Presented by Tilahun Amede, Seleshi B. Awlachew, Bancy Matti, Seydou Traore and Muluneh Yitayew at the First Climate Change and Development in Africa (CCDA-I) Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17-19 October 2011.
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
Liquid organic fertilizers: Nutrient rich material is soaked in water for several days or weeks to undergo fermentation. Frequent stirring encourages microbial activity in liquid manures. The resulting liquid can either be used as a foliar fertilizer or applied to the soil.
When we think of agriculture we think of cultivation,
plant life, soil fertility, types of crops, terrestrial environment,
etc. But in today’s world we associate with agriculture terms
like climate change, irrigation facilities, technological
advancements, synthetic seeds, advanced machinery etc. In
short we are interested in how science of today can help us in
the field of agriculture. And so comes into the picture
Precision Agriculture (PA).
The general definition is information and technology
based farm management system to identify, analyze and
manage spatial and temporal variability within fields for
optimum productivity and profitability, sustainability and
protection of the land resource by minimizing the production
costs. Simply put, precision farming is an approach where
inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average
yields compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Hence it
is a comprehensive system designed to optimize production
with minimal adverse impact on our terrestrial system. [1]
The three major components of precision agriculture
are information, technology and management. Precision
farming is information-intense. Precision Agriculture is a
management strategy that uses information technologies to
collect valuable data from multiple sources. This type of analyzing data gives idea what to do in upcoming years to tackle the situations.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Improving Water Productivity: options at farm level.ICARDA
Presentation by Mr. Atef Swelam (ICARDA),
Technical Session 8: “Water productivity as the cornerstone of water-limited food production.”
Monday 21/10/2019
Cairo, Egypt, October 20-24, 2019. The 2nd Cairo Water Week (CWW)
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
EcoHealth approach to control of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases in Sou...ILRI
Presented by Jeff Gilbert at the second scientific Asia and the Pacific symposium on "Sustainable diets: Human nutrition and livestock", Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 21 August 2013.
How qualitative studies and gender analysis can add value to the assessment o...ILRI
Presentation by Teresa N. Kiama, Anima J. Sirma, Daniel M. Senerwa, Pamela Ochungo, Elizabeth Waithanji, Johanna Lindahl, Erastus K. Kang'ethe and Delia Grace at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
When we think of agriculture we think of cultivation,
plant life, soil fertility, types of crops, terrestrial environment,
etc. But in today’s world we associate with agriculture terms
like climate change, irrigation facilities, technological
advancements, synthetic seeds, advanced machinery etc. In
short we are interested in how science of today can help us in
the field of agriculture. And so comes into the picture
Precision Agriculture (PA).
The general definition is information and technology
based farm management system to identify, analyze and
manage spatial and temporal variability within fields for
optimum productivity and profitability, sustainability and
protection of the land resource by minimizing the production
costs. Simply put, precision farming is an approach where
inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average
yields compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Hence it
is a comprehensive system designed to optimize production
with minimal adverse impact on our terrestrial system. [1]
The three major components of precision agriculture
are information, technology and management. Precision
farming is information-intense. Precision Agriculture is a
management strategy that uses information technologies to
collect valuable data from multiple sources. This type of analyzing data gives idea what to do in upcoming years to tackle the situations.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to provide a general overview of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the EPIC programme. After providing a definition of CSA, the presentation focuses on Sustainable Land Management and the role of climate finance to support CSA. It concludes with a description of the FAO-EC project on CSA.
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Improving Water Productivity: options at farm level.ICARDA
Presentation by Mr. Atef Swelam (ICARDA),
Technical Session 8: “Water productivity as the cornerstone of water-limited food production.”
Monday 21/10/2019
Cairo, Egypt, October 20-24, 2019. The 2nd Cairo Water Week (CWW)
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
EcoHealth approach to control of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases in Sou...ILRI
Presented by Jeff Gilbert at the second scientific Asia and the Pacific symposium on "Sustainable diets: Human nutrition and livestock", Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 21 August 2013.
How qualitative studies and gender analysis can add value to the assessment o...ILRI
Presentation by Teresa N. Kiama, Anima J. Sirma, Daniel M. Senerwa, Pamela Ochungo, Elizabeth Waithanji, Johanna Lindahl, Erastus K. Kang'ethe and Delia Grace at the First African Regional Conference of the International Association on Ecology and Health (Africa 2013 Ecohealth), Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, 1-5 October 2013.
Safe Food, Fair Food: Summary of findings on gender-related issues within she...ILRI
Presentation by Tamsin Dewé, Barbara Szonyi, Barbara Rischkowsky and Delia Grace at a CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish gender working group planning meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 14-18 October 2013.
Project introduction: Development context and learningsILRI
Presented by Edward Okoth at the Closing workshop of the BecA‐ILRI‐CSIRO‐AusAID project on Understanding ASF epidemiology as a basis for control, Nairobi, Kenya, 2‐3 October 2013
Creating gendered monitoring, evaluation and learning indicators for the Live...ILRI
Presented by Michael M. Kidoido, Froukje Kruijssen and Alessandra Galie at the Livestock and Fish Gender Working Group Workshop and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 14-18 October 2013
ILRI and ACIAR One Health related research activities in Lao PDRILRI
Presentation by P. Inthavong, B. Khamlome, B. Somoulay, K. Blaszak, A. Okello, H. Holt, K. Graham, J. Allen, P. Durr and J. Gilbert at a One Health symposium conference, Luang Prabang, Laos, 5-6 September 2013.
Climate Change and Agriculture: Building Resilience Through Better Water Management in Southern Africa
David Molden
International Water
Management Institute
Board Chair Michael T. Hogan provides an introduction to Water Talks: Building and Securing Water Reliability, a community forum. Presentation is an overview of the Water Authority and potential dangers to our imported water pipelines and projects being done to prepare for an emergency, while protecting ratepayer interests.
The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) was established as a Scientific, Technical and Voluntary Not-for-profit Non-Governmental International Organization (NGO) with headquarters in New Delhi, India.
This presentation shows information about ICID activities.
Board Chair Michael T. Hogan provides an overview of the Water Authority's investments in a reliable water supply and provides an overview of the evening's presentations. From the September Water Talks: Water Rates: Funding a Reliable Future
Market Research Report : Water and Wastewater Treatment in China 2011Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
IPTV market in India was valued at INR 80 mn in 2010 and is estimated to grow strongly. In 2010, IPTV accounted for 0.5% of the total pay TV subscriber base, indicating huge scope for expansion. High demand for interactive and customized digital TV services will provide strong growth avenues to the IPTV market. Increasing role of the government to increase broadband penetration in India and reducing costs of IPTV services will also drive the market.
The report begins with an introduction to IPTV and its various applications. It also includes IPTV architecture which comprises mainly of various IPTV components likes content aggregator, managed IP network, broadband access network, and in-home network. The IPTV value chain is also provided, showing the various activities handled by the equipment and technology providers, network and service providers, and customer.
This is followed by the market overview section which begins with an insight into the global IPTV market, its size and growth, and total number of IPTV subscribers. It moves on to the Indian IPTV market, its size and growth, total number of subscribers and average revenue per user (ARPU) of IPTV. Interactive applications will play an important role in the future adoption of IPTV and higher demand for them will drive this market in India. Technological innovation and distinct applications offered by IPTV services will drive this market in the future and help it invade into the cable and DTH space.
An analysis of the market characteristics explains the factors for growth of the industry and its key challenges including robust television industry, broadband penetration, cost structure, physical infrastructure and competitive environment. Strong opportunity exists in the market as cost of IPTV services is reducing. This coupled with the fact that the television industry is growing and the trend towards interactive and customized services, will lead to a developing market. However, India lacks the physical infrastructure for IPTV systems, not providing the necessary accessibility to consumers. Stiff competition from existing players like digital cable and DTH also creates a major hurdle for this market.
Climate change and agricultural water linkages
Mitigation through better water management
Adaptation through better water management
Towards new research agenda on water and climate change
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Agricultural water management in the context of climate change
1. ClimDev-Africa
Agricultural Water Management
in the Context of Climate Change
Tilahun Amede, Seleshi B. Awlachew, Bancy Matti,
Seydou Traore, Muluneh Yitayew
First Climate Change and Development in Africa (CCDA-I) Conference
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17-19 October 2011
1
2. CC IMPACTS: RAINFED AGRICULTURE
Climate variability will erode the resources base, and affect
ecosystem services : Recurrent droughts & severe floods;
Droughts will decrease yields / productivity
Floods may damage crops and infrastructure (irrigation, road)
Complicate farm operations abd services;
Fluctuations in farmers’ income: poor farmers may lack
means to buffer extreme years
Impact on national economy, with 90% probability
2
3. IMPACTS: IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
Glacier melt of water towers: temporary increase
/ decrease in water reserves;
Changes in groundwater recharge ;
Changes in timing and magnitude of river flows
(irrigation schemes tapping directly from
river, and storage requirements);
Temperature effects on water productivity:
unproductive evaporation;
CO2 fertilization and irrigation productivity: 3
4. “Over the past Gada, we have lost two
months of rain. Now the rain is not
coming at the right time: it is starting
later and finishing before long. My
daughter is now five years old and she
has not seen a good harvest yet.”
4
Lars Naess, 2009
5. Annual water balance (A) and water
withdrawal (B) of Africa and implications CC
(UNEP, 2010) (UNEP, 2005)
6. Make Choices : Scenarios to 2050
Today
Without productivity
improvements
CA Scenario
Policies for productivity gains, upgrading rainfed,
revitalized irrigation, trade
6
Based on WaterSim analysis for the CA
8. Climate-smart Rainwater management
systems (RWM)
• Integrated strategy that enables actors to
systematically map, capture, store and efficiently use
Green and Blue water in a landscape for productive
and domestic purposes and ecosystem services.
• Decrease unproductive water losses;
• Improve the water productivity (increase returns per
unit of water investment)
• Capitalizes on harvesting principles, water productivity
at various scales;
• Combining water management with land and
vegetation management. 8
9. Investing in Irrigation
Investing in Irrigation
2.5 320
World Bank lending for
irrigation 280
2.0
Irrigated Area
240
200
1.5
160
1.0
Food price index 120
80
0.5
40
0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Dependency effect?
2005
9
10. Reduce water loss for climate
change adaptation
Average % loss
Loss % loss/
Canal type N flow rate per
(l/s/100m) 100m/30l/s
(l/s) 100m*
Main canal 121 43.21a 2.58a 6.46a 4.49b
Secondary canal 57 33.03b 1.59b 4.40b 4.00b
Field canal 49 2.88c 0.39c 2.49c 25.94a
11. Increased Storage Capacity for CC
adaptation; even without external support
Comparision of Per capita Storage Capacity
7000 6150
6000
4729
5000
Per CapitaStorage(m^3)
4000 3255
3000 2486
2000 1287 1406
746
1000
4 43
0
Kenya E opia
thi South T land
hai Laos China Brazil Australia North
Africa America
Countries
11
12. Micro dose 8
0
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
Fm
a C
r
3
0
4
Tuberyield(t/ha)
3
2
1
0
2
4
2
1
1
8 Fm
a B
r
1
5
1
2
4
Tuberyield(t/ha)
3
2
Zai
1
8
0
0
7
0
6
0 Fm
a A
r
5
0
4
0
Tuberyield(t/ha)
1
2
8
4
0
12
30 N
30 N
30 N
60N
N
60N
N
60N
N
0
0
0
C to
o rl
n Wo Z
ih t a
t u i W Z
ih a
t i
13. Improve Livestock Systems for CC adaptation
Improve feed quality; reduce
methane emissions
Integrate livestock into the wider
development agenda (e.g.
irrigation; watershed
management);
Developing watering points in
closer distances (> 35% milk
yield);
Limit conversion of range to annual
croplands;
Improve animal management
(health, feed quality, productivity);
Interventions to maximize
transpiration at the expense of
evaporation (feed);
Incentives for adaptation (Value
addition/ market opportunities) of
14. Convert unproductive water to productive use for
CC adaptation
High unproductive water losses = Low system productivity;
Kuhar Michael - all cropland Lenche Dima - all cropland
1800 3000
1600
2500
1400
flows per HH (m3)
flows per HH (m3)
1200 2000
1000 livestock livestock
1500
800 crops crops
600 1000
400
500
200
0 0
percolation
evaporation
transpiration
evaporation
transpiration
percolation
runoff
runoff
deep
deep
14
15. Building Adaptive capacity on local experiences
..
• Building on byelaws/ religious
organizations/ Water User
Associations
• Facilitate information flow /
technologies using local
channels
• Local institutions for collective
action: Upstream-downstream
• Commitment from local
authorities and policy makers
• Home gardens; women 15
16. Box 1: Majaluba for Rice Box 2. Small scale irrigation in
Production in Shinyanga, Tanzania Ethiopia
In Tanzania, farmers excavated SSI in four administrative regions of
bunded basins, locally known as Ethiopia,
‘majaluba’ which hold rainwater for
supplemental irrigation of crops in Crop yield under irrigation was
ASAL regions; higher by at least 35% compared to
non-irrigated farms;
About 35% of the rice in TZ is
produced this way under smallholder Benefits higher in farms where
farming Shinyanga, Dodoma, Tabora external inputs (fertilizer, improved
and the Lake Regions; seeds and pesticides) were used;
Majaluba utilize direct rainfall and Farmers replaced low yielding
runoff harvesting from external varieties by high yielding maize
catchments; cultivars;
Generally, rice yields are Shifted towards diverse
higher, attaining 3.43 t ha-1 with the cropping, up to 10 new marketable
use of harvested water for irrigation as crops;
compared to 2.17 t ha-1 ;
The real challenge: improving
These systems have increased
irrigation efficiency, creating local
household incomes by 67%.;
capacity and collective action with
Augment by other storage local communities; 16
infrastructures
17. Key messages for CC adaptation:
1. Investing in water storage at landscape and higher
scales (reservoirs, strategic dams, ground water etc..);
2. Policy geared towards climate-sensitive systems
(Agriculture / wetlands / water towers) and vulnerable
communities;
3. Cross-boundary hydrological planning /management;
drought and flood monitoring and information system;
coping strategies;
4. Improving rainwater management systems, from
capturing to efficient utilization and resilience;
17
5. Responsive research system along with resources for
18. Tilahun Amede
CPWF Nile Basin Leader
t.amede@cgiar.org
A CGIAR Challenge Programme Water for Food (CPWF)
aims to increase water productivity and resilience of
social and ecological systems
Thank you !