Agricultural Extension: Pathway to Empowerment and Food Security
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This document discusses integrating gender and nutrition within agricultural extension services. It outlines challenges such as biases towards staple crops, reaching women farmers, and integrating nutrition. The importance of addressing gender gaps is explained, as women farmers face disadvantages in access to resources and services. Gender-equitable extension is proposed to treat male and female farmers equally. Linking agriculture and nutrition is complex, as extension agents have limited nutrition knowledge and competing priorities, but entry points exist through promoting homestead food production and women's empowerment.
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Agricultural Extension: Pathway to Empowerment and Food Security
- 1. Agricultural Extension: Pathway to Empowerment and Food Security Photo:DanQuinn,HorticultureInnovationLab University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Andrea Bohn Katy Heinz Cortney Eisenmann Maria Jones
- 2. Outline for Today • Introduction • What is INGENAES? • Why Extension? – Current Challenges in Extension • Importance of Gender in Food Security – Gender Gaps in Agriculture – Gender Equitable Extension • Linking Nutrition to Agriculture – Challenges to Nutrition Integration in Extension – Entry Points for Nutrition Integration • Conclusion Young woman preparing potatoes. © K. Colverson. Nepal, 12/2015.
- 3. What is INGENAES? Integrating Gender and Nutrition within Agricultural Extension Services IN GE N A E S
- 5. Current Challenges in Extension • Environmental degradation and climate change • Bias towards staple production and new seed varieties and practices • Capacity constraints at all levels • Unstable policy frameworks • Government budgets • Reaching and engaging women farmers • Integrating nutrition within services
- 6. Importance of Gender in Food Security Women 43% Men 57% AGRICULTURE LABOR FORCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FAO, 2011 http://www.fao.org/gender/Infographic/en/ • If women and men farmers were given equal access to resources and services, agricultural output in developing countries could increase by 2.5-4% • Which could reduce the number of undernourished people in the world by 100- 150 million! YIELD GAP BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE FARMERS
- 7. Access to land •Ownership and tenure Access to credit •Disparity in the percentage of female-headed households who access credit compared to their male-led counterparts Access to inputs and technologies •Reason behind differences in yields between men and women farmers Access to extension services •Cultural attitudes, discrimination and a lack of recognition of women’s roles in in food production Access to markets •Infrastructure and cultural constraints Autonomy and agency in decision-making •Women have a traditionally limited role FAO, 2011; Manfre et al., 2013) Reducing gendered constraints and impacts can increase the productivity, profitability and nutritional dimension of crop and livestock systems, and thereby improve food security and nutrition outcomes. Major Gender Gaps in Agriculture
- 8. Gender Relations Framework Adapted from Verhart et al, 2015 Division of Labor Norms and Values Access to / control over resources and services Intra-household decision making Consider Women’s and Men’s perspective
- 9. Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity EQUALITY EQUITY
- 10. Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity EQUALITY EQUITYTRANSFORMATIVE “Out of the Box”
- 11. Manfre, C. et al (2013) Gender-Equitable Extension See and treat both men and women farmers as clients Evaluate the impact of extension services on reducing gender disparities in agricultural productivity Adapt gender-responsive techniques and methods to the local context Account for time and mobility constraints & adapt to different levels of education and literacy Use Farmer groups to deliver extension services Increase the proportion of women extension officers Equip all extension officers with the knowledge and skills to address men and women farmers equitably Strengthen marginalized people’s (e.g. women) right to land (ownership, use)
- 12. Linking Nutrition to Agriculture. Role of Extension? Conceptual Pathways between Nutrition and Agriculture
- 13. Challenges to Nutrition Integration in Extension Competing demands, priorities for staff • Production/income? • Food & nutrition security, family well-being? • Other “extras”: conservation ag, market linkages… Extension personnel limited nutrition knowledge • What do staff need to know? • What should be left to health frontline workers? General capacity limitations • Poor extension service coverage • Teaching approach to training/knowledge Varying Nutrition Messages • Hesitation to adopt mixed messages
- 15. Which instrument are diverse ag extension service providers playing, when, and what's the tune? Conclusion
- 17. Resources GFRAS (2014): The Integration of Nutrition within Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) A Synthesis of Experiences, Lessons, and Recommendations. The full report is available here. Helen Keller International. 2014. Nurturing Connections. www.hki.org/our-impact/stories/nurturing-connectionsbangladesh#.VZTJh6b4ijw IFPRI. 2012. Gender, Agriculture and Assets Project (GAAP) toolkit. Washington DC: IFPRI. Available at: http://gaap.ifpri.info/files/2010/12/GAAP_Toolkit_Update_ FINAL.pdf IFPRI. 2013. Gender differences in access to extension services and agricultural productivity. Available at: www.ifpri.org/publication/genderdifferences-access- extension-services-and-agricultural-productivity INGENAES Website: http://ingenaes.illinois.edu Manfre, C., Rubin, D., Allen, A., Summerfield, G., Colverson, K., & Akeredolu, M. (2013). Reducing the gender gap in agricultural extension and advisory services: How to find the best fit for men and women farmers. MEAS Discussion Paper 2. http://dev.meas.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manfre-et-al- 2013-Gender-and-Extension-MEAS-Brief.pdf Meinzen-Dick, R., Quisumbing, A., Behrman, J., BiermayrJenzano, P., Wilde, V., Noordeloos, M., Ragasa, C., and Beintema, N. 2011. Engendering agricultural research, development, and extension. Washington DC, USA. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/126799 Ragasa, C., Berhane, G., Tadesse, F., & Seyoum Taffesse, A. (2013). Gender differences in access to extension services and agricultural productivity. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 19(5), 437-468. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/gender-differences-access-extension-services-and-agricultural- productivity Reaching Rural Women website: www.reachingruralwomen.org SPRING (2014): Improving Nutrition through Agriculture Technical Brief Series www.spring-nutrition.org/publications/series/improving-nutrition-through- agriculture-technical-brief-series . The conceptual frameworks of the pathways and principles for improving nutrition through agriculture are described in Brief 1: Understanding and Applying Primary Pathways and Principles. Each subsequent brief explores a different route between agriculture and nutrition: food production, income generation, and women’s empowerment. Verhart, Noortjje, A. van den Wijngaart,N. Dhamankar, K. Danielsen (2015): Bringing agriculture and nutrition together using a gender lens. Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) and SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Wageningen, The Netherlands. www.fsnnetwork.org/bringing-agriculture-and-nutrition-together- using-gender-lens World Fish. 2013. www.aas.cgiar.org/content/gender-transformative-approach-crucial-successful-agricultural-development
- 18. Disclaimer and License This presentation was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development, USAID. The contents are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. All work by INGENAES is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License
Editor's Notes
- I don’t want to do all the talking. I’ll be asking questions throughout and I hope you’ll respond/engage!
- ANDREA
- ANDREA Explain the acronym Who else is on it: UC Davis, UF, Cultural practice lots of persons, but few full time Where we work: 19 Feed the Future countries plus aligned countries. We focus on Bangladesh, Zambia, Nepal, Honduras, Uganda, Malawi, Tajikistan, Guatemala, Guinea, Sierra Leone What kind of work do we do: Human and institutional capacity development, technical assistance, pilot action research, networking and knowledge exchange. We do not directly work with beneficiaries (farmers, rural households) but with organizations (public, private for profit, NGO, universities) that serve and directly or indirectly impact the beneficiaries. Tracking changes made by these organizations as a result of engaging with INGENAES
- Infographic - Katy Heinz 2016 PLURALISM Many different types of service providers: public, private for profit, NGO, farmer based “Extension is defined broadly to include all systems that facilitate access of farmers, their organizations and other market actors to knowledge, information and technologies; facilitate their interaction with partners in research, education, agri-business, and other relevant institutions; and assist them to develop their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices.” Ian Christoplos, FAO, 2010 (emphasis added)
- KATY The extension slice of the agricultural development pie has very little topping on it. Shortcomings in terms of gender, relevant topics, methods, and nutrition linkages
- MARIA Women comprise 43% of the global (?) agricultural labor force in developing (?) countries (Source!) (is it global or just in developing countries) differences in access to productive resources and services contributes to the observed yield gap between men and women farmers (averages 20-30%)
- MARIA Land Rights, Share of Male and Female Agricultural Holders in Main Developing Regions: In many societies, laws, tradition and access bar women from owning and inheriting land. Size of Plots: Moreover, where women hold land, their plots are generally smaller, of an inferior quality, and with less secure rights than those held by men Without access to credit, women often cannot buy essential inputs, such as seeds, tools and fertilizers, or invest in irrigation and land improvements Hand weeding: Many fields are not planted to crops because farmers do not have sufficient labour for weeding, nor can they access herbicides http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0171e/x0171e02.htm SPEAK: Both men & women are involved in agriculture, food & nutrition but in different ways (… with women’s contributions to ag are usually invisible or underestimated) Men & women face different constraints. Gender disparities exist in access to and benefits from technologies, extension information, services and markets which have a consequence for household welfare and economic development. Agriculture and livestock practices, technologies and interventions have differential impacts on men & women. Reducing gendered constraints and impacts can increase the productivity and nutritional dimension of crop and livestock systems, and improve food security and nutrition. Both men & women are impacted differently and have a role to play in managing emerging threats such as climate change, crop or livestock diseases and pest outbreaks. Finally, addressing gender and striving for equity is a addressing a human right! OR Access to land Share of male and female agricultural holders in main developing regions Size of plots Access to credit On average, there is a 5%-10% disparity in the percentage of female-headed households who access credit compared to their male-led counterparts. Access to inputs and technologies Differences in yields between men and women exist because women have less access to inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers and equipment Access to extension services Cultural attitudes, discrimination and a lack of recognition for their role in food production, women farmers enjoy limited to no benefits from extension and training in new crop varieties and technologies. Access to markets Improving infrastructure constraints and encouraging rural women's participation in farmer organizations and cooperatives markets Autonomy and agency in decision-making Women have a traditionally limited role in decision-making processes at the household, village and national levels in most cultures (low level of empowerment)
- ANDREA
- ANDREA
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- MARIA OR ANDREA Do take into account who does what, but don’t reinforce stereotypes. Men should be encouraged to take on women’s tasks so they have more time to pursue their own interests, to free up their time
- CORTNEY
- CORTNEY
- Infographic – Cortney Eisenmann 2016
- CORTNEY
- While most nutrition interventions are delivered through the health sector, non-health interventions can also be critical. Actions should target the different causes to reach sustainable change, which requires a multisectoral approach. The essential nutrition actions (ENA) are a package of interventions that could reduce infant and child mortality, improve physical and mental growth and development, and improve productivity. http://www.who.int/nutrition/ publications/infantfeeding/essential_nutrition_actions/en/ Source of the image: https://sweffling.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/
- ANDREA
- GFRAS (2015) Global Good Practice NOTE 9: Integrating Nutrition into Rural Advisory Services and Extension www.g-fras.org/en/ggp-notes/integrating-nutrition-into-ras.html