INTEGRATED FARMING FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS

Integrated Farming For Small &
Marginal Farmers
SIREESHA . K
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT.OF LPM, GANNAVARAM, A.P11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Agrarian country
71.4% small, marginal farmers
Increasing fragmentation of land
62% dry land, Rainfed
Limited resource utilisation
INTRODUCTION
11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Different farming systems
Specialized
Diversified
Mixed farming
Arable farming
Integrated
Organic farming

Specialised farming
 >50% income
 Better management
 Skills/ specialization
 Intensity of production
 Risk of crop failures
 Poor utilization of
recourses
 Irregular income
 Byproduct wastage

Diversified farming & Mixed farming
Several sources -10%-15% of income -
Livestock
Stability of income – through out year
Better utilization of labour, resources
control, monitoring, and maintenance of
the farm more difficult

Diversified farming & Mixed
farming

Concept of
organic farming

 Integrated farming system (IFS) is not a scientific innovation
 it had been in practice from time immemorial, as a means for
subsistence.
 Suggesting appropriate combinations of different enterprises to
suit to different agro climatic conditions.
Integrated farming
11/17/2017Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Mixed vs Integrated
 The difference between mixed farming
and integrated farming is that
enterprises in the integrated farming
system are mutually supportive and
depend on each other (Csavas, 1992).

Integrated farming
IFS

An outline of different resource flows in mixed
crop-livestock systems

Two separate but logically
interdependent 11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Maintains sustainable production system without
damaging resource base
Provides full family employment through out the year
Enables recycling of wastes within the farming system
Provides balanced food diet
Standard of living will be improved
Efficient utilization of all land available within the farm

Factors deciding nature and
size of enterprises
 Farm size
 Marketing facilities
 Climate
 Technologies available
 Soil type and condition
 Income level
 Skill/Knowledge and
 Social accessibility

Why to go for integration of
enterprises?
• Ever-growing populations
• No scope for horizontal expansion
• Fragmented holdings and lack of capital
investment
• Seasonal income and employment
• Risk of crop failures
• Food security

Economic and ecological access to food could be only
ensured by adopting farming system approach consisting
of:
Change from commodity-based to resource-based
planning.
Integrated use and management of land, water
and human resources to maximize income and
employment.

Integrated Farming Systems -
components
 Crop husbandry
 Livestock production
 Poultry
 Duckery
 Horticulture
 Aquaculture
 Apiculture
 Sericulture
 Mushroom cultivation
 Agro-forestry
 Biogas plants
 Miscellaneous enterprises

COMPONENTS OF CROPPING
SYSTEM
Three-strata forage system
Integrated tree cropping systems
Agro-forestry systems
Fooder-feed intercropping system
Relay cropping
Alley cropping
Grazing and stall feeding systems

Live stock

Types of Integrated Farming Systems
 Crop-live stock farming system
 Crop-live stock –fishery farming system
 Crop-live stock – poultry - fishery farming system
 Crop-poultry-fishery – mushroom farming system
 Crop-fishery-poultry farming system
 Crop- livestock-fishery-vermicomposting farming system
 Crop-live stock-forestry farming system
 Agri-silvi-horticulture system
 Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral system
 Home garden agro-forestry system11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

By products
Rice ,
wheat
Straw,
stover
Broken
rice, bran
cakes
sugarcane
Bagasse
Tops
Groundnut,
cotton
Crop
leftovers
Hulls ,
cake

Integrated approach in wetland situation
 Rice based cropping with
Dairy-cum-fish culture
 Sugarcane , wheat, maize
 Crop-poultry-fishery
 Cropping with sheep &
goat rearing
 Dry lands : cropping with
crossbreds , sheep, goat in
addition to backyard
poultry

Fishing in Paddy Fields

Practical Out-look of Trench-refuge
combinations in rice- fish culture plots

manure
feed
feed
manure
dropping
Food waste

residues
Slurry waste
milk

30

DRY LANDS

Livestock – poultry - fish
integration
1 hectare
water
body
250
ducks
500-600
birds
55 goats
5 cattle,
30-40
pigs
6,000 – 7,000
fingerings /ha

• Buffaloes : Murrah, GM
• Cattle : Crossbreds, Native breeds
• Poultry : Backyard, Broilers
• Ducks : Khakicampbell
• Sheep & Goat : local breeds
• Fish : Catla, Rohu, Mrigal etc.

Livestock –poultry - fish

Fish management practices
 Seasonal ponds, which can retain 8 to
9 month water also, can be
considered for integrated farming
system.
 At least there should be 1.0 m of water
and ideal is 1.5 to 3.0 m.
 PH – adjusted by lime application -6.5-
7.5
 To kill predatory fishes Mahua
(Bassicala tifolia) may be applied at11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

 The basal dose of lime and cow dung
application in per hectare of water
bodies is 1200 kg and 5000 kg, to
maintain pH, kill parasites
 June and July is the best suitable
months for stocking of fingerlings.
 Catla, Rohu and Mrigal should be 4:
3: 3

Rainfed,
Dry area
Goat, sheep,
crossbreds
Silvipature
Hilly area
Fruit
trees(mango)
Dairy

Cowdung utilized as manure
Crop component
Rice-pea-okra (0.5 ha)
Sorghum-berseem-maize (0.26ha)
Farm house hold (1.0 ha)
Productivity :123748 kg RGEY , Income: Rs. 421604
Employment generation : 731 man days/yr
Fish component
2 fish ponds of 0.2 ha
Each with 2000 fish density
Dairy component
(20 cow)- 0.02 ha
Poultry
dropping
Productivity
(11044.9 kg RGEY)
Income: Rs 42708
Labour:731 man days
Suplement green fodder
Poultry component
(1800 brollers)- 0.02 ha
Poultry dropping
as manure
cow
dropping
Productivity
(94532 kg RGEY)
Income: Rs 317904
Labour:0 man days
Productivity
(6024 kg RGEY)
Income: Rs 21224
Labour:0 man days
Productivity
(12148 kg RGEY)
Income: Rs 39768
Labour:0 man days
Economics of a Sustainable Farming System model for Irrigated Agro-
ecosystem of Varansi and Chanduli region UP
(Singh et al., 2007)11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

39
Cropping system (0.364 ha)
i. sunflower- maize+cow pea + green gram
(60% area)
ii. Bajra (fodder)+desmanthus (20% area)
iii.bhindi- chilles (10 %)
Milch cows
(0.016 ha) (4)
Biocompost
(0.008 ha)
Farm household
(0.40 ha)
Vermicompost (0.008 ha)
Goat and Guinea
Fowl (10+1), 20
(0.004 ha)
Feed (forage crops)
Field and
fodder crops
manure
Food,
income
labour
Milk, Income
Meat, Egg,
Income
labour
manure
labour
Income
labour
Feed (Forage & crop wastes)
Vegetable
crops
Vegetable
Crops residues
Resource flow model of integrated farming system –
Irrigated upland (0.4 ha) for Western zone of Tamil Nadu
(Jayanthi et al.,2007)

Income and expenditure of different integrated
farming modules for small farmers
S
no
.
Treatment Expenditur
e
(Rs.)
Gross
income
(Rs.)
Net
income
(Rs.)
B:C
ratio
Employme
nt days
1 Crop (1.4 ha) 28925 47225 18300 1.63 385
2 Crop +
2 bullocks+3cows
39755 70800 31044 1.78 528
3 Crop +2 bullocks +
3 buffaloes
40559 83833 43273 2.07 528
4 Crop +2 bullocks +
1 cow + 2 buffaloes +
15 goats
43221 94325 51104 2.18 554
5 Crop +2 bullocks+
1 cow + 2 buffaloes +
15 goats + 20 poultry +
20 ducks
46430 104887 58456 2.25 571
(Ramrao et al.,2005)
Chhattisgarh
Crops : Rice,
Groundnut, Maize,
floriculture 11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Economics and employment generation of dairy as
component in farming system- Dry Irrigated
Particulars
Expenses
Rs/ha
Net income
Rs /ha
Total
Employme
nt
Generatio
n
(man
Days)
1. Cropping
(Cotton+blackgram,
Sorghum+cowpea)
14138 8422 393
2. Dairy+Cropping
(3 Jersey milch cows)
32583 19900 702
Chandrasekaran et al., 1994

Farming
systems
Component productivity (kg)* System
productivity
(kg/ha)
% over
CCS
Crop Poultry Pigeon Fish Goat
Crop 12995 - - - - 12995 -
Crop + Fish +
Poultry
26352 1205 - 2052 - 29609 128
Crop + Fish +
Pigeon
24854 - 2545 1774 - 29173 124
Crop + Fish +
Goat
25725 - - 1975 9979 37679 190
System Productivity (Rice grain equivalent)
of Integrated Farming System
* Mean over three years
Jayanthi, 200211/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Treatment
Cost of cultivation
(Rs./ha)
Net returns
(Rs./ha)
B : C
ratio
S0 No manure 14,669 10,642 1.73
S1 Rec.ferilizers 17,711 22,643 2.28
S2.100%composted buffalo manure 17,679 23,763 2.35
S3 75% composted buffalo manure 17,039 22,927 2.35
S4 100% composted goat manure 15,589 19,216 2.23
S5 75%composted goat manure 15,489 18,056 2.17
Economic analysis of maize (f) + cowpea(f) – chickpea + coriander system
Esther Skekinah , 2004
1 ha farming system: (0.8 ha cropping, 0.1 ha agroforestry, goat +buffaloes
on 0.06 ha, farm pond 0.04ha)
43

• 3 Adult cows + 2 Calves
As FYM (12 tonnes),
113 – 67 – 86
N – P2O5 – K2O kg/year
As biogas + slurry
( 730 m3) ( slurry 11 tonnes),
157 – 133 – 114
• 20 female + 1 male of small ruminates under deep litter system
Nutrients,
132 – 70 – 60
NUTRIENT ADDITION PER YEAR IN VARIOUS
LIVESTOCK BASED SYSTEMS

Gross and net income from different IFS models
IFS model Income
from crop
(Rs/ha)
Incom
e from
animal
s (Rs)
Gross
incom
e
(Rs/ha)
Expen
diture
(Rs)
Net
income
(Rs/ha)
B:C
ratio
Employmen
t
(mandays/h
a/ year)
Crop alone
28196 -- 28196 22025 6171 1.28 185
Crop+goat+
poultry 27138 24633 51771 26950 24821 1.92 297
Crop+goat+
poultry+dairy 27478 74605 102083 59458 42625 1.72 343
Crop+goat+
poultry+shee
p
28213 39563 67776 45980 21796 1.47 343
Crop+goat+
poultry+dairy
+sheep
29281 93640 122921 70127 52794 1.75 389
Solaiappan et al., 200711/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

T1 : 1.5 acre crop
T2 :Crop + 2 Bullocks + 1 Cow
T3 :Crop + 2 Bullocks + 1
Buffalo
T4 : Crop + 2 Bullocks + 1 Cow
+ 1 Buffalo
T5 : Crop+2 Bullocks + 1 Cow +
1 Buffalo + 10 Goats
T6 : Crop + 2 Bullocks + 1 Cow
+ 1 Buffalo + 10 Goats + 10
Poultry + 10 Ducks

1.5 acre

Model for low lands -2 acre (0.8
ha) farm (kumar et al 2012)
 0.1 ha was assigned for growing
fodder crops to feed cattle (3 cows+3
calves) and goat (20 female goat + 1
buck),
 0.02 ha for mushroom shed,
 0.02 ha for FYM and vermi-pits
 0.12 ha allotted to two fish ponds.
 0.54 to 0.66 ha cropping

Integrated farming system approach
Production
system
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
COC
(Rs/ha)
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
B:C ratio
Coconut +
forage +dairy
94,870 62,535 32,335 0.52
Rice-brinjal +
Rice-cowpea
+poultry
1,48,560 73,200 75,360 1.03
Total 2,96,075 1,52,050 1,44,025 0.95
Manjunath et al., 2002

SILVIPASTURE
Bamboo+cowpea
Turmeric 11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

 Tree component
 Forage component.
 Livestock component
1. Establish trees into
existing pasture.
2. Establishing forages in the
woods
Suitable for dry lands, pasture
lands
 Prevents soil erosion
 Perennial grasses are preferred11/17/2017 Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Selection of shade
resistant varieties

Trees
Atylasia
PROSOPIS,
Ailanthus
Forages
Cenchurus
ciliaris
stylo, Hedge
Lucerne,
Red clover

11/17/2017Dr.Sireesha Korlakunta, LPM

Forage component
Cenchurus ciliaris / anjan / bufel grass

HORTIPASTURE

Cattle grazing under coconut
trees, PALM

 coconut palms as the base crop, planted at 7.5 m
apart accommodating other perennials and annual
crops as intercrops
 (53.76 %) tuber crops (20.48 %), vegetable crop (2
%), fruit plants (12.5 %), spices (2 %) and fodder
crops (0.5 %) of the net cropped area in the IFS unit

Palm trees - Byproducts

Mushroom cultivation
 Button mushrooms: wheat straw, paddy straw,
bagasse along with poultry manure used as a
compost
 Cooler areas – hilly areas suit to cultivation

Compost preparation
1.Seasonal growers – temperate climate
2. Year around growers – other parts of country
Yield : 10 kg/sqmt -8 wks

sericulture
Commercial rearing of silk producing silkworm is called sericulture
Mulberry leaves have been the traditional feed for the silk worm

 cuttings/saplings planted at a spacing of 75 / 105 cm x 90 cm
 Intercropping with short duration pulse crop after pruning and earthing
up
 Black gram - Co 5, VBN 1, VBN 3, VBN
Green gram - Co 5, Paiyur 1, Pusa bold, VBN 2, VRM
Cowpea - Co 4, Co 5, Pusa 152
 Seed rate : 10 kg/ha, grown under varied climatic conditions ranging
from temperate to tropical

 North-eastern part of India is the only region in the
world where all four varieties of silk are produced.
 Crop yield : 12 yrs @ 30-40 t/ha
 mulberry proved to be excellent and un-convention
food stuff for small ruminants in general, goat and
cow in particular Venkatesh Kumar et al 2015

Apiculture
 Apiculture or beekeeping is the
practice of maintaining honeybee
colonies, usually in hives

Apiculture - farmers/landless
labours
Income from 100 Bee colonies is around Rs. 2.50-3.00 lakhs per annum
@ 40 kg honey per colony @ 80/-per kg- 3,20,000 /-
.

 Value of additional yield from pollination services by
honeybees alone is about 15-20 times more than the value of all hive
products put together (Dr. Kaloo, 2004).
 Honey bee pollination also improve the quality of produce.
 Apis dorsata : 37 kg /colony

Oilseeds % increase in
yields
Legume/ pulses % increase in
yields
Mustard 128.1 to 159.8 Alfalfa 23.4 to 19,733.3
Rai 18.4 Berseem and
other Clovers
23.4 to 33,150
Rapeseed 12.8 to 139.3 Vetches 39 to 20,000
Toria 66 to 220 Broad Beans 6.8 to 90.1
Sarson 222 Dwarf beans 2.8 to 20.7
Orchard crops % increase in
yields
Vegetables for
seed/ fruits
% increase in
yields
Apple varieties 180 to 6,950 Radish 22 to 100
Pears 240 to 6,014 Cabbage 100 to 300
Plums 6.7 to 2,739 Turnip 100 to 125
Cherry 56.1 to 1,000 Carrot 9.1 to 135.4
Straw-berry 17.4 to 91.9 Onion 353.5 to 9,878
(MIDH) - Beekeeping under the component of ‘Pollination
Support through Beekeeping’ – cross polination

Vermicompost
 Vermiculture means artificial rearing or cultivation of worms
(Earthworms)
 A shed area of 12’X12’ is sufficient for 9-12 quintals of waste
 Vermicompost is ready for harvesting after 2-2 ½ months
 350-360 worm per cubic metere

Biogas
 Cow Dung Required to Produce 1 cubic meter of
Bio Gas : 20 kg
 Electricity Generated from one cubic meter Bio
Gas per day – 2KW

Advantages of integrated livestock based
farming system
Increases productivity
Increases profitability
Improves soil fertility
Provides balance food
Employment generation
Better recycling of
produces
Money flow around the
year
Adoption of new
technology
Solve the energy crisis

Constraints in integrated
crop-livestock system
Fragmentation and division of holdings
Scarcity of family labour
Less reliable market
Scarcity of own funds
Lack of transport and marketing facilities
Fluctuation in output prices

Crops
biodigester
family
pond
manure
Effluent
Irrigation
Livestock
Vermicompost
waste

INTEGRATED FARMING FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS

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