Interactions between East Asian countries and Europe influenced the culture and policies of China and Japan. In China, the Ming Dynasty recovered from the Yuan Dynasty and made military conquests while reviving Confucianism. European contact in the 1600s contributed to the Ming's decline. The Qing Dynasty that followed regulated trade but also banned Christianity. In Japan, a period of decentralization ended with reunification under Tokugawa Ieyasu, after which the country isolated itself from European influence through strict control of foreign access.
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly between 1453 and 1757 CE, conquering large areas of Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman I. The Safavid dynasty ruled Persia starting in the 16th century as strict Shiite Muslims, reaching their height under Shah Abbas, while the Mughal Empire was established in Northern India by Babur and expanded all of India by Akbar's rule, creating a period of cultural and economic flourishing, though all three empires began experiencing decline by the 1700s.
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The document summarizes the history of China from the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, covering the reunification and golden era under the Tang and the economic and cultural developments of the Song. The Sui dynasty briefly reunified China in 589 after centuries of division, establishing a centralized state, but high taxes led to revolts. The Tang dynasty expanded China's influence through tributary systems and strengthened the government with civil service exams. The Song dynasty controlled southern China after northern losses to nomads, and saw economic growth through trade, manufacturing, and agricultural advances, though Neo-Confucianism limited some innovations.
This document provides a timeline of major events in European history from 400 BC to 2007 AD. It outlines the rise and fall of civilizations like Greece, Rome, and the Byzantine Empire. It then discusses the Middle Ages and events like the Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, and Industrial Revolution. Major power shifts are noted, such as the rise of Prussia/Germany and decline of empires like the Ottoman Empire. Both World Wars and the Cold War period profoundly impacted Europe and led to increased nationalism and the development of the European Union.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, with increased rural populations migrating to cities and higher agricultural productivity leading to more food and commercial importance for urban areas. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but cities offered more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. The document then specifically discusses the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering the origins of Christian kingdoms and the political situation between Muslim taifas and Christian kingdoms from 1031 to 1085.
The document provides an overview of revolutionary changes in the Atlantic world between 1750-1850. It discusses the colonial wars and fiscal crises that drove European powers to seek new sources of revenue. The Enlightenment challenged old political ideas and thinkers like Locke and Rousseau proposed new concepts of government and individual rights. The American and French Revolutions broke out in response to taxation attempts and economic struggles. Both revolutions overthrew old regimes but established new republican systems of government.
I. The document discusses the Asian trading world in the 1500s, with established trade routes between China, India, the Arab world, and other regions. It then covers the arrival of Europeans like the Portuguese who sought to control the spice trade through military force and establish colonial outposts.
II. It describes Ming China's global missions under Emperor Yongle in the early 1400s that reached East Africa and the Indian Ocean. However, China later adopted isolationist policies in the 1500s and saw decline as European missionaries arrived but had little religious success.
III. It outlines Japan's reunification in the late 1500s under figures like Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, and the shogunate
1) The document discusses the decline and reforms of several major land empires in the 1800-1870 period: the Ottoman Empire, Egyptian Empire under Muhammad Ali, Russian Empire, and Qing Empire of China.
2) Key events included Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, the Greek war of independence from the Ottomans, and the Taiping Rebellion in China which resulted in 20-30 million deaths.
3) Reforms in these empires met with mixed success and resistance, and by the late 1800s the empires had decentralized significantly or lost control of territory.
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly between 1453 and 1757 CE, conquering large areas of Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman I. The Safavid dynasty ruled Persia starting in the 16th century as strict Shiite Muslims, reaching their height under Shah Abbas, while the Mughal Empire was established in Northern India by Babur and expanded all of India by Akbar's rule, creating a period of cultural and economic flourishing, though all three empires began experiencing decline by the 1700s.
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The document summarizes the history of China from the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, covering the reunification and golden era under the Tang and the economic and cultural developments of the Song. The Sui dynasty briefly reunified China in 589 after centuries of division, establishing a centralized state, but high taxes led to revolts. The Tang dynasty expanded China's influence through tributary systems and strengthened the government with civil service exams. The Song dynasty controlled southern China after northern losses to nomads, and saw economic growth through trade, manufacturing, and agricultural advances, though Neo-Confucianism limited some innovations.
This document provides a timeline of major events in European history from 400 BC to 2007 AD. It outlines the rise and fall of civilizations like Greece, Rome, and the Byzantine Empire. It then discusses the Middle Ages and events like the Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, and Industrial Revolution. Major power shifts are noted, such as the rise of Prussia/Germany and decline of empires like the Ottoman Empire. Both World Wars and the Cold War period profoundly impacted Europe and led to increased nationalism and the development of the European Union.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, with increased rural populations migrating to cities and higher agricultural productivity leading to more food and commercial importance for urban areas. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but cities offered more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. The document then specifically discusses the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering the origins of Christian kingdoms and the political situation between Muslim taifas and Christian kingdoms from 1031 to 1085.
The document provides an overview of revolutionary changes in the Atlantic world between 1750-1850. It discusses the colonial wars and fiscal crises that drove European powers to seek new sources of revenue. The Enlightenment challenged old political ideas and thinkers like Locke and Rousseau proposed new concepts of government and individual rights. The American and French Revolutions broke out in response to taxation attempts and economic struggles. Both revolutions overthrew old regimes but established new republican systems of government.
I. The document discusses the Asian trading world in the 1500s, with established trade routes between China, India, the Arab world, and other regions. It then covers the arrival of Europeans like the Portuguese who sought to control the spice trade through military force and establish colonial outposts.
II. It describes Ming China's global missions under Emperor Yongle in the early 1400s that reached East Africa and the Indian Ocean. However, China later adopted isolationist policies in the 1500s and saw decline as European missionaries arrived but had little religious success.
III. It outlines Japan's reunification in the late 1500s under figures like Nobunaga and Hideyoshi, and the shogunate
1) The document discusses the decline and reforms of several major land empires in the 1800-1870 period: the Ottoman Empire, Egyptian Empire under Muhammad Ali, Russian Empire, and Qing Empire of China.
2) Key events included Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, the Greek war of independence from the Ottomans, and the Taiping Rebellion in China which resulted in 20-30 million deaths.
3) Reforms in these empires met with mixed success and resistance, and by the late 1800s the empires had decentralized significantly or lost control of territory.
The Qing Dynasty ruled China from 1644 to 1912. It was the last imperial dynasty of China, established by the Manchus. The Qing conquered China and expanded its territory, but faced internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion and external threats from European imperialism. The Opium Wars weakened China and led to unequal treaties. By the late 1800s, China was divided into foreign spheres of influence and faced domestic calls for reform as the Qing struggled to modernize and strengthen China in the face of Western encroachment.
1. The document outlines major global developments between 1450-1750, including the rise of global trade, absolutism, and European dominance due to exploration and colonization.
2. Key empires that rose and declined in this period include Ming China, Tokugawa Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, and various African kingdoms.
3. European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British established global colonial empires and trading networks through exploration, initially to bypass Ottoman control of trade routes but later through institutions like joint-stock companies.
1. The Italian Renaissance began in the late Middle Ages as people questioned the institutions and teachings of the medieval church and sought to return to the learning of ancient Greece and Rome.
2. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice became centers of politics, trade, and patronage of the arts as wealthy families like the Medicis in Florence and Sforzas in Milan rose to power.
3. Renaissance scholars and artists drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman texts and ruins, fueling a rebirth of interest in secular and humanist ideals that emphasized human potential and worldly pleasures over spiritual life.
China rejected European outreach during the Ming and Qing dynasties due to China's self-sufficient economy and isolationist policies. The Ming dynasty expelled foreign influences like the Mongols and established tribute systems with neighboring countries. The Qing dynasty that followed also pursued isolationist policies and imposed rules requiring European powers to adopt Chinese customs to trade. As a result, China had little interest in European contact during this period and remained largely independent from Western influence.
Chapter 21: Muslim Empires Summary notesColleen Skadl
The document summarizes the three major Muslim empires that emerged after the Mongol conquests: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India. All three empires had strong militaries supported by gunpowder technology and absolute monarchies. Over time, problems like weak rulers, oppression of peasants, and ignoring European military advances led to the decline of these once powerful empires.
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the decline and revival of European cities during the Middle Ages. Factors that led to urban decline included Viking invasions, the Black Death plague, a decline in agricultural production due to warfare and early feudalism, and the Little Ice Age. Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, safer transportation enabling trade and commerce, warmer temperatures between 800-1300 CE which increased agricultural production and population, and a larger available labor force. The document prompts the reader to analyze and evaluate which factors were most significant in causing urban decline and revival.
The document provides an overview of major political, economic, and social themes in China from 600-Present. Politically, China was dominated by dynastic rule until the 20th century and emphasized Confucian ideals. Economically, China developed advanced technologies but declined with isolation and lack of industrialization. Socially, society was based on Confucian hierarchy and women had few rights until recent decades.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-15th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Kings lost power and shared it with nobles and the church. Society was divided into estates - nobility and clergy at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Peasants (serfs) were bound to manors and had to pay taxes and labor services to lords in exchange for land. The feudal system established hierarchies and obligations between kings, lords, and serfs and was based on a rural, agricultural economy with low productivity.
This document provides an overview of nation-building and economic transformation in the Americas between 1800-1890. It summarizes the independence movements in Latin America beginning in the early 1800s, led by figures like Simon Bolivar. It also discusses the establishment of new political systems in these countries and the challenges of regionalism. It outlines the abolition of slavery in different nations and the impacts of immigration. It analyzes social changes including the development of women's rights movements and struggles for racial justice.
The document summarizes key events in East Asia and Muslim empires between 1450-1750. It covers the Ming Dynasty in China, the rise of the Ottoman Empire conquering Constantinople, and the expansion of the Mughal Empire in India under Akbar, before outlining their subsequent declines due to factors such as corruption, neglect of people, and European intervention.
The document summarizes the history of several East Asian dynasties and societies from the 14th-19th centuries. It discusses the Ming Dynasty in China, the naval explorations of Zheng He, the decline of the Ming and rise of the Qing Dynasty, Japan's isolationist Tokugawa Shogunate, and the initial impacts of European contact in Asia.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
The 16th century: Charles I and Philip II's reignspapefons Fons
Charles I inherited a vast empire from his parents in the early 16th century, including territories in Spain, the Netherlands, and Austria. He faced revolts from the Comuneros in Castile and Germanias in Aragon due to his absentee rule from Spain and appointments of Flemish advisers. Charles defeated the revolts and consolidated his rule, focusing on expanding his empire through wars with France and defending Catholicism against the Protestant Reformation. He established new governing councils and professionalized the bureaucracy and military to administer his far-flung realms.
Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to supply labor for the Americas. Major social and demographic changes occurred as crops and diseases were exchanged between the Old and New Worlds, and millions of people were forced into transatlantic slavery. Culturally, the European Renaissance and Reformation reshaped intellectual life and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
The Indo-Europeans crossed over the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula between the 10th-5th centuries BC. Different colonizers also arrived from Phoenicia, Greece, and Carthage to establish colonies along the coast and control the metal trade. The Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians founded major trading posts and colonies. Meanwhile, the native peoples of the Iberian Peninsula were divided into Iberians, located along the Mediterranean coast, and Celts, who lived further inland. The Romans then began their conquest of Hispania in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC in order to control the Mediterranean coast and eventually subjugated the entire peninsula over the following
The document summarizes key events in East Asia and Muslim empires between 1450-1750. It covers the Ming Dynasty in China, the rise of the Ottoman Empire conquering Constantinople, and the expansion of the Mughal Empire in India under Akbar, before outlining their subsequent declines due to factors such as corruption, neglect of people, and European intervention.
The document summarizes political, intellectual, and economic developments in China, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and India during the late medieval period. In China, the Ming Dynasty was established in 1368 after the collapse of the Mongols and lasted until 1644. The Ming promoted Confucianism, civil service, and technological advancement through Zheng He's naval expeditions. However, isolationist policies later halted exploration. In Japan, powerful warlords like Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country under a shogunate government with the emperor as a figurehead. The Ottoman Empire expanded under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman, establishing Istanbul as the capital and
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644Establishment of Ming DynastyReasons f.docxannandleola
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Establishment of Ming Dynasty
Reasons for Ming Success
Ming Economy and Society
Integration with World Economy
Threats to Stability
Arrival of Europeans – explorers, merchants, missionaries
Conclusion
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Establishment of the Ming Dynasty
Centralized bureaucratic regime
Traditions of rule and government
Integrated society
Rejection of sinicized Mongols
Loss of mandate of heaven by Mongol rulers
Establishment of Ming dynasty by peasant, Zhu Yuanzhang
Ming Dynasty within Asia
Sources of Strength
Confucianism:
Ideology
Educational system
Family-state connection and patriarchy
Neo-Confucianism
Timeline of Chinese Philosophy through the Song Dynasty
Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398)
Ming Government
Strong Emperors:
Direct involvement in government
Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398) established Ming capital at Nanking (Nanjing)
Yongle Emperor (r. 1403-1425)
Troops sent into Northern Vietnam
Set up elaborate tribute system
Promoted maritime expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Gulf and East Africa (1403-1433) under Zheng He, but last one sent in the 1470s
Yongle Emperor (r. 1403-1425)
Importance of taxes
Population growth
Increased agricultural yield and products
Government Finances and the Economy
Ming Bureaucracy
Importance of competent officials:
Structure of government based on Tang-Song models
Grand Secretariat, Censorate, Military, etc.
Multiple levels of government
Mandarins = government officials
Elegant Gathering in the Apricot Garden, c. 1437
Artistic representation of Chinese scholar- bureaucrats in the Ming dynasty
Portrait of a Ming dynasty scholar-official of the highest rank (jinshi)
Education and Officials
Importance of scholar-officials
Civil service examination system:
Based on Confucian classics
Staffed the government bureaucracy
Elaborate and intensive system of exams
Painting that depicts the Chinese examination system
Ming Gentry
Growth in numbers and importance in Ming dynasty:
Intermediaries between government and people
Chinese gentry
Link to local politics and education
Source of stability
Social Pyramid in Imperial China
Ming Economy and Society
Increased interaction between China and the rest of the world, including Europe, by 1500
Rising demand for Chinese goods led to expansion of the economy and later to negative effects on internal affairs
Arrival of European missionaries and merchants in the sixteenth century
Integration of Ming China in the World Economy
The effect of rapid growth in textile and porcelain industries on:
Agriculture
Currency
Trade
Cities
Ming porcelain vase
Lacquer box from Ming era
Urban Life in Ming China
Increased population
Diverse urban society
Dynamic urban culture
Urban economy:
Small businesses
Factories
Trade in Ming China
Problems in Ming China
Lack of technology
Corruption
Poor harvests
Inflation – influx of silver
Spanish Silver Coins Used in China
Span ...
The Qing Dynasty ruled China from 1644 to 1912. It was the last imperial dynasty of China, established by the Manchus. The Qing conquered China and expanded its territory, but faced internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion and external threats from European imperialism. The Opium Wars weakened China and led to unequal treaties. By the late 1800s, China was divided into foreign spheres of influence and faced domestic calls for reform as the Qing struggled to modernize and strengthen China in the face of Western encroachment.
1. The document outlines major global developments between 1450-1750, including the rise of global trade, absolutism, and European dominance due to exploration and colonization.
2. Key empires that rose and declined in this period include Ming China, Tokugawa Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, and various African kingdoms.
3. European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British established global colonial empires and trading networks through exploration, initially to bypass Ottoman control of trade routes but later through institutions like joint-stock companies.
1. The Italian Renaissance began in the late Middle Ages as people questioned the institutions and teachings of the medieval church and sought to return to the learning of ancient Greece and Rome.
2. Major Italian city-states like Florence, Milan, and Venice became centers of politics, trade, and patronage of the arts as wealthy families like the Medicis in Florence and Sforzas in Milan rose to power.
3. Renaissance scholars and artists drew inspiration from classical Greek and Roman texts and ruins, fueling a rebirth of interest in secular and humanist ideals that emphasized human potential and worldly pleasures over spiritual life.
China rejected European outreach during the Ming and Qing dynasties due to China's self-sufficient economy and isolationist policies. The Ming dynasty expelled foreign influences like the Mongols and established tribute systems with neighboring countries. The Qing dynasty that followed also pursued isolationist policies and imposed rules requiring European powers to adopt Chinese customs to trade. As a result, China had little interest in European contact during this period and remained largely independent from Western influence.
Chapter 21: Muslim Empires Summary notesColleen Skadl
The document summarizes the three major Muslim empires that emerged after the Mongol conquests: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India. All three empires had strong militaries supported by gunpowder technology and absolute monarchies. Over time, problems like weak rulers, oppression of peasants, and ignoring European military advances led to the decline of these once powerful empires.
1. This document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It focuses on political, economic, and social developments.
2. Key developments included the resurgence of cities as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, allowing cities to regain commercial importance. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
3. Political institutions at this time included the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and the growth of royal power as monarchs sought alliances with cities to limit the power of feudal nobles.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the political situation and divisions of power between kingdoms like Castile, Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. It discusses the Reconquista against the Moors, including major victories like the conquest of Toledo in 1085 and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Socially, it outlines the systems of repopulation used to claim lands from the Moors and the establishment of representative bodies like the Cortes. Economically, it notes the demographic and economic crises of the 14th century from plague, war and conflict between social groups.
The document summarizes the three major civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the political organization, society, economy, and culture of each civilization. The Byzantine Empire emerged after the division of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire fell, giving rise to various Germanic kingdoms. The Islamic civilization expanded rapidly after the prophet Muhammad established the religion of Islam in the 7th century.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the decline and revival of European cities during the Middle Ages. Factors that led to urban decline included Viking invasions, the Black Death plague, a decline in agricultural production due to warfare and early feudalism, and the Little Ice Age. Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, safer transportation enabling trade and commerce, warmer temperatures between 800-1300 CE which increased agricultural production and population, and a larger available labor force. The document prompts the reader to analyze and evaluate which factors were most significant in causing urban decline and revival.
The document provides an overview of major political, economic, and social themes in China from 600-Present. Politically, China was dominated by dynastic rule until the 20th century and emphasized Confucian ideals. Economically, China developed advanced technologies but declined with isolation and lack of industrialization. Socially, society was based on Confucian hierarchy and women had few rights until recent decades.
Feudalism developed in Western Europe from the 9th-15th centuries as a political, social, and economic system. Kings lost power and shared it with nobles and the church. Society was divided into estates - nobility and clergy at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Peasants (serfs) were bound to manors and had to pay taxes and labor services to lords in exchange for land. The feudal system established hierarchies and obligations between kings, lords, and serfs and was based on a rural, agricultural economy with low productivity.
This document provides an overview of nation-building and economic transformation in the Americas between 1800-1890. It summarizes the independence movements in Latin America beginning in the early 1800s, led by figures like Simon Bolivar. It also discusses the establishment of new political systems in these countries and the challenges of regionalism. It outlines the abolition of slavery in different nations and the impacts of immigration. It analyzes social changes including the development of women's rights movements and struggles for racial justice.
The document summarizes key events in East Asia and Muslim empires between 1450-1750. It covers the Ming Dynasty in China, the rise of the Ottoman Empire conquering Constantinople, and the expansion of the Mughal Empire in India under Akbar, before outlining their subsequent declines due to factors such as corruption, neglect of people, and European intervention.
The document summarizes the history of several East Asian dynasties and societies from the 14th-19th centuries. It discusses the Ming Dynasty in China, the naval explorations of Zheng He, the decline of the Ming and rise of the Qing Dynasty, Japan's isolationist Tokugawa Shogunate, and the initial impacts of European contact in Asia.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period as rural populations migrated to urban areas, increasing their size and commercial importance. Urban society maintained the feudal structure but city dwellers had more freedom. New social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds emerged. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power and influence while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain power. The late 14th century brought a crisis from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, war, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance then spread new humanist ideas and thinking. Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, several Christian
The 16th century: Charles I and Philip II's reignspapefons Fons
Charles I inherited a vast empire from his parents in the early 16th century, including territories in Spain, the Netherlands, and Austria. He faced revolts from the Comuneros in Castile and Germanias in Aragon due to his absentee rule from Spain and appointments of Flemish advisers. Charles defeated the revolts and consolidated his rule, focusing on expanding his empire through wars with France and defending Catholicism against the Protestant Reformation. He established new governing councils and professionalized the bureaucracy and military to administer his far-flung realms.
Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to supply labor for the Americas. Major social and demographic changes occurred as crops and diseases were exchanged between the Old and New Worlds, and millions of people were forced into transatlantic slavery. Culturally, the European Renaissance and Reformation reshaped intellectual life and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
The document provides information about Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. It discusses the resurgence of cities during this period, including increased populations and agricultural productivity which led to commercial growth in cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds organized craftsmen. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire held power while monarchies sought to limit feudal nobility and gain support from cities. The document then focuses on the Iberian Peninsula during this period, covering political situations, expansion through repopulation, and social/economic transformations from crisis and conflicts.
The Indo-Europeans crossed over the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula between the 10th-5th centuries BC. Different colonizers also arrived from Phoenicia, Greece, and Carthage to establish colonies along the coast and control the metal trade. The Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians founded major trading posts and colonies. Meanwhile, the native peoples of the Iberian Peninsula were divided into Iberians, located along the Mediterranean coast, and Celts, who lived further inland. The Romans then began their conquest of Hispania in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC in order to control the Mediterranean coast and eventually subjugated the entire peninsula over the following
The document summarizes key events in East Asia and Muslim empires between 1450-1750. It covers the Ming Dynasty in China, the rise of the Ottoman Empire conquering Constantinople, and the expansion of the Mughal Empire in India under Akbar, before outlining their subsequent declines due to factors such as corruption, neglect of people, and European intervention.
The document summarizes political, intellectual, and economic developments in China, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and India during the late medieval period. In China, the Ming Dynasty was established in 1368 after the collapse of the Mongols and lasted until 1644. The Ming promoted Confucianism, civil service, and technological advancement through Zheng He's naval expeditions. However, isolationist policies later halted exploration. In Japan, powerful warlords like Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country under a shogunate government with the emperor as a figurehead. The Ottoman Empire expanded under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman, establishing Istanbul as the capital and
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644Establishment of Ming DynastyReasons f.docxannandleola
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Establishment of Ming Dynasty
Reasons for Ming Success
Ming Economy and Society
Integration with World Economy
Threats to Stability
Arrival of Europeans – explorers, merchants, missionaries
Conclusion
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Establishment of the Ming Dynasty
Centralized bureaucratic regime
Traditions of rule and government
Integrated society
Rejection of sinicized Mongols
Loss of mandate of heaven by Mongol rulers
Establishment of Ming dynasty by peasant, Zhu Yuanzhang
Ming Dynasty within Asia
Sources of Strength
Confucianism:
Ideology
Educational system
Family-state connection and patriarchy
Neo-Confucianism
Timeline of Chinese Philosophy through the Song Dynasty
Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398)
Ming Government
Strong Emperors:
Direct involvement in government
Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368-1398) established Ming capital at Nanking (Nanjing)
Yongle Emperor (r. 1403-1425)
Troops sent into Northern Vietnam
Set up elaborate tribute system
Promoted maritime expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Gulf and East Africa (1403-1433) under Zheng He, but last one sent in the 1470s
Yongle Emperor (r. 1403-1425)
Importance of taxes
Population growth
Increased agricultural yield and products
Government Finances and the Economy
Ming Bureaucracy
Importance of competent officials:
Structure of government based on Tang-Song models
Grand Secretariat, Censorate, Military, etc.
Multiple levels of government
Mandarins = government officials
Elegant Gathering in the Apricot Garden, c. 1437
Artistic representation of Chinese scholar- bureaucrats in the Ming dynasty
Portrait of a Ming dynasty scholar-official of the highest rank (jinshi)
Education and Officials
Importance of scholar-officials
Civil service examination system:
Based on Confucian classics
Staffed the government bureaucracy
Elaborate and intensive system of exams
Painting that depicts the Chinese examination system
Ming Gentry
Growth in numbers and importance in Ming dynasty:
Intermediaries between government and people
Chinese gentry
Link to local politics and education
Source of stability
Social Pyramid in Imperial China
Ming Economy and Society
Increased interaction between China and the rest of the world, including Europe, by 1500
Rising demand for Chinese goods led to expansion of the economy and later to negative effects on internal affairs
Arrival of European missionaries and merchants in the sixteenth century
Integration of Ming China in the World Economy
The effect of rapid growth in textile and porcelain industries on:
Agriculture
Currency
Trade
Cities
Ming porcelain vase
Lacquer box from Ming era
Urban Life in Ming China
Increased population
Diverse urban society
Dynamic urban culture
Urban economy:
Small businesses
Factories
Trade in Ming China
Problems in Ming China
Lack of technology
Corruption
Poor harvests
Inflation – influx of silver
Spanish Silver Coins Used in China
Span ...
The document summarizes key events and developments during China's Ming and Qing Dynasties:
1) The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) strengthened China's economy and military after overthrowing the Mongol rulers, but weak later rulers led to peasant unrest and the rise of the Manchus.
2) The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) conquered China but adopted Chinese governance, with emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong restoring prosperity. However, internal problems and European demands for trade contributed to the dynasty's decline.
3) Contact between China and European powers under the Ming and Qing increased trade but also led to Christian missionary activities
The document summarizes political, social, and economic developments in Northern Eurasia between 1500-1800. It describes the reunification of Japan under regional warlords, the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, and Japan's later isolationist policies. It also discusses the decline of China's Ming dynasty, the conquest by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the Qing's interactions with European powers. The expansion of the Russian Empire under the Romanovs and Peter the Great is also outlined. Comparatively, both China and Russia grew substantially in size and population during this period, while pursuing policies of cultural assimilation within their diverse populations.
The Ming and Qing dynasties ruled China from 1368-1911. The Ming dynasty pursued a policy of isolationism after the voyages of Zheng He, withdrawing from exploration and trade with other nations. This isolation weakened China over time. The Qing dynasty was ruled by the Manchu people, who maintained control over China for centuries but saw decline in the 1800s due to mismanagement, corruption, and rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion. By 1911 China had grown weak and the Qing dynasty was overthrown.
This document provides an overview of major global developments between 1450-1750, including the rise of trade, empires, and cross-cultural exchange. Key events summarized are the decline of the Ming Dynasty in China and its conquest by the Manchu Qing Dynasty; the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate and its turn to isolationism; and the growth and eventual stagnation of large land-based empires like the Ottomans, Mughals, and Russians. European powers increasingly explored overseas and established global colonial empires, introducing new crops, commodities and beliefs around the world.
The document summarizes the key developments and events of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. It describes the transition from the medieval to the modern era, the rise of humanism and secular thought during this period in Italy and other parts of Europe. It also discusses the growth of powerful monarchies in countries like France and the exploration and colonization of the Americas by powers like Spain and Portugal that established new global empires and trade networks and had major social, economic and political impacts.
This document provides an overview of major global developments between 1450-1750, including the rise of empires and trade networks. Key points discussed include:
- The growth of empires like Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, Mughal India, and Tokugawa Japan.
- European exploration and the age of discovery, including Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French and English colonial expansion.
- The global exchange of goods, people, plants, animals and diseases across Afro-Eurasia and between the Old World and New World.
- The rise of new economic systems like plantation agriculture and the transatlantic slave trade.
- Shifting religious and intellectual currents including Protestant Reformation, growth of
- The document summarizes European arrival and trade in Asia between 1498-1700, including the establishment of Portuguese, Dutch, and English trading empires in India and Southeast Asia.
- It also discusses developments in China under the Ming Dynasty between 1368-1644, including a period of prosperity, commercial growth, and naval expeditions before the dynasty declined.
- In Japan, powerful warlords fought for control until three military leaders unified the country in the late 1500s. The Tokugawa Shogunate then consolidated power and instituted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s.
- The document summarizes European arrival and trade in Asia between 1498-1700, including the establishment of Portuguese, Dutch, and English trading empires in India and Southeast Asia.
- It also discusses developments in China under the Ming Dynasty between 1368-1644, including a period of growth and prosperity followed by decline. The last emperor committed suicide as the Ming Dynasty fell to Manchu rebels in 1644.
- In Japan, powerful warlords fought for control until three military leaders unified the country in the late 1500s. The Tokugawa Shogunate consolidated power and instituted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s, severely restricting foreign contact.
The document summarizes Medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries with a focus on the Iberian Peninsula. It describes the resurgence of cities in the Late Middle Ages, the urban society that emerged, and political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and growing power of monarchies. It then discusses the crisis of the 14th century including religious, political, demographic, and social upheaval, as well as the end of the Middle Ages. Finally, it provides details on the political situation and expansion in the Iberian Peninsula from the 11th to 15th centuries, including the rise of Castile and Aragon as the most important kingdoms.
1. The document discusses the political, economic, and cultural characteristics of China and Japan during the Ming and Qing dynasties and the Tokugawa Shogunate.
2. In China, the Ming dynasty ruled from 1368-1644 and expanded the Forbidden City in Beijing while reviving the civil service examination system. The Qing dynasty, ruled by the Manchus, took over in 1644 and established a separation between Manchu rulers and Chinese subjects.
3. Japan was unified under the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1603-1868, ending civil wars and establishing Edo (Tokyo) as the new capital. The shogunate implemented a policy of isolationism in the
Western colonialism in south and west asiaCRYSLER TUMALE
European colonialism in South and West Asia began with Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries, and expanded through naval expeditions by explorers like Diaz, de Gama, and Magellan. They established trade networks importing spices from Asia. Colonialism systematically imposed political rule over colonies to establish economic and political control. Major European trading companies like the Dutch and British East India Companies dominated Asian trade. Growing European imperialism in the 18th-19th centuries led to colonization and transformation of states across South and West Asia, establishing colonies, protectorates and indirect rule to exploit resources and open new markets.
The document provides an overview of world history from 1450-1750, covering major themes, events, and civilizations during this period:
1. It discusses the rise and fall of several gunpowder empires including the Ming Dynasty in China, the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Empire in India.
2. It also covers the age of exploration led by European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Dutch, and British as they sought new trade routes and established global colonial empires in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
3. The document outlines the resulting globalization of trade, spread of religions, and changes to political and social structures around
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe, particularly the Iberian Peninsula, between the 11th-15th centuries. Specifically:
1) Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
2) Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Monarchs granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
3) The Iberian Peninsula saw the formation of Christian kingdoms like Aragon, Navarre, and Leon-Castille by the 11th century, which recon
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in medieval Europe from the 11th to 15th centuries. Specifically:
- Cities regained commercial importance as the rural population grew and agricultural productivity increased, providing surpluses to urban areas. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds.
- Political institutions like the papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and monarchies vied for power. Kings granted cities privileges to gain their support against the nobility.
- The late medieval period saw the resurgence of cities, development of urban society, and political changes as monarchies consolidated power. However, the 14th century brought a crisis due to religious schisms, war, plague
The document discusses how China limited contact with Europe under the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It summarizes that the Ming Dynasty restored China's power and economy through farming reforms. However, later emperors like Hongwu became paranoid and killed officials. The Qing Dynasty, founded by the Manchu invaders, then ruled China for over 260 years. The Qing Dynasty maintained isolationist policies regarding trade with European powers like Britain and only allowed limited contact through tribute trade at special ports, particularly with the Dutch. This led to mostly isolated development in China with traditional farming and gender roles continuing through the Ming and Qing periods.
The document summarizes the Ming Dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. Some key aspects include:
- The Ming Dynasty was established after the Mongol Yuan Dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven.
- The Ming Dynasty saw a period of economic and cultural prosperity in China, with a large population and advances in agriculture, industry, arts, and naval exploration.
- However, corruption and natural disasters in the 17th century weakened the Ming and led to its eventual collapse, with the Manchu people establishing the Qing Dynasty in China in 1644.
The document summarizes political and social developments in medieval Europe, particularly the late Middle Ages from the 11th to 15th centuries. It describes the resurgence of cities due to increased agricultural productivity and rural populations migrating to cities. Urban society developed new social classes like the bourgeoisie and guilds. Politically, the papacy and Holy Roman Empire vied for power while monarchies sought to limit the power of feudal nobility and gain allies among townspeople. The late Middle Ages saw a crisis in the 14th century from the Black Death pandemic, religious schisms, the Hundred Years' War, and resulting social upheaval. The Renaissance brought new humanist ideas and spread of the printing press, marking the transition
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China, japan, and east asia lesson
1. Aim: How did interactions
between the countries of East
Asia and between Europe
affect the culture and
policies of China and Japan?
2. OVERVIEW
Ming (1368-
1644)
-recovery from Yuan
dynasty
-militarily active and
politically dynamic
-conquered neighbors
and explored lands
-cultural power,
literary masterpieces
-revival of
Confucianism
-1st European contact
-1600s-rapid decline
because of gov
decentralization,
invaders, revolts, and
famines
-Manchus from
Manchuria took
Beijing End of Ming
and beginning of Qing
Qing (1644-1911)
-Manchus (skilled
warriors with long
braids and shaved
foreheads) continued
conquests and added
to tributary system
-full scale trade with
Europeans was
regulated by state
-1750-trade restricted
to port of Canton
-1724-Christianity
banned
-Emperors Kangxi and
Qianlong
-poverty, decline in
advancements
open to European
and American
influence
CHINA
JAPAN
-after 1185, shoguns
governed Japan
-late 1300s-1400s:
decentralization,
feudalism
-Era of
Independent Lords
(independent
states ruled by
daimyo)
-political weakness
allowed foreigners
and their beliefs to
gain influence
-1560-
1615:reunification
of Japan (Oda
Nobunaga,
Toyotomi
Hideyosehi,
Tokugawa Ieyasu)
Tokugawa
Shogunate (1603-
1868)
-Great Peace/Pax
Tokugawa
-Ieyasu centraliized
country and moved
capital to Edo
-social stratification
increased
-women lived under
restrictions
-late 1500s: Portuguese,
Spanish, Dutch traders
and missionaries
-increase in Christianity
-persecution of Christians
and restriction of foreign
access-only allowed
trade at port of Nagasaki
(isolation)
-oppressive rule resorted
and kept peace,
economic growth
3. Background
-After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 906, China was separated
until the 1200s when they were conquered by the Mongols.
-Genghis Khan and his descendants had captured almost all of
western and northern China by 1234.
-After his death, his grandsons began to divide the Mongol
empire.
-Kublai Khan, “the Great Khan of the Mongols”, moved the
capital from Mongolia to Beijing and proclaimed the Yuan
Empire (1271-1368). He also conquered the rest of China and the
rest of the Song state.
4.
5. -He and the Mongol leaders adapted themselves to Chinese
ways: Buddhism, civil service exams and made Mandarin
Chinese the official language UNIFICATION
-Kublai Khan made Yuan rich and powerful: successful military
campaigns, made neighbors pay tribute, resisted Mongol
attacks from other states, rebuilt bureaucracy and economy,
repaired roads and canals, built new cities, restored trade
with the West and helped the Silk Road emerge again.
-After the death of Kublai Khan, China suffered from
population loss because of the Bubonic Plague/ Black
Death economic decline civil war rebellion decline of
the Yuan fall of the Yuan empire in 1368
6. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
-Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming dynasty and took the
name Hongwu (1368-1403) when he became emperor
-Hongwu and his son Yongle (1403-1424) recentralized the
country and repaired damage from the wars of the 1300s (after
Kublai Khan’s death). Population increased and the economy
recovered.
-to restore imperial legitimacy, Yongle built the Forbidden City
in the capital of Beijing- served as imperial residence and seat
of gov. (this would later cause problems in the 16th century)
-Ming rulers expanded China’s borders and maintained a
tributary system where they made other countries make
regular monetary payments to avoid punishment.
-alliances with kingdoms in Vietnam (Annam and Chamba) and
Korea (Yi)
-large navy and army intimidation
7. -(1405-1433) explorer Zheng He made 7 long voyages
to Southeast Asia, India, Middle East and East Africa.
He expanded trade, increased outside knowledge,
and even forced 50 states and cities to pay tribute.
-after Yongle’s death, Ming rulers lost interest in
exploration and naval expansion
8. Ming Art and Culture
-Chinese art, religion, and literature exerted influence on
countries such as Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
-foot binding (began in late Tang dynasty: 618-906) spread
to majority of the population
-Confucianism (philosophy) was restored: Buddhism
(religion)
-classical Chinese literature (Journey to the West), new form
of writing
-artisans produced exquisite glassware, ceramics, and
porcelain
-scroll paintings-depicted landscapes on vertical rolls of silk
and paper
9. First Contact with Europeans
-Portuguese traders and captains established
commercial ties with the Ming
-Spanish and Dutch arrived later
-China was too large and powerful for Europeans to
conquer, so instead, they established embassies and
trading houses there
-Catholic (Jesuit) missionaries
(Matteo Ricci-early Italian
Christian missionary in China)
10. Ming China in the late 16th and
early 17th Centuries
-sudden influx of precious metal (silver from Spanish and Portuguese)
inflation economic breakdown
-1520s-1560s: pirates and smugglers disruption of coastal communities
and interior regions, weakened navy
-gov stayed in the Forbidden City in Beijing, weak rulers anger of the
people and decentralization of gov
-population grew famine, gov was unable to help
-1644- rebel forces captured capital at Beijing Manchu nomads (Ming
allies from the north) helped crush the rebels and recover Beijing, but
refused to restore Ming rule displaced the Ming dynasty Qing
Dynasty
11. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
-main concern: maintain stability
-promoted Chinese ways, favored Chinese political and
cultural traditions (civil service exams)
-ruling elites were schooled in Chinese language and
Confucian thought
-to preserve their own identity, they outlawed intermarriage
between Manchus and Chinese, forbade Chinese to travel to
Manchuria and learn their language, created ethnically based
system of social stratification (Chinese had to wear certain
clothing, tie hair in long braids and men had to shave the front
of their heads)-
“lose your hair or lose your head”
12. -empire included Manchuria and northern China; skilled warlords
continued conquests and by 1683, they took over southern China and
island of Formosa (Taiwan) as well.
-added Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam and most of Central
Asia to tributary system
-North: had contact with Russia
-Kangxi (1661-1722)- Confucian scholar who conquered Taiwan,
extended to Mongolia, and Central Asia and Tibet (expanded Chinese
influence). He issued the Sacred Edict (rules and laws that would
create harmony).
-Qianlong (1736-1795)- made Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal his vassal
states, cancelled tax collections and paid less attention to imperial
affairs gave responsibilities to eunuchs faced difficulties-(last
good leader)
13. Population Growth and
Economic Development
-agricultural society: had to use intensive techniques because only small part of
china’s land was suitable for planting
-traditional food crops=rice, wheat, millet
-mid17th century- Spanish introduced American food crops (maize, sweet
potatoes, peanuts) increase in food supply increase in population=limited
resources labor force at low cost
-global trade prosperity: produced silk, lacquer ware and tea for consumers
in Indian ocean basin, Central Asia, and Europe
-imported spices form Maluku, exotic products (birds, animal skins) from
tropical regions and woolen textiles from Europe
-exchanged silk and porcelain for American silver in Manila
-commercial ties with Portuguese
-Foreign trade was regulated by the state-only allowed to trade in port of
Canton (1750s)-one of the busiest and most cosmopolitan trading centers
-policy of trade protection-more exports than imports to maintain balance of
trade
14. Christianity in China
-7th century-Nestorian Christians established churches and monasteries in
china but didn’t convert many people because of plague
-Jesuit Movement: Matteo Ricci (17th and 18th centuries)-goal: make China a
Christian country. He conversed and studied with Confucian scholars
success , brought over the mechanical clock that impressed the Chinese.
-missionaries sent from Europe tried to convert the Chinese by saying
Christianity was similar to Chinese culture
-arguments between Jesuits and members of Franciscan and Dominican
orders end of Roman Catholic missions in China
-Macartney Mission-permanent mission in Beijing to convert Chinese to
Christianity, wanted to open trade to China and establish safe living
conditions for British in China. Emperor Qianlong objected because he
believed it wasn’t necessary, since China was the “center of the world” and
Europeans were seen as barbarians mission failed
-suspicion of outside influences banned Christianity in 1724
15. Japanese Feudalism (12th-17th
century)
1. Emperor-figurehead
2. Shogun-”temporary” leader-held real power (12th-17th
centuries)
3. Daimyo-wanted to gain power, had connections to
Europeans
4. Samurai-loyal to daimyo
5. Ronin-unemployed samurai
6. Peasants/ Artisans- 90% of population-provided food
and supplies
7. Merchants-had no skill
*feudalism-a political system
developed because of divided
geography
16. -Japan was governed after 1185 by military rulers-
shoguns: preserved order and kept Japan unified in the
late 1200s and early 1300s
-1300s -1400s: decentralization became a problem
during Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573)
-Japan was becoming more feudal: independent sates
ruled by daimyo who belonged to samurai elite
-1460s-Era of Independent Lords-shoguns were weak,
civil war between daimyos, samurai who lost/left their
masters (ronin) became mercenaries or turned to theft
-economy suffered crime increased
Problems
17. Arrival of the Europeans
-1540s- Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch traders and Catholic missionaries
(Jesuit Francis Xavier) arrived in Japan.
-Christianity spread because of the shoguns’ weakness
-Europeans introduced gunpowder weapons
18. Reunification of Japan
-reunification took more than 50 years (1560-1615)
-Oda Nobunaga-one of the first
Japanese generals to use gunpowder
weapons, conquered east and central Japan
-Toyotomi Hideyoshi-politician who centralized
power from his capital of Osaka and restored
order (when he died, civil war broke out again)
-Tokugawa Ieyasu-commander who appointed
himself shogun in 1603 and unified all of Japan
in 1615 . (tokugawa shoguns would rule Japan
for 2 ½ centuries.
19. Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-
1868)
-era of Great Peace (Pax Tokugawa)
-Ieyasu centralized country, established new capital at city of
Edo
-emperor remained figurehead
-increased social stratification-impossible for a person to move
from one class to another
-Ieyasu emphasized Confucianism.
-ordinary citizens forbidden to own weapons, samurai retained
privilege of owning swords-wanted to keep the number of
guns in Japan as small as possible
-women lived under increase restrictions-had to obey husbands
or face death, little authority, less education (girl children
were less valued-sold into prostitution or put to death)
20. Japanese Isolationism
-Christianity became popular fear of foreign ideas
(religious ideas), and uncontrolled importation of
gunpowder weaponry
-Nobunaga and Hideyoshi started to restrict foreign
access to Japan and even persecuted Christians
-Tokugawa shoguns continued policy of
isolationism-Christianity was discouraged
-Closed Country Edict of 1635-acts of exclusion
(only allowed to trade in port of Nagasaki)
-Japan isolated until the 1850s
21. Japan: Economics, Society, and Culture
-population grew rapidly, rice and grain production doubled
-became urbanized
-shoguns built network of roads and canals
-economic growth: produced lacquer ware, pottery, steel, and
weapons
-1600s-1700s: merchant class became wealthy and powerful
Peace no use for samurai-became ronin (code of Bushido lost
importance)
Kabuki theater-acrobatics, swordplay, city life scenes
-woodblock printing (ukiyo-e painting)
22. ESSAY QUESTIONS
• Choose TWO of the areas listed below and analyze how each area’s
relationship to global trade patterns changed from 1750 to the
present. Be sure to describe each area’s involvement in global
patterns around 1750 as your starting point.
Latin America
East Asia
Eastern Europe
South and Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Middle East
North America