Agriculture is the primary economic activity in India that produces most of the country's food. The types of agriculture practiced in India vary widely from subsistence farming on small plots of land to intensive commercial farming. Major crops grown in India include rice, wheat, millet, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, jute, tea, coffee, rubber, and various oilseeds. Farming techniques have evolved significantly over the years based on environmental and technological factors.

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2. Agriculture is a primary
activity which produces most
of the food that we consume .
The art and science of
cultivating soils , raising crops
and rearing live stock not
excluding fishing and forest is
known as agriculture.
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3. * India is an agriculturally
important country.
* Two-thirds of its population is
engaged in agricultural
activities.
* Agriculture is a primary
activity, which produces most
of the food we that consume.
* Besides food grains, it also
produces raw material for
various industries.

4.  1. Small land holdings: 1/3 is less than half a
hectare.
 2. low yield per hectare.
 3. dependence upon rain:- only 25% under
irrigation.
 4. subsistence farming
 5. orthodox peasantry.
 6. low soil fertility & less productivity
 7. shift of products( from food crops to cash crops)
 8 decrease in N S Area.
 9. soil degradation
 10. periodic scarcity of water
 11. inadequate storage, marketing.abdul shumz4

5. PLOUGHING

6. >Extensive Agriculture.
>Intensive Agriculture.
>Plantation Agriculture.
>Commercial Agriculture.
>Subsistence Agriculture
> Mixed Farming
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7. * Where land is plentiful-
* less population-
* Modern farming- machines
* less labour-
* large farms
* eg: USA, Canada, Russia.
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8. * Subsistence farming- less farm land-
high population- huge capital & labor-
high bio chemical inputs & irrigation.
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9. A large scale- one crop farming resembling
factory production- based on capital
investment and application of modern
science and technology in cultivating,
processing and marketing the final
products. By britsh in colonies-
crops: tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, spices,
sugarcane, apple, orange.
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10. Farming in which the farmer
grows the crops with the sole
aim of selling the products for
commercial purpose.
higher dozes of modern inputs-
HYVs, fertilizers, pesticides.
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11. Raise variety of crops-
Cultivation & rearing animals.
Eg: Europe, W. USA.
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12. Farming in which the main
production is consumed by the
farmer’s household.
By poor farmers- small size- no
modern facilities- low production-
“slash & burn” type in some
regions.
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13. Ancient method- for
maintaining fertility-
Then abandons land-
crops: maize, millets &
vegitables.
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14. India has three
cropping
seasons-
>Rabi.
>Kharif.
>Zaid.
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15. Kharief
 Rabi
 zaid

16. CROP SEASONS
1. Kharif crop seasons[June,July to October]
Crops – rice ,Maize, Jawar, Bajara,cotton
Ground nut ,Moong,
2. Rabi crop seasson
[October,-November to March –April ]
Crops –Major crops are
Wheat,Barlie,Gram,Peas ,Oilseeds.
3. Jayed – It is a small season of summer
season.
Rice, Maize , Water-Mellon ,Muskmellon,
Cucumber and
Vegetable are major crops of Jayed season.

17. Rabi crops are sown in winter
from October-December &
harvested in summer from
April –June.
Some of the important rabi
crops are wheat ,barley, peas,
gram and mustard.
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18. The season which begins on the
outslaught of the Monsoon in
India.
These are harvested in
September-October. Important
crops are paddy , maize, jowar,
bajra , tur , moong ,urad ,
cotton ,jute, groundnut &
soyabean.
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19. In between the rabi and
kharif season , there is a
short season during the
summer months known as
zaid season .
The crops are watermelon,
muskmelon , cucumber ,
vegetables and fodder crops .
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20.  Abolished zamindary system
 consolidation of land holdings
 wide spread use of radio/ TV
 crop insurance against losses
 Capital- credit- bank
 weather bulletins
 MSPrice.
 kissan Credit cards
 accident insurance
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21. Coffee Plantation in São João do Manhuaçu City - Minas Gerais State - Brazil.
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22. * Agriculture is an age-old economic
activity in our country.
* Over these years, cultivation
methods have changed significantly
depending upon the characteristics
of physical environment,
technological know-how and socio-
cultural practices.
* Farming varies from subsistence to
commercial type.

23. * is practised on small patches of land with the
help of primitive tools and family/community
labour.
• depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the
soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crops grown.
 It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers
clear a patch of land and produce cereals and
other food crops to sustain their family.When
the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land
for cultivation.

24. * The main characteristic of this type of
farming is the use of higher doses of
modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety
(HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers,
insecticides and pesticides in order to
obtain higher productivity.
* The degree of commercialisation of
agriculture varies from one region to
another. For example, rice is a
commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab,
but in Orissa, it is a subsistence crop.

25. Intensive subsistence farming
This type of farming is practised in
areas of high population pressure
on land.
It is labour intensive farming,
where high doses of biochemical
inputs and irrigation are used for
obtaining higher production.

26. • a type of commercial farming.
• a single crop is grown on a large
area.
• Plantations cover large tracts of
land, using capital intensive inputs,
with the help of migrant labourers.
* products are used as raw
material in respective industries.

27. In India, tea, coffee, rubber,
sugarcane, banana, etc.. are
important plantation crops.
Tea in Assam and North
Bengal, coffee in Karnataka
are some of the important
plantation crops grown in
these states.

28. CROPS
• A variety of food and non food
crops are grown in different parts
of the country depending upon the
variations in soil, climate and
cultivation practices.
* Major crops grown in India are
rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea,
coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds,
cotton and jute, etc.

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RICE
WHEAT
MAIZE
MILLET

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31. * the staple food crop of a majority of
the people in India.
* the second largest producer of rice in
the world after China.
* It is a kharif crop which requires high
temperature, (above 25°C) and high
humidity with annual rainfall above 100
cm.
* In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with
the help of irrigation.
Rice:

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38. * the second most important cereal crop.
• It is the main food crop, in north and
north-western part of the country.
• a rabi crop requires a cool growing
season and a bright sunshine at the time of
ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual
rainfall.
• The major wheat-producing states are
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh.

39. Wheat Cultivation

40. Distribution of Wheat

41. * Jowar, bajra and ragi are the
important millets grown in India.
* known as coarse grains, they have
very high nutritional value. For example,
ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro
nutrients and roughage.
* Jowar is the third most important food
crop with respect to area and production. It
is a rain-fed crop. Maharashtra is the
largest producer of jowar.

42. •a crop which is used both as food and
fodder. It is a kharif crop which requires
temperature between 21°C to 27°C and
grows well in old alluvial soil.
•Major maize-producing states are
Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Maize:

43. * the largest producer as well as the consumer of
pulses in the world. * the major source of protein in
a vegetarian diet.
Major pulses that are grown in India are:
tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
* all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil
fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore,
these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.
* Major pulse producing states in India are
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra and Karnataka.

44. 5 types:
Cereals,
pulses,
fiber crops,
beverage crops,
cash crops.
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45. FIBRES AND BEVERAGE CROPS
 Cotton
 Jute
 Beverage Crops
 Tea
 Coffee

46. Food Crops other than Grains
Sugarcane:
* It grows well in hot and
humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to
27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cmand
100cm. Irrigation is required in the regions
of low rainfall.
* India is the second largest producer
of sugarcane after Brazil.
* It is the mainsource of sugar, gur (jaggary),
khandsari and molasses.
* The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

47. •India is the largest producer of
oilseeds in the world. try.
* Main oil-seeds produced in India
are groundnut, mustard, coconut,
sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds,
cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
* Most of these are edible and used as
cooking mediums.
Oil Seeds:

48. A tractor ploughing an alfalfa field

49.  A field of ripening
barley

50. Groundnut, sunflower and mustard are ready to be harvested in the field

51. In the l9th century improved farming
methods and invention of farm
equipments brought remarkable
changes in the development of
agriculture in the world.

52. Tea:
Tea cultivation is an example of plantation
agriculture.
The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-
tropical climates endowed with deep and
fertile well-drained soil, rich in
humus and organic matter.
Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-
free climate all
through the year. Frequent showers evenly
distributed over the year ensure continuous
growth of tender leaves.
Tea is a labour intensive industry.

53. * India produces about four per cent
of the world’s coffee production.
• Indian coffee is known in the world
for its good quality.
• mainly cultivated in Nilgiri in
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
:

54. -an equatorial crop, it is also grown in
tropical and sub-tropical areas.
- It requires moist and humid climate with
rainfall of more than 200 cm. and
temperature above 25°C.
-Rubber is an important industrial raw
material.
- It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicabar
islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
-India ranks fifth among the world’s natural
rubber producers.
Rubber

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Cotton, jute,
hemp and natural silk
Fibre
are the four major fibre crops grown in India
Rearing of silk worms for the production of
silk fibre is known as sericulture.

56. * India is believed to be the original home of the cotton
* Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton
textile industry.
* India is the third-largest producer of cotton.
* Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil
of the Deccan plateau.
* It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation,
210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth. It
is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
Major cotton-producing states are – Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
Cotton:

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*- It is known as the golden fibre.
*- Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the
flood plains where soils are renewed every year.
*- High temperature is required during the time of
growth.
*- West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and
Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.
*- It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes,
yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Due to its high
cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and
packing materials, particularly the nylon.
Jute:

59. Coffee Plantation

60. Tools used in the early phase

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