A power point presentation to help the students of Class-IX in learning the first chapter of Social Science-Economics- The Story of Village Palampur.

1. STORY OF VILLAGE PALAMPUR
SOCIAL SCIENCE, ECONOMICS, CLASS- IX,
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2. THEMES TO LEARN
• Production and factors of production.
• Introduction to village economy in India.
• Land availability and distribution in India.
• Measures to increase land productivity.
• Concern for land quality conservation.
• Labour and their problems in India.
• Capital and sources.
• Benefit and limitation with different sources
of capital.
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3. LET US LEARN THE MEANING
OF FEW IMPORTANT TERMS
USED IN THE CHAPTER
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4. Production
Production is the process through
which goods or services are
produced to satisfy needs and
wants of the people either by using
natural resources or by changing the
form of some other products. For
Example- Brick making, Agriculture,
writing or printing a book, etc.
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5. Land
Land refers to the uppermost lair
of the soil including other
natural resources associated
with it such as Air, Water, Forest,
Minerals, Temperature etc.
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6. Labour
Labour refers to the workers or their
efforts used in production of goods or
services. In other words it is the human
effort of body or mind which are used
with an expectation of some rewards
such as wage or salary.
Labour usually refers to the efforts
whereas labourer refers to the people
who works in production
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7. Manual or Unskilled Labour
The efforts of the people who
works in production mostly by
using their muscle or physical
power are called manual or
unskilled labour. They do not
require specific technical
expertise. For example- shifting
of materials.
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8. Technical or Skilled Labour
The labour who works in
production mostly by using
their intelligence or technical
skill are called technical or
skilled labour. For Example- A
motor mechanic.
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9. Capital / Physical capital
It refers to the variety of
inputs (or the money required
to buy the inputs) required to
carry on any production
activity. It includes Fixed and
Working Capital.
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10. Fixed Capital
The inputs of production that
are used repeatedly for a
period of more than one year
are called fixed capital. For
example- Plough, Tractor,
Harvester, Generator,
Building, computer, etc.
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11. Working Capital
The input of production that are
used only once or for a period of
not more than one year are
called working capital. For
Example- Raw material like
seeds, fertilizer, yearn, timber
and cash in hand for payment of
wage, rent, transportation etc.
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12. Human Capital
The expertise or skill or
enterprise required to bring
all the factors of production
together and carry out a
production process is called
Human capital.
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13. Green Revolution
Green revolution refers to the
changes in the agriculture
technology. It has replaced the
traditional method of agriculture
by modern method with the use
of HYV seeds, Chemical Fertilizer,
Modern tools like Tractor,
Harvester etc, Artificial Irrigation ,
Pesticides and other tools.
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14. Multiple Cropping
This is the method of farming in
which more than one crop are
grown in the same plot of land
during different seasons of a
year.
For Example- A plot of land is used for
growing rice in summer and for potato
in winter.
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15. HYV Seeds
Artificially
developed seeds
that gives more
and faster
production than
traditional
varieties of
seeds
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16. Multiple Cropping
This is the method of farming in
which more than one crop are
grown in the same plot of land
during different seasons of a
year.
For Example- A plot of land is used for
growing rice in summer and for potato
in winter.
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17. Crop Rotation
It refers to the system of
using agricultural land for
different crops on a
rotational basis in different
year. It helps in maintaining
the natural fertility of land.
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18. Mixed Cropping
It is the method
of farming
where two
more crops
grown together
in same plot of
land at the same
time.
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19. P. SAIKIA- 2020

20. Land is a scare resource
• Land available in the country is
limited it can not be expanded.
• There is no scope for expansion of
land under cultivation by
converting wasteland in to
cultivable land after 1970.
• Land under cultivation is often
seen to be converted in to
industrial and residential land.
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21. Need to grow more from same land,
• Demand for food grain and other
agricultural products are increasing
with increase in the size of population.
• Size of land under cultivation is not
increasing in proportion of increasing
demand of agro-products.
• Land under cultivation is decreasing
with conversion in to industrial and
residential land.
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22. Technique to enhance
land productivity
• Modern Farming Method.
• Multiple Cropping.
• Crop Rotation.
• Mixed Cropping.
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23. Features of Modern farming Method
• Use of HYV (high yielding varieties)
seeds.
• Use of intensive irrigation.
• Use of high dose of chemical
fertilizer.
• Use of pesticide and weedicide.
• Use of modern tools like Tractor,
pump set, harvester, thresher, etc.
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24. Benefits of Modern farming Method
• Higher production from same plot of
land than traditional method.
• Higher income to the farmer.
• Lowering the chance of crop failure.
• Use of modern tools like Tractor, pump
set, harvester, thresher, etc. Made the
farming work easies and less laborious.
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25. Modern Farming Vs. Multiple Cropping-
Modern farming method Multiple Cropping
Use of HYV seed and
chemical fertilizer is must.
Traditional seeds and
natural fertilizers are
used.
IT requires huge capital
Investment.
Capital requirement is less
in comparison to Modern
farming method.
It is not eco friendly,
harms the environment.
It is an eco friendly
method and does not
harms the environment.
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26. Criticisms of Modern farming Method
• It requires huge capital to accumulate
the tools, fertilizers, HYV seeds etc.
• Use of chemical fertilizer and
pesticides degrades the natural fertility
of land.
• It requires more water and excessive
use of ground water brings the water
table down.
• It creates air and water pollution.
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27. Arrangement of Labour for Farming
• Large and Medium Farmer- The large
and medium farmers hire the farm
labourers to work in their field.
Sometimes the small farmers also work
as farm labour in large and medium
farmer’s field.
• Small Farmer- The small farmers works
by them self with the help of their
family members.
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28. Conditions of farm labourers in India
• Farm labourers comes either from landless families or
from families cultivating small plot of land.
• They do not have any rights over the crops grown on the
land, they get only the wage against their work either
cash or in kind.
• The wages vary widely from region to region, from crop
to crop, from one farm activity to another.
• They do not get work regularly.
• The farm labours mostly appointed on daily basis,
without certainty of employment.
• They are usually paid less than the minimum wage fixed
by the government.
• They need to compete amongst themselves to get job and
therefore agrees to work for lower wage.
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29. Problems of farm labourers in India
• Farm labourers mostly landless and has to earn by
working in others field.
• Their income is not certain as they do not get job
regularly.
• The wages is mostly fixed by the employer which is
usually less than the minimum wage fixed by the
government.
• They often borrow from local moneylenders as the do not
have security to get loan from the bank. The
moneylenders charges high rate of interest.
• Most of the time they fails to repay the loan and loss the
property whatever they have
• They migrate to nearby town away from their home in
search of job.
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30. Arrangement of Capital by Large and
Marginal farmers.
•The large and medium farmers usually
have surplus production which they can
sell every year. A part of the cash
generated sell from surplus farm
produce is used by them as capital for
the next year. Moreover since they have
land and house and other property, they
can easily get loan from banks.
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31. Arrangement of Capital by Small
Farmers.
• The small farmers as they do not have
own surplus production, often borrow to
arrange capital. Getting loan from bank
or cooperative is also difficult for them as
they may not have sufficient property to
give as security for loan. Therefore, most
of the time, the small farmers takes loan
from the local merchant, large farmer or
moneylender.
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32. Problems of small borrowers.
• Loan from the local merchant and moneylender is
very risky as it carries a higher rate of interest
compared to what is prevalent in the banks.
• There are many cases, when a small farmer is unable
to repay the debt on time. Such farmers often get
caught in the debt trap.
• The lenders often keep some conditions apart from
high rate of interest such as sale of crops at a
predetermined low rate, working at lower wage in
pick season, Charge on property if fails to repay the
loan etc. which may be very harmful.
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33. Non-Farm Activities
• All the activity other than farming
performed by the people to earn
their livelihood are called non-farm
activities.
• Example- Animal Husbandry,
Small scale Manufacturing, Shop
keeping, Transportation,
Education services, Tailoring, etc.
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34. Importance of Non-Farm Activities
• It provides employment to the excess farm
labourer who often struggle to get a job.
• The industry that uses the crops as their raw
material will provide a ready market to the
farmers.
• Transportation facility helps the farmers to
sale their corps as well as to bring agriculture
inputs easily and at lower cost.
• Activity like shop keeping, mobile repairing,
medicine shop, dispensary, school etc
improves the standard of living of people.
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35. Measures for expansion of Non-Farm
Activities in the villages
• Training progremme should be conducted
to impart skill for different activities.
• Provisions should be made to provide loans
easily and at a lower rate of interest.
• Infrastructure like regular supply of
electricity, transportation, market,
communication etc. should be developed.
• Awareness and motivational progremme
should be conducted to inform the people
about different schemes of the government.
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36. THANK YOU
PANKAJ SAIKIA
PGT. COMMERCE
MODERN ENGLISH SCHOOL
KAHILIPARA, GUWAHATI, ASSAM
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