Air masses are classified based on their temperature and moisture content, which are determined by their region of origin over land or sea. The abbreviations used to classify air masses are c for continental, m for maritime, T for tropical, P for polar, and A for Arctic. For example, an mT air mass would be warm and moist, originating over oceans in tropical regions, while a cP air mass would be dry and cool, originating over continental interiors in polar regions.