This document summarizes different types of agriculture practiced in India and key crops grown. It discusses primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming, and commercial farming. Major crops include rice, wheat, millets, maize, pulses, sugarcane, oil seeds, tea, coffee, horticulture crops, rubber, silk, cotton, and jute. The document also outlines rabi, kharif and zaid crop seasons and the regions they are grown in. It discusses various agricultural reforms and challenges facing Indian agriculture.

1. MADATSST
&
MUKUND INGLE
PRESENT

2. Mr. Mukund B. Ingle

3.  Major Primary Activity.
 The only source of Food.
 Provide raw materials for various
industries.
 Highest employment providing sector.

4.  Primitive Subsistence Farming
 Uses small patch of land
 Uses primitive tools
 No irrigation system
 No use of modern technology
 No labour hired
 Production is done for self production
 It is also known as ‘Slash & Burn’ or ‘Shifting’ Cultivation.
 Locally known by various names. Ex. Jhumming, Pamlou,
Dipa, Mila etc.

5.  Intensive Subsistence Farming
 Uses big patch of land
 Uses all modern technology
 Uses irrigation
 Uses insecticides, pesticides & Fertilizers
 Labours are hired
 Production is used to sell in market
 But due to law of inheritance size of land is reduced
that straight way to production.

6.  Commercial Farming/Plantation
 Big patch of land
 HYVs, Pesticides & Chemical Fertilizers are used
 A single crop is grown
 Labour intensive farming
 Production is used as raw materials in agro based
industries
 Well developed transportation has helped a lot

7.  Rabi Crops
 Sown in winter from October to December
 Harvested in summer from April to June
 Some of the important rabi crops are wheat,
barley, peas, gram and mustard
 These crops are grown in large parts of India,
states from the north and northwestern parts such
as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh

8.  Kharif Crops
 Grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the
country
 Harvested in September-October
 Important crops grown during this season are paddy,
maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong,
 urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
 Some of the most important rice-growing regions are
Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra

9.  Zaid Crops
 In between the rabi and the kharif seasons,
there is a short season during the summer
months known as the Zaid season.
 Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are
watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
vegetables and fodder crops.

10.  Rice
 Staple food in India
 Second largest producers
 It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature,
(above 25°C) and high humidity with annual
rainfall above 100 cm
 In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help
of irrigation
 Grown in the plain areas.

11.  Wheat
 This is the second most important cereal crop
 This Rabi crop requires a cool growing season
and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening
 It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly
distributed over the growing season.
 The major wheat-producing states are Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and
parts of Madhya Pradesh.

12.  Millets
 Jowar, Bajra & Ragi are the most important millets grown in India
 They are highly nutritional.
 Jowar :
▪ It is rain-fed crops and need no irrigation.
▪ It is third most important crop with respect to area and production
▪ Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP & Andra Pradesh are the major Jowar producing areas.
 Bajra :
▪ It grows well in sandy & shallow black soil.
▪ Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat & Haryana are the major bajra producing states.
 Ragi :
▪ It’s crop of dry region
▪ It grows well in red, black, sand, loamy and shallow black soil.
▪ Karnataka, TN, HP, Arunachal Pradesh are the major ragi producing states.

13.  Maize
 It’s a kharif crop, used as food and fodder
 It needs temperature between 21o C to 27o C
and grows well in old alluvial soil.
 It can be grown as rabi crop also.
 HYVs , fertilizers and irrigation have helped to
increase agriculture production
 Karnataka, UP, Bihar, MP are the major maize
producing states.

14.  Pulses
 India is the largest producer as well as consumer
of pulses
 It a great source of protein
 They can be grown in kharif as well as rabi
season
 They are leguminous crops so grown in rotation
with other crops
 Ex. Tur, moong, urad, masur,peas & gram.

15.  Sugarcane
 It’s tropical and subtropical crop
 It grows in hot and humid climate with temperature around
21o C to 27o C
 It requires the rainfall around 75cm to100cm
 It can be grown with the help of irrigation in variety of soil
 It is labour intensive crop
 India is the second largest producer of rice after Brazil
 UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, TN, Andhra Pradesh are the
major sugarcane producing states

16.  Oil Seeds
 India is one of major countries in the world in the
production of oil seeds
 It covers around 12% of the total cropped area
 India produces almost all kind of oil seeds and used to
produce edible oil and for cosmetic and ointments.
 Some oil seeds are grown as kharif and some are
grown as rabi crops
 Gujarat is the largest producer of ground nuts.

17.  Tea
 It’s grown in plantation agriculture.
 It’s tropical and subtropical crop grown in well drained soil.
 It needs frequent shower evenly distributed for the growth
of fresh leaves
 It is labour intensive crop.
 Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tripura are some major tea
producing states.
 India stands second in tea production after China & Turkey

18.  Coffee
 India produces 3.2% of world’s coffee.
 It is Arabic type of coffee brought by British
 Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu are the major
coffee producing states.

19.  Horticulture
 India stands second in the production of fruits and vegetables
 India produces tropical and temperate fruits
 Bananas are famous of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra & Tamil
Nadu
 Lichi & guava are famous of Up and Bihar
 Pineapples are famous of Meghalaya
 Grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra & Telangana
 Apples, pears, apricots & walnuts of Jammu Kashmir & Himachal
Pradesh are famous worldwide.
 India produces world’s 13% vegetables

20.  Rubber
 It’s equatorial crop but can be grown in tropical and
subtropical regions also.
 It requires moist and humid climate with 25o C
temperature.
 It needs rainfall more than 200 cm
 It’s major industrial raw material
 The major rubber producing states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andaman & Nicobar islands and Meghalaya
 India stands forth in the production of Rubber.

21.  Silk
▪ It’s obtained from the cocoons of silkworms
▪ They are fed on mulberry leaves
▪ This process of rearing silkworms and obtain silk is
called sericulture.

22.  Cotton
▪ India is the home of cotton production & stands second
in the production after China
▪ It’s grown on the drier part of Deccan plateau
▪ It requires high temperature and light rainfall
▪ It is Kharif crop and needs 210 frost free days or 6-8
months to mature
▪ Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Punjab, Haryana & Up are the
major cotton producing states.

23.  Jute
▪ It’s known as golden fiber
▪ It grows in well drained fertile soil in plain region
▪ It needs high temperature
▪ West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa & Meghalaya
are the major Jute producing states
▪ Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic
fibers and packing materials, particularly the nylon.

24.  Land Reforms
▪ Abolishing ‘Zamindari’
▪ Land Distribution
▪ Land Ceiling

25.  Technological Reforms
▪ Green Revolution
▪ Use of ‘HYVs’
▪ Modern Equipment
▪ Irrigation Facilities
▪ Fertilizers and Pesticides
▪ White Revolution
▪ Quality Breeds of cattle
▪ Supplementary to agriculture

26.  Institutional Reforms
▪ Opening of banks and cooperatives
▪ KCC and Personal Accidental Insurance
▪ Opening of Agriculture colleges and Universities
▪ Using Radio, TVs and satellites for agriculture
education.
▪ Agriculture research center

27.  International Competition
 Uncertainty of Production
 Reduction in Subsidy