Air masses are large masses of air with and one for the temperature- D.pdf

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Air masses are large masses of air with and one for the temperature. Dry air masses are similar moisture and temperature classified as continental ( c ) and moist air characteristics. Those two factors along with masses are classified as maritime ( m ) . Warm their source region help name the masses. air masses are classified as Tropical (T) and They develop and take on the characteristics of cool/cold air masses are classified as Polar ( P ) . the surfaces they form above. Air masses that The two-letter representation displays the form at higher latitude tend to be cooler in moisture content as a lowercase letter and the temperature and those that form at lower temperature as an uppercase letter. The four latitudes tend to be higher in temperature. most common air masses are defined in table 2 Similarly air masses that form over or near a below. It is important to note that these water body tend to be moister than those that descriptors are relative and not absolute. There form away from water or overland, which are is not a base level or moisture or temperature dry. Using moisture and temperature that an air mass needs to have in order to be characteristics we can define air masses using a defined. two-letter code, one for the moisture content Table 2: Principle air masses in the United States 1. Based on the information and table below determine the geographic area in the United States most likely to allow the formation of each air mass type. (1 pt each) a. mP : b. CP : c. mT : d. CT:.

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Similar to Air masses are large masses of air with and one for the temperature- D.pdf

Air Masses An air mass is a large mass of air that has similar characteristics of temperature and humidity within it. An air mass acquires these characteristics above an area of land or water known as its source region. When the air mass sits over a region for several days, or longer, it picks up the distinct temperature and humidity characteristics of that region Air masses are classified based on their temperature and humidity characteristics. Below are examples of how air masses are classified over North America. Based simply on their names, indicate in the spaces provided whether each air mass is warm or cold, moist or dry: 23. Maritime tropical (mT) 24. Continental tropical (cT) 25. Maritime polar (mP) 26. Continental polar (cP) Storms arise if the air mass and the region it moves over have different characteristics. For example, when a colder air mass moves over warmer ground, the bottom layer of air is heated. That air rises, forming clouds, rain, and sometimes thunderstorms. How would a moving air mass form an inversion? When a warmer air mass travels over colder ground, the bottom layer of air cools and, because of its high density, is trapped near the ground. In general, cold air masses tend to flow toward the equator and warm air masses tend to flow toward the poles. This brings heat to cold areas and cools down areas that are warm. It is one of the many processes that act towards balancing out the planet's temperatures..

Air Masses An air mass is a large mass of air that has similar charact.pdf

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Unit 5

LUCÍA BLANCO FERNÁNDEZ

Unit 5

LUCÍA BLANCO FERNÁNDEZ

مادة التحكم البيئي / الجامعه الاردنيه /صيفي 2015 Köppen climate classification is a widely used vegetation-based empirical climate classification system developed by German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Köppen. It's based on the idea that climate is best defined by native vegetation. The formulas used in the classification correspond to those of the vegetation zones (biomes) that were being mapped for the first time in the late 19th century. It was first published in 1884 and was revised until 1940 with collaboration by German climatologist Rudolf Geiger

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spring and summer, and mixing of upper cooler water with lower warmer water reduces the rate of cooling during the fall and winter. c. Evaporation: As we will see in much more detail in Laboratory 7, evaporation uses energy and is a cooling process; there is much more evaporation over water surfaces than over land surfaces; this results in slower warming of water surfaces than of land surfaces as much of the energy that would be used for heating the surface is instead used for evaporation. d. Specific heat: Specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a given substance; the specific heat of water is about three times greater than that of land; even ignoring the other factors listed above, this would result in a slower rate of warming of water than of land. e. Heat capacity: Water can store heat energy better than can land; a given volume of water having the same temperature as the same volume of land will be storing more heat energy than the land; as a result, more heat energy must be lost from a given volume of water for it to cool a given number of degrees than must be lost from the same volume of land for it to cool the same amount. (B-1) Match each of the five factors listed below, with the appropriate statement A, B, or C. Statement A: This factor results in a water surface heating more slowly than a land surface. Statement B: This factor results in a water surfice cooling down more slowly than a land surface. Statement C: This factor results in a water surface both heating more slowly and cooling down more slowly than a land surface. The differential heating of land and water has a major influence on global temperature patterns. All else being equal, areas far removed from a large water body experience the greatest annual temperature ranges (i.e., the greatest differences between summer and winter temperatures). These land areas far from the influence of water are referred to as continental. Areas near the moderating water bodies are referred to as being marine. (B-2) The two temperature graphs below are for locations that are similar in terms of their latitude and the other temperature controls that we will discuss shortly. However, one of these graphs is for a continental location, while the other is for a marine location. Which of the graphs is for a continental location? Briefly explain. C: Ocean Currents A series of surface currents exist in the world's oceans. These currents are generally strongest near the coasts. Especially in the mid-latitudes, the water temperatures associated with these currents tend to differ greatly on the opposite sides of the oceans. These currents are labeled as being either cold currents or warm currents. Although there are exceptions, cold currents are usually found along west coasts (the eastern side of the ocean) and warm currents are usually found along east coasts (the western side of the ocean). Because the air is heated and cooled primarily from being in contact with.

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FIGURE 4.1 Atmospheric temperature structure EXERCISE 2: CONTROLS OF TEMPERATURE Temperatures vary greatly from place to place and time to time. The seasonal and daily temperature variations are due to the variations in radiation receipt that we have already examined. Here we will examine the primary causes for the spatial patterns of temperature that exist across the world. Specifically, we will look at each of the four major controls of temperature patterns: latitude, the differential heating and cooling of land and water, ocean currents, and elevation. A: Latitude Latitude is the most important factor affecting the overall pattern of global temperatures. Latitude is such a major control of temperature because it is the primary determinant of the amount of solar radiation received by a location. As we saw in Laboratories 2 and 3, the amount of radiation received is greatest in the low latitudes and least in the high latitudes. 40 introduction to Westher and Climate Lab Manual (A-1) Why is more solar radiation received for the year as a whole in the low latitudes than in the high latirudes? (A-2) Where does the receipt of solar radiation differ the most between summer and winter, in the low latitudes or in the high latitudes? Explain. (A-3) The temperature graphs below are for locations that are similar in terms of the other tempemature controls that we will discuss shorth. However, one of the graphs is for a low latitude location, one is for a middle latitude location, and one is for a high latitude location. Which of the graphs is for a low latitude location? Which one is for a middle latitude location? Bricfly explain. Note: On these and subsequent graphs, J and D stand for January and December, respectively. B: Differential Heating/Cooling of Land and Water Another major control of global temperature patterns is the differential heating and cooling of land and water surfaces. Water surfaces both heat up and cool down more slowly than do land surfaces at a similar latitude. As a result, water surfaces have a moderating effect on air temperatures (as the air is heated and cooled primarily by its underlying surface), Before we examine the influence of this differential heating and cooling on temperature patterns, we should look more closely at the reasons why these differences in heating and cooling exist. The five factors listed below affect the different rates of either heating, cooling, or both heating and cooling of land and water surfaces. a. Transmissivity: Land surfaces are opaque and therefore absorb radiation only at the surface; water is somewhat transparent and therefore absorbs radiation throughout a depth, and the resulting surface heating of water is less than that of the land. b. Mixing: Land is solid and basically stationary, and water is a fluid and mixes freely; this mixing of upper heated water with lower cooler water reduces the rate of heating during the the rate of cooling during the fall and winter. c. Evaporation: As.

FIGURE 4-1 Atmospheric temperature structure EXERCISE 2- CONTROLS OF T.pdf

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15. From the wind flow described in \#14, you can conclude that air advection was occurring. This flow was maintained ahead of the front across the Gulf States. a. cold b. warm Stations further south of the front, including the mid-Atlantic, displayed this similar pattern of temperatures and air flow. It is worth noting, however, that the thermal gradient in the midAtlantic was not nearly as sharp as across Georgia and Florida. 16. Compare advection patterns in the Northern Plains-Great Lakes to that of the extreme Northeast. You can conclude that the wind flow and air mass advection on opposing sides of fronts and low-pressure centers display air flow advection patterns, which is consistent with the circulation expected around a low-pressure center. A similar pattern exists when comparing South Carolina to Florida. a. opposing b. similar Figures 1 and 2 show that both types of air advection patterns are often found somewhere on weather maps, regardless of the time of year. The magnitude of advection, however, can be dramatically different depending on the season. In the late winter, the cold temperatures and the closely spaced isotherms reflect strong air advection patterns. In general, 1) stronger winds, 2) more perpendicular flow across isotherms, and 3) closer spacing of isotherms indicate greater thermal advection. As further evidence of robust thermal advection in the more recent case (Figure 2), examine the present weather symbols in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Converging winds help to lift air parcels upward, producing precipitation. As seen here, different types of precipitation were observed due to the contrast in temperatures at such a low latitude. 17. In Figure 2, the strong converging wind flow (winds blowing toward one another) strengthen the temperature gradient and aid in enhancing uplift (enhancing the low-pressure nodes) along the front. By contrast, what would hinder strong air advection patterns? a. Weaker winds b. More oblique (less direct) flow across isotherms c. Widely spaced isotherms d. All of the above As a rule of thumb, wind flow patterns around highs and lows, with associated systems, generally show cold air advection to the east of highs and behind cold fronts (in the Northern Hemisphere). Warm air advection typically occurs ahead of cold fronts, behind warm fronts, and west of highs. Figure 3. NWS U.S. alerts page for 1752 Z 2 FEB 2023. Map boundaries delineated by country, state, county lines, and marine zones. [NWS] 18. Which weather alert was valid the afternoon of 2 February 2023 and was predominantly along the cold side of the front stretching from Quebec to Nebraska? a. Wind Chill Advisory b. High Surf Advisory c. Flood Watch d. Dense Fog Advisory .

15- From the wind flow described in -#14- you can conclude that air ad.docx

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