areas of research specialization, publications, administrative experience, and employment history.
39.Testicular enzymes in silkworms eposed to high temperature and RM values o...Annadurai B
This document reports on a study that investigated the effects of high temperature and mating on testicular enzymes and band patterns in silkworm moths. The study found that some enzymes like succinate and glutamate dehydrogenases increased sperm production, while malate dehydrogenase reduced it. Esterase enzymes were important for copulation. Electrophoresis revealed different band patterns for virgin, mated, and egg-laying moths. Temperature and humidity in January were found to be most favorable for sperm and egg production.
56.Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial activity of iron oxide Nanop...Annadurai B
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Key points:
- Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method by adding mixtures of metal salts to a sodium hydroxide solution, producing particles between 14-68 nm in size.
- Characterization using XRD, FTIR, VSM, and SEM confirmed the crystalline cubic spinel structure and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. Particle size decreased with increased manganese substitution.
- Magnetic measurements showed saturation magnetization and coercivity decreased with increased manganese content due to changes in exchange interactions between metal sites.
- Antibacterial tests showed the nanoparticles had moderate antibacterial effects against E
51.Biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi)goid root root in Vign...Annadurai B
This document summarizes research on using Trichoderma fungi to biologically control the root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in black gram (Vigna mungo). The research found that:
1) Trichoderma viride most strongly inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in vitro, reducing its growth by 77.77%.
2) Seed treatment with T. viride resulted in the lowest root rot incidence (21.4%) among treatments. It also led to the highest seed germination, shoot length, and root length.
3) Soil application of T. viride resulted in the lowest root rot incidence in black gram.
47.Aerobiology of Mulberry fields in Vellore districtAnnadurai B
This document discusses an investigation into the aerobiology of mulberry fields in Vellore District, India. It aims to identify airborne microflora and causative organisms involved in mulberry diseases. Samples were collected from mulberry fields using an Andersen sampler and cultured on growth media to identify organisms. Weather data on rainfall, humidity and temperature was also collected, as these factors influence microflora growth. A variety of fungi, bacteria and other microbes were identified from the samples. The results provide information on mulberry pathogens and environmental conditions supporting their growth in Vellore District. This data can help with managing mulberry diseases and improving silk production.
The document discusses the process of creating a pollen calendar. It begins by defining a pollen calendar as a statistical representation showing pollen peaks in the atmosphere over time. There are two main types: pollen allergy calendars used to study airborne pollen and crime scene pollen calendars used in forensic palynology. The methods of making a pollen calendar are then outlined, including collecting pollen samples, microscopy, identification, and constructing a chart showing pollen counts over time to identify peak periods. The purpose of a detailed pollen calendar is to help with the diagnosis and treatment of pollen allergies.
This study analyzed the microbial loads of air samples collected from dumpsites in three towns in Delta State, Nigeria over a 6-month period. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest near the dumpsites and decreased with distance. Bacterial counts were generally higher in July-September while fungal counts increased in October-December. Common bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Klebsiella. Fungi isolated included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Curvularia, Rhizopus and Cladosporium. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in microbial loads between dumpsites, distances from dump
Abstract— Airborne pollen calendars are useful to estimate the flowering season of the different plants as well as to indicate the allergenic potential present in the atmosphere at a given time. In this study, a 1-year survey (from January 2013 to February 2014) is presented of the atmospheric concentration of pollen types in Guarda (Portugal), using a 7-day Hirst volumetric trap. The daily mean concentration of both the number of pollen grains and the main pollen season was determined as well as the bi-hourly variations. The highest airborne pollen concentration was found during early spring and early summer. Contrastingly, December was the month with the lowest pollen concentration. The major pollens sampled were Quercus, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Cupressaceae, Urticaceae, Apiaceae, Oleaceae and Polygonaceae. Some differences were found in the intradiurnal distribution patterns of the pollen types studied, with some taxa types being predominantly sampled in the morning (8:00-10:00 a.m.) while others were more evident in the late evening hours (8-10 p.m.). Finally, these results were compared with the forecast made by the Portuguese Aerobiology Network for the central region of Portugal, revealing some significant differences in the pollination periods.
The document analyzes soil samples collected from eastern Haryana, India to estimate levels of alpha radioactivity. Radon exhalation rates were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors exposed in the soil samples for 100 days. Track density measurements indicated radon concentrations ranging from 197 to 1495 Bq/m3 in samples from Karnal, 708 to 2243 Bq/m3 in samples from Panipat, and 905 to 2204 Bq/m3 in samples from Sonipat. Mass and surface exhalation rates were also calculated from the radon concentration data. The measurements found normal to higher levels of natural radioactivity in the soil samples, but within internationally accepted safe limits.
Quantitative assessment of air borne fungal spores during morning and evening...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document summarizes research on air spora (fungal spores and other biological components in air) over onion fields in Udgir, India from 1999-2001. The researchers found that Deuteromycetes dominated the airspora, contributing 71.76% of total spores, followed by Ascomycetes at 16.36%. The most common spore types were Cladosporium at 21.68% and Alternaria at 16.92%. Meteorological factors like temperature, humidity and rainfall affected spore release and composition. The study of air spora can help predict plant disease outbreaks and advise farmers on prevention and treatment.
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of butterfly species in the Union Council Koaz Bahram Dheri region of Pakistan. A total of 232 butterflies from 13 species across 3 families were collected and identified between July and October 2012. The family Nymphalidae was most abundant with 114 individuals (49%), followed by Pieridae with 86 (37%) and Papilionidae with 32 (14%). Danaus chrysippus was the most commonly observed species overall with 72 individuals (31%). Collection sites varied in species richness, with the highest diversity found at Hajji Sargund Kally. The highest butterfly activity occurred in the month of August.
Environmental Monitoring of Radon-Thoron Levels and Their Seasonal Variation ...IJERA Editor
Monitoring of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny concentration were carried out in some selected dwellings in and around Rampur city of Uttar Pradesh (India) by using Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD).The radon-thoron twin dosimeter cups are used for the study. The annual effective dose, annual exposure due to radon-thoron progeny and life time fatality risk factor under study have also been calculated. In the present study, it is found that the annual value of radon and thoron concentration varies from 18.80Bq/m3 to 45Bq/m3 and 10.90Bq/m3 to 21.20Bq/m3 respectively in different seasons, where as the value of radon progeny and thoron progeny concentration varies from 2.02mWL to 4.85mWL and 0.29mWL to 0.57mWL respectively in different seasons. The annual inhalation dose varies from 0.75mSv/y to 1.61mSv/y with an average value 1.15 mSv/y.The total annual exposure varies from 0.095WLM to 0.181 WLM with an average of 0.140WLM. The life time fatality risk of the residents of the study area ranges from 0.31 × 10−4 to 0.54 ×10−4 with an average value of 0.42 ×10−4. The annual effective dose varies from 0.37mSy/y to 0.70 mSv/y with an average value of 0.54 mSv/y.
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
The document describes a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different species of mushrooms. Three mushroom substrates (saprophytic, symbiotic, and parasitic) were applied to six polluted soil cells for 10 weeks. Residual PAH concentrations were measured every two weeks. A kinetic model was developed using MATLAB to study biodegradation rates. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1 and lowest residual concentration of 2.825 after 10 weeks, indicating it is most effective for bioremediating PAH pollution.
Diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from surrounding area...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the diversity and seasonal variation of soil fungi isolated from the surrounding area of Upper Lake in Bhopal, India over a two year period. A total of 55 genera and 94 fungal species were identified. The highest numbers of fungi were observed in the summer season (64 and 56), followed by winter (54 and 38), with the lowest numbers in the rainy season (42 and 32). Fungal populations varied seasonally and were correlated with temperature, rainfall, and humidity. The majority of identified species were well-adapted to the local environment.
Indoor and outdoor air quality in hospital environmentAlexander Decker
This study measured indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations at five locations in a Nigerian hospital between December 2010 and February 2011. The indoor particulate matter ranged from 243.05-451.39 micrograms per cubic meter, while outdoor particulate matter ranged from 451.39-625 micrograms per cubic meter. There was a positive correlation between indoor and outdoor particulate levels. Both indoor and outdoor particulate matter showed significant spatial variation between locations. Indoor particulate levels exceeded WHO and Nigerian standards in most locations, likely due to sources such as burning waste, cooking fires, photocopiers, vehicles, carpets and printers.
Diversity of Butterflies (Rhopalocera) inBulusukan (San Idelfonso, Bulacan, P...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
Effect of Climate Change on Copepods Diversity in a Subtropical Pond of JammuAnuragSingh1049
This study examined the diversity of copepod species in Kunjwani pond in Jammu, India over the period of 1989-1990. Five copepod species were identified along with their developmental stages. The copepods exhibited trimodal peaks in density during March, June, and October. Higher densities from January to June were influenced by temperature, suspended matter, pH, dissolved oxygen, calcium and magnesium levels. Species diversity ranged from 0.9583 to 1.6539. The distribution of copepods was found to correlate with physicochemical factors in the pond.
1. A study was conducted in January-February 2004 to measure particulate concentrations at Kaikhali, India located near the Sundarbans biodiversity region.
2. The average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, TSPM and NRPM measured were 102.02μg/m3, 73.53μg/m3, 120.44μg/m3, and 18.42μg/m3 respectively, showing high contributions of finer particulates.
3. Potential sources of particulate pollution included biomass burning, diesel vehicle emissions, sea spray, dust from unpaved roads, and domestic fuel use, despite the site being remote from major pollution sources.
This document summarizes a study that measured carbonaceous aerosol concentrations at an urban residential site in Agra, India from May to August 2011. The key findings include:
1) The average concentration of PM2.5 was 55.3±17.4 μg/m3, within prescribed limits. Organic carbon varied from 7.6 to 37.5 μg/m3 with an average of 18.2±6.4 μg/m3. Elemental carbon ranged from 1.2 to 9.4 μg/m3 with an average of 3.2±1.6 μg/m3.
2) Total carbonaceous aerosols accounted for 64.9%
Seasonal Incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida–A Larval Parasitoid of ...Scientific Review SR
Study on seasonal incidence of Campoletis chloridae Uchida, a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa
armigera (Hubner), in chickpea crop was conducted at Kanpur during rabi 2007 -08. The parasitoid made its first
appearing during 3
rd
standard meteorological week of the year in different date of sowing and verities varied
between 4.4 to 93.3 %. The verity Udai sown at November 11-2007 D1 and D2 November 28 was Mean ± SD
44.75 ± 31.93 and 42.61 ± 27.65, verity Avarodhi date of sown of October 21 2007 D1 and November 17 2007
D2 was Mean ± SD 32.43 ±29.22 and 36.36 ± 29.22 and verity Pragati date of sowing November 17 2007 D1
was Mean ± SD 31.47 ± 31.47 ± 26.79 during December, January, February and March respectively. The per cent
parasitization of C. chloridae showed a negative correlation with means temperature, sunshine hours and relative
humidity. Where a significant positive correlation was found between per cent parasitization rainfall and wind
velocity.
The document summarizes a study that examined differences in decomposition and insect activity on pig carrion placed in sunlit versus shaded locations during winter in Canberra, Australia. 8 pig carcasses were placed in cages either in full sun or full shade and observed over approximately 3 months. No significant difference was found in temperature or decomposition rate between sunlit and shaded carrion. However, the insect populations and species present did vary strongly, with more insects and larger populations observed on the sunlit carrion. Forensic entomology methods were used to analyze the insect data and determine estimates of the post mortem interval.
Effect of climatic factors on the incidence of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodo...ICRISAT
Pod borers Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua are the major pests of chickpea. H. armigera alone causes an estimated loss of $2 billion, despite application of insecticides costing over $500 million annually (Sharma, 2005). Climate change will have a major impact on the distribution and abundance of insect pests (Sharma, 2014). • Therefore, we studied the effect of climatic factors on the incidence of pod borers in chickpea.
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
This document presents a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different mushroom species and MATLAB. Soil samples were divided into cells and treated with saprophytic, symbiotic, or parasitic mushroom substrate over 10 weeks. PAH concentration was measured every 2 weeks. A kinetic model was developed and rate constants were calculated using the integral method in MATLAB. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1, followed by symbiotic and saprophytic mushrooms. This indicates mushroom-assisted bioremediation can effectively degrade PAH pollution in soil over time.
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This letter certifies that B. Annadurai completed his Ph.D. studies under the supervision of Professor J. Mohanac. The title of his thesis was "Studies on Homopolygalacturonase in Leaf Blight Disease of Rice (Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) caused by Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr and its interaction with salicylic acid". The letter states that during his research studies, B. Annadurai was found to be intelligent, industrious, and sincere in his work. He showed great effort to complete his research studies. The professor wishes B. Annadurai success in his future efforts and progress.
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This document lists over 45 publications by the author, including 20 popular articles, 40 articles published in Tamil encyclopedias, 5 books, and over 30 scientific papers. The publications cover a wide range of topics in biology and related fields, such as plant quarantine, recombinant DNA, molecular biology techniques, immunology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, forest science, microbiology, and biotechnology. Many of the publications focus on research regarding plant pathogens like Alternaria cepulae and their cell wall degrading enzymes.
58.Comparative modelling of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
The document discusses homology modeling of the cellulase enzyme in Aspergillus terreus. It begins with an abstract that describes cellulase as a widely used hydrolytic enzyme involved in converting biomass to simpler sugars. It then provides details on homology modeling and the steps involved, which include template recognition, alignment, backbone and loop modeling, and model validation. The document discusses modeling of the cellulase protein from Aspergillus terreus using templates from the PDB and visualization software. It evaluates the modeled cellulase structure using validation servers to check accuracy.
55.Extended spectral Beta Lactamase activity of selected Bacteria and analysi...Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria isolated from different environmental samples. The study isolated bacteria from soil, water, and air samples collected near hospitals and dense population areas. The isolated bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa - were identified using morphological, biochemical, and cultural characterization tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. However, sulbactam and clavulanic acid were effective against the beta-lactamase activity.
54.Isolation and purification of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes the isolation and purification of cellulase enzymes from the fungus Aspergillus terreus. The intracellular cellulase was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. This purification scheme achieved a 270-fold purification with a 22.11% yield. Tests including PAGE, SDS-PAGE, immunodiffusion, and isoelectric focusing confirmed the homogeneity of the purified enzyme. The purified cellulase showed optimal activity between pH 4-7 and temperatures of 40-50°C.
53.Effect of different nuitritive sources for enhancing cellulase production ...Annadurai B
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2. It finds that certain carbon sources like lactose, glutamic acid, and ascorbic acid; nitrogen sources like ammonium sulfate and gelatin; and adding all vitamins together increased cellulase production and mycelial growth the most.
3. Groundnut meal in concentrations from 0.05-0.5% and mouldy bran extract supported increased cellulase activity.
52.Screeing of industrial production of CellulaseAnnadurai B
1) The study screened 73 microorganism species for their ability to produce cellulase enzymes. Alternaria, Bacillus, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Fusarium and Penicillium showed good cellulase production.
2) Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus terreus produced the highest amounts of cellulase. Maximum enzyme production of 1.76 U/ml was achieved by A. terreus at 30°C, pH 5.0 over 6 days of incubation.
3) Supplementing the culture medium with plant waste materials like banana leaves, rice husk, and wheat bran further improved cellulase production, with 6% supplementation
50.Isolation and identification of proteolytic bacteria from raw milk samplesAnnadurai B
- Twenty five raw milk samples were collected from the Kancheepuram area of India and tested for bacterial contamination.
- A variety of bacteria were isolated from the samples including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Serratia marcescens.
- Five of the isolated bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Micrococcus luteus and Serratia marcescens) showed proteolytic activity, which can negatively impact the nutritional value of milk.
49.Antitumour and Radioprotective activity of Alloe veraAnnadurai B
1) The study examined the anti-tumor and radioprotective effects of Aloe vera in mice.
2) In solid tumor models, Aloe vera significantly reduced tumor volume compared to the control group.
3) In radio protective studies, Aloe vera did not significantly affect body weight or hemoglobin levels in irradiated animals but did slightly increase total white blood cell count compared to radiation alone.
48.Effect of R394 on Ecdysteroid titre of haemolymph after fourth moult of Si...Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of the juvenile hormone mimic R394 on ecdysteroid titre levels in the haemolymph of Bombyx mori silkworms after their fourth moult. The study applied different doses of R394 topically to larvae at different time points during the fifth instar. Results found that applying 0.031 nl of R394 to one day old fifth instar larvae improved cocoon shell weight by 8% without prolonging the instar duration. Applying the same dose at 48, 72 and 96 hours prolonged the larval period by one day and improved cocoon and shell weight by 3-10%. Daily haemolymph ecdysteroid levels in treated larvae did not
46.Purification of indole acetic acid oxidase produced by Alternaria cepulae ...Annadurai B
This document describes the purification of indole acetic acid oxidase (IAAO), an auxin-degrading enzyme, produced by the fungus Alternaria cepulae during leaf blight disease of onions. The enzyme was purified from culture filtrate of A. cepulae using ammonium sulfate precipitation and two column chromatography steps - CM-Trisacryl ion exchange column and Ultrogel gel filtration column. This resulted in an 85.5-fold purification of IAAO with a 58.6% yield. Tests including PAGE, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoresis confirmed the homogeneity of the purified enzyme.
45.Isolation, Purification and kinetics of deoxy Ribonucleic acid at differen...Annadurai B
This document summarizes the isolation, purification, and kinetics of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at different stages of feeding in Bombyx mori (silkworm). It begins with an abstract describing the study and an introduction on silk production. It then details the isolation of DNA from silkworm samples using lysis and precipitation. Tests for DNA like the diphenylamine reaction are also described. The aim was to estimate and separate DNA and RNA from silkworms at different stages using gel electrophoresis to study protein and nucleic acid interactions during silk production.
44.Antimicrobial activity in leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica Linn.)Annadurai B
1) The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves against several human pathogenic bacteria.
2) Methanol and ethanol extracts of neem leaves were tested using disc diffusion and microdilution assays at concentrations from 200-25 mg/ml.
3) The results showed that both extracts inhibited the growth of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the methanol extract demonstrating the highest level of inhibition against Bacillus pumilus and the ethanol extract showing the strongest effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
43.Studies on chlorophyll conttent, soluble protein, carbohydrates and moistu...Annadurai B
This study analyzed the chlorophyll content, soluble proteins, carbohydrates, and moisture content of Morus alba leaves from Vellore district in Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that MR2 mulberry variety had higher levels of these nutrients compared to the commonly used Mysore local variety. Specifically, MR2 variety leaves contained more chlorophyll, proteins, carbohydrates, and moisture. The study recommends farmers in the district cultivate MR2 variety over Mysore local to improve leaf quality and silk production. Proper cultivation techniques like irrigation, spacing of silkworms, and sanitation measures can also increase cocoon and silk yields. The nutrient composition of mulberry leaves impacts silkworm growth
42.Mosquitoeslarvicidal activity of leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica)Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the larvicidal effects of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on mosquito larvae. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/100ml on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 200 mg/100ml concentration resulted in the highest mortality rate of 90% for both mosquito species tested, compared to lower mortality rates at lower concentrations. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified several compounds in the methanol leaf extract including Caproic acid, oleic acid, and phy
41.Effect of organic amendments on the Biochemical transformations under diff...Annadurai B
This document discusses an experiment on the effect of organic amendments on biochemical transformations under different soil conditions. The experiment analyzed soil properties like pH, EC, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium over 30 days after applying various organic amendments like farmyard manure, poultry manure, composted coir pith, and press mud to normal, alkali, and saline-alkali soils. The results showed that the organic amendments generally reduced EC and increased organic carbon and available nutrients compared to the control soils, with some variations between soil types and amendments. Using organic amendments improves soil health and properties while avoiding hazards of chemical fertilizers.
40.Anti-Arthritic effect of Amukkara (Withania somnifera) chooranam in patien...Annadurai B
This study examined the anti-arthritic effects of Amukkara choornam (Withania somnifera) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients were divided into three groups: a control group, an untreated group, and a group treated with Amukkara choornam. Biochemical parameters including hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alkaline phosphatase, rheumatoid factor, antioxidants, and enzymes were measured before and after treatment. The results showed that levels of hemoglobin, antioxidants and enzymes increased in the treated group compared to the untreated group, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alkaline phosphatase and rheumatoid factor decreased. The study suggests that Amukkara choornam has anti
40.Anti-Arthritic effect of Amukkara (Withania somnifera) chooranam in patien...
19.Aeromicrobiology of Hospitals in Kanchipuram municipality
1. j i'-
l, ".
J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. il(t) l7- 24(ZOOI)
@ Palani Paramount Publications-printed in India
AEROMICROBIOLOGY OF' HOSPITALS IN
MUNICIPALITY
ISSN: 0971-0965-l l-01 - I 7
KANCHIPURAM
B ANNADURAI@O M SHANMUGAM * VELMURUGAN S
AND
V FREDERICK $
oonpenn mxr oF BorANy AND BIocI{EMISTRy, c.A.rI. coLLEGE
MELVISIIARAM 63 I 509, INDIA
soEpARTrmxrm
oF AppLIED MICRoBIoLocy
KANCHI SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
*oEpARmmIrI oF APPLIED ZooLoGY, KI]VEMPU LINTVERSITY, B.R. PROJECT,
SHIMOGA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
An attempt is made.from August 1999 to February 2000 to study the indoor air microflora of
Govemment hospitals and piivate hospitals of Kanchipuram town and the samples collected were grown and
analysed. Nearly 50 species were prevalent in this area. The percent contribution ofindividual sf,ore types
revealed that the predominant species were I spergillas, Alternaria, Curtularia, Periconia and Drescleria.
A large proportion of this species belong lo Aspergillus, and Penicillium, and these are regarded as a common
culturable molds present in the atmosphere of Kanchipuram environments.
Key words: Aerobiology, I spergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cur-wlaria, Periconia. Drescleria.
INTRODUCTION
Bioaerosol particles are almost always present in outdoor air although their
oomposition and concentration changes with time of day, seasons, climate and geographical
location. Most Bioacerosol particles are pollen grains and fungal spores but some may be
bacti:ria, algae, viruses and plant spores. Inhaled spores can cause a number of respiratory
disorders in humans, such as, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and allergic alvolitis. Lr addition,
some fungal species are primary pathogens, invading through the respiratory tract and others
can act as secondarypathogens.
Allergic diseases, especially of the respiratory tract are common in India. About
5% ofthe Indianpopulation suffer from nasobronchial allergy and aeroallergens. Thus precise
knowledge ofmole spore diskibution in the atmosphere is essential for accurate diagnosis
andproperkeatnentofpatients. hritially, airmicrofloraofanagriculturalfarmwas investigated
with a Burkard Sampler by Krishnamoorthy (1978) by exposing nutrient plates. These
were followed by a detailed survey of airbom molds in Madras city and neighbouring rural
areaby Krishnamoorthy (1983) with cylindertraps. Simultaneously, he also investigated
2. BANNADTJRAI ET.4L
circadieur and seasonalperiodically of air spora. These str-rdies rverc exteuded to Mushrootr-t
house and lzrboratories (Venugopal 1991), Por.rltry houses (Mani 1992). and libritries
(Nadilnutl-u"i 1993).
-fhesewercinvestigatedbyusingvolumetricsanrplerssuchzrsAndersen
sanrpler and Burkard personal sampler.
Tl-re population ofbiologicalparlicles suspended in airhas been nanrecl as 'air spora"
by Grcgorv ( 1952). Michae 1 first recorded the release into tl're air of a range of firngerl
sporL-s but there u,ere t-erv detailed studies until the nineteenth ccntLlry (Ainsu,'orth I
(,)76
)
Pastcur ( l8(r l ) rvas perhaps the first to sample pafiicles suspeuded in air inclr"rcling firngal
spores, yeast and bacteria. One ofthe most irnportant ofthe early studies w'as can ied out
i;y Cunningham ( 1 873 ) rvho undertook experiments to detetmine r,vhether a corre latiotr
cotrlcl be cstablished betw een the daily spore content of the atnrospl"rcre and tlre rncicleuce of
cholera and other levers rn tl, e jails of ti-re Calcutta. Blzrcksley ( 1873) clescribed svntptoms
caused b1, inhaling 'odours' frour Chaetotnium and spores from 'Pcrric illiutn gluttt'trrtt'.
The second irnpofiant contribution to aerobiology ir-r lndia was r-ade by Mehta ( 1952) u{ro
studied the disser-nination of uredospores of cereal rusts using aeroscope ar-rd kites.
Royes ( 1987) investigated some contponents ofthe air spora in Jantaica and their
pcssible rnedical applications. Aercmycology ofJabalpur was str-rclied by Vemra ard Kl.rare
1 I 988)" Aerobiologrcal investigation were undeftaken by Sliul<la anci Srivastava ( 1989)
inside the sugar factories of Gonda district Cadman (1991) str-rdrcd the air spora of
.lohannesburg and Pretoria, South Africa the possibility for forecasting the occunence ol
scasonal allergens was investrgated usir-rg r-r-rLrltiple stepwise regressiot't ar-ralysis. Airspora
were collected with Burkarcl traps dr-rring 1987 and 1988. Datta et al(1991)conducted
aerobiological studies at Gwal ior.
Seasonal vadation ofoutdoorviable n-ricroflrngi in Copenhagcn. Dentnark'"vas studied
by Larsen andGravesen (1991). Par-rdaand Behera(1991) studiedthe seasonalincider.rce
and succession offungal spores in air after rainfall. Cornparative study about air-born spores
in Cagliari and Perugia w'as stuciied by Mar-rro er ul (1992). Shaheer.r (1992) str-rdied tlie
aeronlycology of A-nrnan area. Jordan. SLu-vey of airbom allergenic fungai sporcs at Aligarh
was conducted by Yasmeen and Saxena (1992) fi-om Jan-Dec.1990. Femandez-Ger.rdalaz
et al (1993) studied the airborne pollen eurd spores of Leori (Spain). Survey of airborne
culturable and non-culturable fungi at different sites in Delhi metropolrs was conducted b-v
Gupta et al (1993).
Helntroos ( 1993) studied the relationship between airborne fr-urgal spore presence
andrveatlrervariabieinStockl'rolm(Swedcn). Joeletol(1993)studiedtheseasonalvzriation
Journal of Ecotoxicology Environmental MontS tng
3. AEROMICROBIOLOGY OF HOSPITALS
ip the air bom ftlngal spore population of East of France. Oliveria er rrl ( 1 993) lnvestigated
the ailborne fungi isolated from Natal, state of Rio Grande Do Nor1e. Brazil, dttring a otre
year period. Dames et ul (1994) studied tl-re air spora of Durban: A subtropical. coastal
South African city.
Halvagy ( 1 994) studied the fungal air spore of KLrwait City. Continltous san-rpling
ofairsporeinKuwaitCitywascarriedoutdailyoveraperiodof I2years,41 sporetypes
r.vere identified. Li et al (1944)investigated the functional relationship betrveen ait'bome
fungal spores and environn-rental factors in Kitcl-rener-Waterloo, Ontario as detected b1'
canonical correspondence analysis. Air sampling ofNirrradganj area at Jabafuurwas done
fio1r 1611-r Septerlber 1988 to 30th December i 988 using Rotorod air sampler atld exposirrg '
petri plates for 15 days. Tirvari et ttl (7995) observed the airmicroflora of greetl house itr
Botanical Garden of Govemment Science College, Raipur. Air sarnpling using Rotorod air
samplers r,vas condncted by Tze-Ming M o et ctl (1995) in the Institute of Medical Research-
Kula|-u1pur, Malaysia, Li De-Wei ( 1996) fbund out the functional and causal relatiorlships
berrveen incloor and outdoor airborne fr-urgi at Canada. Richardsor-r (1996) noted thc
occLrr-repcc of airborne L)idt'nrcllu spores in Edinburgh. Concentratiort of Didyrnella
rrscospores. a caLrse of iate sulruler asthma, reached peaks of 4400 tnr in urbatl Edinbr-rrgh.
The present i nvesti gati otr repofi s air rnicrofl ora of Kanchipllram hospital s.
N{A'f ERIALS AND IVIETHOD
Arr sarnpling of Kanchipurarr-r hospitals was con-imenced on August 1999 and continucd till Fcbruarr
200t) b,r, exposrng pctriplates with thc trvo different mcdia rvisc Zok nalt extract agar and Dcrtr-rascl irgar to sct
volunrctric intbrrlation on'thc culturable nrolds prcsent in the atmosphcre.
Cleaning of glasswares prepalation of glassware for sterilisation. stcrilisation, potilto clcxtrosc agat'
trl,ptophap 6roth. Tyrosine-cacsin nitrate agar, Watct'agar. Mycelial dry rveight dctcrntination and ilrcr,rbation, sttt-r
culrrrling ald Statistical analysis werc done according to Annadurai et al (19()(t,1 998, 1 999, 2000)
Spore trapping techniques: Potato Dcxtrose Agar nredia was used lor indoor air salnpling tlrroughout this
investigation. Stcrilizecl PDA pelri platcs u,cre l<ept at different places in the hospital indoor cnr.'irotrs trnd thc
culturc u,as analyzcd.
Sampler shcdule: Arr sampling u,as carried mostly between 10.30 - I1.30 atrr Air rvas sarlrpled in opcratiorr
thcatrcs. Injection roont and Doctors room on the sanre day at an interval of I 5 rlrts. The duration ol sanrpling at
each site $,as 5 rrinLltes. Altogcther l2 sanrples u,ere taken at cach site, approximately at t!o-'eeh intcrvals during
August to Fcbruary 2000.
Conyersion of counts to m3 of air: Thc colony counts were convertcd to cubic lreter of arr by nlLrltiplyrn-e u'rth
an approprratc ntultiplication factor and exprcsscd as colony forming units/cttbic nrctcr of air (CFU/nrr). Thc
rnultrplication factor is calculated as follorvs:
Amotlnt of ait' sarnpled - 28 nrl / minute.
Duration of each sampling : 5 nrinutes
Amottnt of air sanrpled in 5 nrinutes:28 r 5 : 140 ml
Journal of Ecotoxicology Environmental Monitoiing
i
l9
4. )
n BANNADURAI ETAL
):_ :lllylll_-:1:_llo'",ouar
species
----- x 100
Total no. of CFU/mr of all species
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows various hospitals in Kanchipuram Municipality. There ar-e nearly 1 1
hospitals. out ofwhich one Government Head Quarters Hospital started in 1g63. other
1 0 hospitals are privately managed hospitals.
Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring
Let numbcr ofcolonies recorded: x
Thc total numbcr of colonies / nrr or air: (1000* x )i 140
Preparation of data: while describing the results two terms viz. periodicity of occurrence. and percentagc occurrence
havebeenusedthroughoutthetext. Theperiodicityofoccurrencereferstonumberofsamplingsinrvhichamicrobe
appeared hs against I 2 total sarnplings ai each site. the percentage occurrence is calculated as fol.lows:
M.S. Hospital t970
Manoharan Hospitai lgg l
Narne of
the Hospitai
C.S.l. Hospital
Lal<shnri Hospital
VengLrdi Hospital
Area of
Iocation
Vaikunda perunral Temple
Hospital Road,
BigKanchipuram
Railway Road
Near Tarril Nadu Hotel
Big Kanchipuranr.
Hospital Road
Near Bus stand
Big Kanchipr-rrarn
Nellukara Street
Near Kacheeswarn Temple
Big I(anchipuranr
Ycar
I 988
1999
l-902 Karnarajar Street
Gandhi Road.
Neal Pachaiyappas
Worlen's Coilegc
Kanch ipr_rrarn-2
Coverage Area
l. Dr. Ambedkar Nagar,
2. Ashok Nagar
3. Mahendra Pallavan Nagar
4. Min Nagar
5. M.G.R. Nagar
6. Tirul<ali Medu
l. Mamallan Nagar
2. Railway Road
3. Sakupet
4. Pookadai Sathiranr
5. Arnbedkar Nagar
l . Nellukara Strcet
2. Mettu Strect
3. East RajLr Street
l. Vani Street
2. Nellukara Street
3. Kaliarr-rnran l(oil Street
4. Mandeeshwaran Strect
5. Pandavaperuntal Koil Street
6. Ul<kapirandan Srreet
1 . Yadartha Amnran Koil karai Street
2. A.K.T. Nambi Strcet
3. Kotran-rbal Street
4. Bava Street
5. Vilakadi Koil Strcet
5. I
AEROMICROBIOLOGY OF HOSPITALS
D K K Hospital Nadu Theru
Big Kanchipuram
Vallal
Pachiayappan Street
Kanchipuram-2
East Rajaveedhi
Big Kanchipuram
1. Nadu theru
2. Gandhi road
3. Centre of Kanchipuram
1. Mettu Street
2. Karakaliyaman Street
3. Collector office
4. Pillaiyar palayam
1. Vaikunda Perumal Koil Street
2. Sappanipillaiyar Koil Street
3. Kamatchiamman Koil Street
4. Shankara Madam
5. Egambaranadhar Koil Street
L Vani Street
2. Nellukara Street
3. Putheri theru
l. Vani Street
2. Nellukara Street
3. Kamatchiamman Koil Street
4. Putheri Street
I . Vaikunda Perumal Koil Street
2. Railway Road
3. Ambedkar Nagar
4. Min Nagar
5. Mamallan Nagar
6. East Raja Street
Kumaran Hospital 1993
M.S-D. Hospital 1998
Shanker Eye Hospital 1982 Nellukara Street
Big Kanchipuram
Nellukara Street
Big Kanchipuram
Regavan Hospital 1970
Govt. Head
Quarters Hospital
I 863 Near Bus stand
Hospital Road,
Big Kanchipuram
Data onnature andconcentrations ofr,iablemolds inthe indoor environment ofhospitals in
India is meagre. The indoor environment of govemment hospitals and private hospitals is
heavily contaminated with airtome dust. Since pilgrims of various parts of the world frequently
visitKanchipuram from timeimmemorial, various diseases hasbeenreported inthis place.
The oldest hospital in the state here was started in 1 863. Microbial diversity reveals various
diseases that are common in this area. The data obtained from rainfall humidity and
temperature, are favourable for the growth ofmicroorgarrisms.
Since there is no sufficient drainage facilities the environmental temperature favours'
the growth of Yibrio cholera, Salmonqlla typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A and B are
infected to the people living near sewage As it is reported in Geneva, Pa ratyphi C is not
2l
Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring
6. Table 2 Percentage contribution of air microflora of hospitals in Kanchipuram municipalty
Microbes/species Percentage
(%)
Microbes/species Percentage
(%)
D BANNADURAT ETAL
Mucor
Rhizopus
Alternaria
Aspergillus
A. flavus
A.niger
A japctnicus
A.candidus
A.fumigatus
. A.glaucus
A.nidulans
A versicolor
A.or1t2ss
Aflaviceps
A. ornatus
A. terraeus
A. carneus
Candida albicans
Penicill.iunt
P.citrinu.nt
P.chrysogenum
Fusariun.
Cladosporittm
Curtularia
Ilelminthosporiunt
Pu.ccinia
Geotrichum
12.5
2.s
3.5
3.25
3.85
2.65
2.t5
1.15
1.65
1.25
I .85
1.25
1.75
1. l5
1.25
t.25
1.15
2.2
1.75
1.65
r.85
2.75
|.75
2.2
0.25
0.35
0. r5
Rhodotorula 0.45
Aureobasidium 0.32
Neurospora 0.65
Dreschslera 0.65
Ganoderma 1.2
Leptosphaeria 0.35
Coprinus 0.25
Polythrincium 0,65
Nigrospora 1.75
Curvularia 2.75
Didynella spores 0. l5
Periconia 0.35
Botrltdiplodia L30
Catarrhusaestivus 1.75
Chaetomium 1.65
Haplospora 0.'/5
Trichothecium 0.85
Pseudomonas spp. 2.35
Proteus spp 2.75
Staplrylococcus spp. 2.94
Streptococcusspp. 1.60
Acetobacter 2.20
Klebsiella pnemoniae 2.15
Micrococcus 1.85
Bacilhts 1.75
Actinontycetes 1.80
Lactobacillus 0.75
found here which is epidemic to Geneva . But Salmonella paratyphi B rs often infecting the
people. ThepigsinthesludgeandareasofKanchipuramtransferNesseriamefffnjitisand
Viral meningitis. In the low lying sewage area, Pseltdomonas sp. Proteus sp. and Bacillus
sp is reported. Skin disorders and various skin diseases. Frorn this, it is concluded that the
dermatophytes and opportunistic mycoses is prevalent in this area'
A single genu s, Aspergillus is common and abundant in hospital environs. Pencillium
ard,Alternaria sp.which occur more frequently next to l,1p ergillus occupy second position
in the order of dominance. This results are in agreement with the results of Tiwan et al
(1985) and Royes et al (1987).
Journal of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Monitoring
7. AEROMICROBIOLOGY OF HOSPITALS
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