6. FANBOYS yapıları genelde önüne virgül (,)
alarak kullanılırlar.
Sentence + , +
for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
+ Sentence
7. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
AND, OR, BUT ve YET, sözcükleri ya da
cümleleri bağlamak için kullanılır.
AND aynı doğrultuda anlama sahip
sözcükleri birleştirir
(her ikisi de olumlu ya da her ikisi de
olumsuz):
beautiful and clever, sunny and warm,
crowded and noisy, etc.
8. DİKKAT!!!
İki Cümle “and” kullanılarak bağlandığında
bu iki cümle arasında sebep-sonuç ilişkisi
de kurulabilir.
“and” bu anlamda kullanıldığında, ana cümle
genelde EMİR CÜMLESİ olur.
Call him a coward and you’re a dead man.
(If you call him coward, he will kill you)
9. BUT ve YET "fakat, ama" anlamına gelir ve
zıtlık vurgulayan, çelişen sözcükleri
birleştirir:
beautiful but/yet stupid, cheap but/yet
good, warm but/yet windy, etc.
OR seçenek sunarken "ya da" anlamında
kullanılır:
sooner or later, my parents or my sister,…
10. ÖRNEK SORU:2007 MAYIS KPDS
Several species of birds in Vietnam
vanished during the war, …. they
began to reappear in 1980s and their
gradual return has been encouraged
by Vietnamese villagers.
a) but b) since c) unless
d) when e) if
-
+
ZITLIK
2. TEKNİK: , VİRGÜL SONRASI
since,unless,when,if
GELMEZ!
11. • noun + and/but/or + noun
Cats and dogs don't get along well.
adj/adv + and/but/yet/or + adj/adv
He drove the car slowly and carefully.
He drove the car fast but/yet carefully.
He is sleepy or bored.
12. infinitive/gerund + and/but/or + infinitive/gerund
• I'd like to watch TV or (to) listen to some
music.
• I've decided to quit school and (to) find a
job.
• I like walking but not running.
13. verb + and/but/yet/or + verbverb + and/but/yet/or + verb
• She opened her purse, took out some
change and paid for the ticket.
• I looked everywhere for my glasses but
couldn't find them.
• She will stay in a dormitory or rent a
house with friends.
14. AND, BUT, YET (fakat), OR, NOR, SO bu
yüzden) ve FOR (çünkü) iki bağımsız
cümleyi bağlayabilir.
• İki tam cümleyi araya virgül koyarak arka
arkaya ifade etmek mümkün değildir. Ancak
birinci cümleyi noktalayıp ikinci cümleye
geçebiliriz ya da arada bir bağlaç kullanırız.
• Bağlaçlar ikinci cümlenin başına gelir ve
genellikle kendilerinden önce virgül
kullanılır.
15. And, but ve or büyük harfle cümle başlatabilir
ancak yine kendinden önceki cümleyle
bağlantılıdır.
• The children were playing. The parents were
chatting.
• The children were playing and the parents
were chatting.
• The children were playing, and the parents
were chatting.
• The children were playing. And the parents
were chatting.
16. Yet, so ve for bağlaç olarak kullanıldıklarında
kendilerinden önce virgül gelir.
• She didn't feel well, so she didn't go to work.
Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu bu yüzden işe
gitmedi.
• She didn't go to work ,for she didn't feel well.
İşe gitmedi çünkü kendini iyi hissetmiyordu.
• She didn't feel well, yet she still went to work.
Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu ama yine de işe gitti.
17. *** Bu yapılardan “nor” kendinden önceki
cümlenin ya yapı olarak OLUMSUZ olmasını,
ya “hardly, never,..” gibi OLUMSUZ yapan
yapılar ya da “refuse, deny,..” gibi
OLUMSUZluk ifade eden fiiller içermesini
gerektirir ve kendinden sonra gelen cümle
DEVRİK olur.
She doesn’t like you, ___ does she pity you.
OLUMSUZ DEVRİK
nor
18. He doesn't like meat, nor does he like
fish.
Eti sevmediği gibi balığı da sevmez.
He refuses to take exercise, nor does he try
to eat less.
Egzersiz yapmayı reddettiği gibi az
yemeye de çalışmıyor.
19. ÖRNEK SORU:2006 EKİM ÜDS FEN
It was not obvious to scientists what
the solution would be to the cosmic
radiation astronauts are exposed to;
….. was it obvious that there would be
any solution at all.
a) either b) so c) and
d) but e) nor
devrik yapı
20. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Bu gruptaki bağlaçlar ikili olarak
kullanılır: both... and, either...or,
neither...nor, not only…. but also.
Bu bağlaçlar iki özne, nesne, sıfat,
zarf ve fiili, sözcük öbeğini (phrase)
ya da cümleciği (clause) bağlayabilir.
21. 2) Correlative Conjunctions
Bu bağlaçların ortak özelliği paralel yapılar
gerektirmeleridir.
NOT ONLY
BOTH
EITHER
NEITHER
BUT ALSO
AND
OR
NOR
NOUN
VERB
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
Ving
PREP.PHRASE
TO INF.
NOUN
VERB
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
Ving
PREP.PHRASE
TO INF.
24. NOUN or PHRASE PARALELLİĞİ
N.P
TO INF
Ving
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
THAT+SVO
PREP.PHRASE
YET
OR
AND
BUT
N.P
TO INF
Ving
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
THAT+SVO
PREP.PHRASE
25. Ayrıca “but, and, or” ve “yet” yerine kullanılan
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE yapılarında da
durum aynıdır.
N.P N.P
Ving Ving
OR AND BUT
other than
rather than
instead of
as well as
in addition to
besides
apart from
in contrast to
unlike
as opposed to
He walked slowly AS WELL AS cautiously.
26. İki ayrı cümleyi bağlaçlı tek bir cümleye
dönüştürürken dikkat etmemiz gereken
noktalar şunlardır:
Önce cümlelerin ortak ve farklı olan
öğeleri belirlenir.
Farklı olan öğelerden birinin başına
bağlacın birinci bölümü, diğerinin
başına ikinci bölümü getirilir.
27. Ali will come with us. Ayşe will come with us.
Yukarıdaki örnekte farklı olan öğeler
öznelerdir. Bu durumda kullanacağımız
bağlaç bu iki sözcüğü birleştirecektir.
Both Ali and Ayşe will come with us.
Not only Ali but also Ayşe will come with us.
28. She is beautiful. She is clever. (both and)
She is both beautiful and clever.
She isn't tall. She isn't short.
(neither...nor)
She is neither tall nor short.
29. Bağlaçla elde ettiğimiz yapının
cümle içindeki yeri bağladığı öğenin
yeriyle aynıdır.
Yani iki özneyi bağladıysa cümlenin
başında,
iki nesneyi bağladıysa yüklemden
sonra yer alır.
30. Ali will help me or Ayşe will help me.
(subject + subject)
Either Ali or Ayşe will help me.
I didn't buy a shirt. I didn't buy a skirt.
(object + object)
I bought neither a shirt nor a skirt.
31. Both ... and iki özneyi bağlıyorsa fiil
daima çoğuldur.
Diğer bağlaçlarla yükleme yakın olan
özne yani ikinci özne temel alınır.
Eğer ikinci özne tekilse tekil bir fiil,
çoğulsa çoğul bir fiil kullanılır.
32. Both my parents and my sister are coming
tomorrow.
Not only my parents but also my sister is
coming tomorrow.
Neither my colleagues nor the manager
approves of the plan.
Either the teacher or the students have
made a mistake.
33. Both ... and Türkçeye hem ... hem de
biçiminde çevrilir ve olumlu cümlelerde
kullanılır.
Both the driver and the passengers were
badly injured.
Hem sürücü hem de yolcular ağır yaralandı.
Yesterday I both cleaned the house and
went to the cinema.
Dün hem evi temizledim hem de sinemaya gittim.
34. Not only ... but also da olumlu cümlelerle
kullanılır. Both ... and den daha vurgulu bir
ifadedir.
Not only the driver but also the passengers
were injured.
(Sadece sürücü değil yolcular da yaralandı.)
I not only cleaned the house but also went
to the cinema.
Sadece evi temizlemekle kalmadım,
sinemaya da gittim.
35. Neither ... nor Türkçeye ne ... ne de
biçiminde çevrilir.
Kendisi olumsuz bir yapı olduğu için
olumlu fiille kullanılır ancak cümlenin
anlamı olumsuzdur.
She didn't study. She didn't watch TV.
She neither studied nor watched TV.
(Ne ders çalıştı ne de televizyon izledi.)
36. Either ... or, «ya ...ya da» anlamındadır.
Genellikle olumlu cümlede kullanılır.
Olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığı zaman
neither ... nor ile aynı anlamı verir.
She can't either speak or walk.
(She can neither speak nor walk.)
Ne konuşabiliyor ne de yürüyebiliyor.
37. Not only ... but also iki cümleyi bağlıyorsa,
ve «Not only» Cümle başında kullanılıyorsa
not only'nin bağlı bulunduğu cümle devrik,
ikinci cümle düz olur.
The hotel was marvellous. The hotel was cheap.
The hotel was not only marvellous but also cheap.
Not only was the hotel marvellouswas the hotel marvellous, but it was also
cheap.
38. Not only…., but also… dizilimleri
“Not only… but also” kalıbında “only”
yerine “just”, “merely”, “solely”,
“simply” zarfları da kullanılır.
Not only , but (also)
simply
merely
solely
just
, but ,as well / too.
39. ÖRNEK SORU:2005 MART ÜDS SAĞLIK
Health is not merely the absence of
disease and infirmty, …. complete
physical, mental and social well-being.
a) as for b) as well as c) as if
d) including e) but also
40. Dikkat! “Not only… but also” yapısını
“Not….but” ile karıştırmayınız!
Not …. but… yapısında
HER İKİ EYLEM DE GERÇEKLEŞMEZ!
SADECE “….but…”SONRASI
GERÇEKLEŞİR!!!
Ancak Not only….but also da
İKİ EYLEM DE GERÇEKLEŞİR!!!
41. She went abroad not to have a vacation but to
improve her English.
(O, yurtdışına tatil için değil, İngilizcesini
geliştirmek için gitti.)
She went abroad not only to have a vacation
but also to improve her English.
(O, yurtdışına sadece tatil yapmak için
değil, İngilizcesini geliştirmek için de
gitti.)
42. ÖRNEK SORU: 2003 YDS
Many ordinary people don’t realize
that fat is not digested in the
stomach, ____ in the small intestine.
a) although b) but c) because
d) but also e) while
43. EXERCISE: Combine the following
sentences. Use both ... and.
The Island of Grenada has unspoilt
beaches. It also has beautiful forests.
……………………………………………
Agatha Christie wrote murder mysteries.
Colin Dexter wrote murder mysteries.
……………………………………………
The Island of Grenada has both unspoilt beaches
and beautiful forests.
Both Agatha Christie and Colin Dexter
wrote murder mysteries .
44. Use not only ... but also.
The new library will contain twice as many
books. The new library will provide
computer facilities.
The new library will not only contain
twice as many books but also
provide computer facilities
FARKLI ÖĞELER
FİİL ve NESNELER
45. The Chef arrived late. Two of the waiters
arrived late.
Use neither ... nor.
He didn't file the reports properly. He didn't fill
out the forms correctly.
Not only the chef but also two of
the waiters arrived late.
He neither filed the reports properly
nor filled out the forms correctly.
46. Use either ... or.
We'll replace the item, or we’ll refund your
money, whichever you prefer.
The road is closed. The workmen might be
repairing it, or an accident might have
occurred.
We'll either replace the item or refund your money,
whichever you prefer.
Either the workmen are repairing it,
or an accident has occurred.
47. Choose the correct one in parentheses.
• Either the director or the actors (was /
were) not professional enough for a
Shakespeare play.
• Both the sailors and the captain (is / are)
ready for a holiday.
• Neither the builders nor the architect
(understand / understands) the plan.
48. • Neither the architect nor the builders (think /
thinks) a glass floor is possible.
• Both their determination and their hard work
(has / have) contributed to their success.
• Either the brakes or the steering (is / are)
causing my car to judder when I'm driving
downhill.
49. • Either our children or the boy from next
door (has / have) pulled up all the flowers
in our garden.
• Not only the population of France but also
lorry drivers in England (is / are)
demonstrating against the high price of
fuel.
• Both lack of sponsorship and a low rate of
attendance (has / have) added to the
Millennium Dome's failure.
51. Bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan
when, before, because, although gibi
sözcükler subordinating conjunctions diye
isimlendirilir.
Bağlacın bulunduğu cümle (adverbial clause)
temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Adverbial clause temel cümlenin önünde yer
alırsa iki cümle arasında virgül kullanılır.
Temel cümleden sonra geliyorsa genellikle
virgül kullanılmaz.
YAN CÜMLE BAĞLAÇLARI
52. YAN CÜMLE TEMEL CÜMLE,
Although it was raining, she went out for a walk.
TEMEL CÜMLEYAN CÜMLE
She went out for a walk although it was raining.
53. Because she was tired, she went straight to
bed.
She went straight to bed because she was
tired.
After she made a phone call, she left home.
She left home after she made a phone call.
55. TIME
after,
before,
by the time (that),
until / till,
since / ever since
as long as
hardy/barely/scarcely..when
No sooner..than
while,
as,
when,
whenever,
once,
the moment
as soon as,
immediately,
now (that)
59. Condition
If, unless, only if, whether or not,
even if, providing (that),
provided (that), in case,
as/so long as,
suppose (that),
supposing (that)
61. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
After (“-den sonra”)
After I finish/have finished this
report, I will go out for lunch.
After I finished/had finished the
report, I went out for lunch.
71. When I finish / have finished this
report, I will go out for lunch.
When I finished / had finished the
report, I went out for lunch.
When + V1 / have-has V3, will / be going to
When + V2 / had V3 , V2
72. while, as, just as (“-iken”)
• My friend will look after my plants while
I am on holiday.
• They were playing cards as I was
working hard on my thesis.
• The alarm was activated just as / as /
when the woman pressed the red
button.
73. ANA CÜMLE ile ZARF
CÜMLESİ’ndeki
eylemler
EŞ ZAMANLI İSE
“when” değil,
WHILE KULLANILIR !
74. I watched the TV while Fulya cooked dinner
for us.
EŞ ZAMANLI EYLEMLER
WHEN KULLANILMAZ!!!
75. by the timeby the time
(-e kadar, -e gelindiğinde, -den önce)
Bir eylemin diğer eylemden daha önce
gerçekleştiğini ya da gerçekleşeceğini
belirtmek için kullanılır.
• By the time he comes back, we will have
finished the work.
• By the time he comes back, it will be too
late.
• By the time he came back, we had finished
the work.
• By the time he came back, it was too late.
76. By the time + V1
Will have + V3
Simple Future
(with “be”)
By the time + V2
had + V3
had been +
Ving
77. until, till (“-e kadar, -e değin”)
• She will wait for me until/tilluntil/till I finish/have
finished my work.
• She waited for me until/till I finished/had
finished my work.
• I had never heard of that author until/tilluntil/till
you told me about her.
78. UNUTMAYINIZ!!!
““before, after, till, until”before, after, till, until” yapıları hem
bağlaç hem de edat olarak
kullanılabilirler.
Diğer bir deyişle kendilerinden
sonra hem bir cümlecik hem de bir
isim / isim öbeği alabilirler.
80. Since – Ever Since (-den beri)
The old man has been
receiving a psychological
treatment (ever) since(ever) since he lost
his family in a car accident.
82. as soon as, once, the moment,
immediately (“-r….-mez”)
As soon as / Once / The moment /
Immediately I saw him, I
understood that something was
wrong.
As soon as I finished / had finished my work, I
went out.
As soon as I finish / have finished my work, I
will go out.
83. as long as, so long as
(…müddetçe, sürece)
I won't forgive him as/so long as I
live.
I never bought anything from that
shop as/so long as I lived there.
84. whenever, every time
(“her..-diğinde, ne zaman ..-se)
Whenever you get into a trouble,
you are always calling me!
I greeted (used to greet) him
whenever/every time I saw him
85. the first time, the second time,
the next time, the last time, etc.
• The first time I went to İzmir, I attended
YDS ACADEMY English Courses.
• The next time I go there, I won't stay at
the same hotel.
• The last time I went to Aydın, I visited
many friends.
86. now (that)
(..-dığına göre/ mademki…)
Now that we have finished our work, we
can go out for a walk.
Now that school is over, he can start to
look for a job.
Now that SADECE
V1 ve HAVE - HAS V3
ile KULLANILIR!
87. no sooner ... than,
hardly/scarcely/barely ... when
• I had no sooner received his letter
than he himself arrived.
• I had scarcely / hardly received his
letter when he himself arrived
88. DİKKAT!
Bu yapılar cümle başında
kullanıldıklarında DEVRİK YAPI olarak
devamlarında BİR YARDIMCI FİİL
ALIRLAR.
I had hardly fallen asleep when a crash woke me.
(Tam uykuya dalmıştım ki bir kaza beni uyandırdı.)
Hardly
hadI
fallen asleep when a crash woke me
96. Because she was ill, she couldn't go
to school.
(BECAUSE+SVO)(BECAUSE+SVO)
Because ofBecause of her illnessher illness,, she couldn't
go to school.
(BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE)(BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE)
97. • As prices rise dramatically, it's
difficult to make ends meet.
(AS+SVO)
• Owing to dramatically rising
prices, it's difficult to make ends
meet.
(OWING TO + NOUN PHRASE)
98. It was a good decision inasmuch as it
worked for you.
(Senin işine yaradığına göre bu iyi bir karardı.)
Seeing that / Seeing as we need to arrive
there by nine o’clock, we had better leave at six.
(Saat 9’a kadar oraya varmamız gerektiğine
göre saat 6’da ayrılsak iyi ederiz)
99. They oppose the bill on theon the
grounds thatgrounds that it is too restrictive.
( Kanun tasarısına çok kısıtlayıcı
olduğu gerekçesiyle karşı
çıkıyorlar.)
100. Now (that) you are settled, why
don’t you take up a serious study?
Yerleştiğine göre neden biraz ciddi
çalışmaya başlamıyorsun?
Now (that) yapısında sonra past gelmez.
Genelde V1 / have-has V3 gelir!
Now (that) + V1 veya
Now (that) + have – has V3
103. Because of
Due to
Owing to
On account of
In view of
Thanks to
As a result of
As a consequence of
-dığı için
-den dolayı
-nın yüzünden
-sayesinde
-nın sonucu olarak
+ NP/NC/Ving
+ SVO
Cümle içindeki yerleri ve noktalama işaretleri ile kullanımları
X_______________________ , ________________________
_______________________ X________________________
104. Because of
Due to
Owing to
On account of
In view of
Thanks to
As a result of
As a consequence of
+SVO
Cümle içindeki yerleri ve noktalama işaretleri ile kullanımları
X_______________________ , ________________________
_______________________ X________________________
the fact that
106. Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır:
although, though, even though,
while, whereas, much as,
however + adj./adv.,
no matter + question word
107. Bu bağlaçlar,Bu bağlaçlar, belirtilen birbelirtilen bir
durumdan beklenmeyen bir sonucundurumdan beklenmeyen bir sonucun
çıktığını ifade etmemizi sağlar.çıktığını ifade etmemizi sağlar.
• BecauseBecause she studied hard, she passedshe studied hard, she passed
the exam.the exam. (expected result)(expected result)
• AlthoughAlthough she studied hard, she didn'tshe studied hard, she didn't
pass the exam. (unexpected result)pass the exam. (unexpected result)
108. Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar, neden-
sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlarda
da olduğu gibi, tense uyumu
gerektirmez.
Although it was cold yesterday, it is
quite warm today.
109. Although, though, even though
Bu bağlaçların üçü de aynı anlamı
verir.
Even though biraz daha vurgulu
bir anlatımdır. Bağlacın bağlı
bulunduğu cümle temel cümleden
önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
111. Though iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştirmek
için de kullanılabilir.
Bu kullanımıyla though, "but, yet"
anlamını verir ve genellikle ikinci
cümlenin sonunda kullanılır ama
ikinci cümlenin başında da yer alabilir.
112. I didn't like the film, though I liked its
background music.
I didn't like the film; I liked its background
music, though.
I didn't like the film, but/yet I liked its
background music.
(Filmi beğenmedim ama fon müziğini beğendim.)
114. Although he tried hard, he couldn't
persuade his father.
Much as he tried, be couldn't persuade
his father.
(Çok uğraştığı halde babasını ikna
edemedi.)
115. As, karşıtlık bildiren bir bağlaç
olarak, bir sıfat ya da zarftan
sonra kullanılır ve kendisini bir
cümle izler.
Aynı yapıda though da kullanılır.
116. Adj. / Adv. + as / though + S V O
312
KURALI
Although she is rich,
she doesn’t share
her prosperity.
1 2 3
rich,as she is she doesn’t share
her prosperity.
TRANSLATION ve RESTATEMENT SORULARINI
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN
THOUGH+SVO
= adj/adv+AS / THOUGH + SVO
117. • Hard as I try, my cooking is not so
good as yours.
• Hard though I try, my cooking is not
so good as yours.
• Though / Although I try hard, my
cooking is not so good as yours.
Çok uğraştığım halde benim yemeklerim
seninkiler kadar iyi olmuyor.
118. However + adj./adv.
no matter + question word
However late it is, you can call me for help.
No matter how late it is, you can call me for
help.
Ne kadar geç olursa olsun, yardım için beni
arayabilirsin.
119. • You must know how to stand alone
however many friends you have.
• You must know how to stand alone no
matter how many friends you have.
Ne kadar çok arkadaşın olursa olsun
kendi başına ayakta durmayı
bilmelisin.
120. No matter + question word
yapısının verdiği anlamı
wherever, whatever,
whoever gibi sözcüklerle de
verebiliriz.
121. • No matter where you go, keep
some money in reserve.
• Wherever you go, keep some
money in reserve.
• Nereye gidersen git, kenarda
biraz para bulundur.
122. • No matter what you do, don't join a
street gang.
• Whatever you do, don't join a street
gang.
• Ne yaparsan yap ama bir gençlik
çetesine karışma.
123. • No matter who has taken my
book, I want it back at once.
• Whoever has taken my book, I
want it back at once.
• Kitabımı kim aldıysa hemen geri
vermesini istiyorum.
124. Whereas, While, Whilst
(oysa, -iken, halbuki)
Bu bağlaçlar iki taraf arasındaki
doğrudan bir zıtlığı ifade eder.
While
Whereas
Whilst
X + V + O Y + V + O
FARKLI ÖZNE
TEKNİĞİ
- CÜMLE TAMAMLAMA!!!
125. He is around sixty ,whereas
his wife looks about thirty.
Aylin is very self-confident
while Mert is shy and quiet.
126. ÖRNEK SORU: 2003 MAYIS KPDS
Geographical Information System tools
provide specialized functions for spatial
data input, processing, analysis and
output, ____________________
Database Management System tools
provide more advanced functions for
storing and managing large spatial
databases.
a) that b) due to c) while
d) whether e) in that
FARKLI ÖZNELER
X – Y TEKNİĞİ
(TAM ZITLIK-ÖZNE-TARAF ZITLIĞI)
127. ÖRNEK SORU: 2007 MART ÜDS SOSYAL
Research evidence suggests that, in their
games, girls show preference for home-
centered interests _______ boys drawn to
more naughty and dangerous themes and
plots.
a) unless b) when c) as though
d) whereas e) now that
Özne Zıtlığı
Direct Contrast
129. so that, in order that,
for the purpose that,
for fear that,
lest
130. So that ve in order that aynı anlama
sahiptir ve kullanım kuralları da aynıdır.
So that / in order that temel cümle ile
yan cümle arasında tense uyuşması
gerektirir.
132. Temel cümle ile yan cümlede
kullanabileceğimiz tense ve modal' lar:
Present / Future
Main clause
V2
Had V3
+so that +
Subordinate
Clause
would
could
would be able
to
might
133. She is studying very bard this year so that
she can pass the university exam.
She went to İzmir so that she could see her
friends.
I want to finish all the work today so that I will
be free tomorrow.
(…olsun diye) – (..olması için) – (..ki
böylece)
134. • Lest "for fear that, in case" anlamındadır
ve genellikle should ile kullanılır.
• Temel cümlenin Tense' ine uygun olarak
Simple Present ve Simple Past tense de
kullanılabilir.
• Lest Türkçeye olumsuz olarak çevrilir.
135. • We all spoke in quiet voices lest we should
wake the baby.
• Bebeği uyandırmayalım diye hepimiz alçak
sesle konuştuk.
• We all spoke in quiet voices for fear that we
might wake the baby.
• Bebeği uyandırırız korkusuyla hepimiz
alçak sesle konuştuk.
136. SO THAT’e DİKKAT
PURPOSE
So that + can-may-will
AS A RESULT
,so that
RESULT
so_________ that
I studied so thatso that I could pass.
Sınıfı geçebilmek için çalıştım
I studied ,so that,so that I could pass.
Çalıştım ve sonuç olarak
sınıfı geçebildim.
I studied so hard thatso hard that I could
pass.
öylesine çok çalıştım ki
sınıfı geçebildim.
138. Bu zarflar bir olayın nasıl
olduğunu ya da eylemin
nasıl yapıldığını anlatırken
kullanılan zarf tümceleri
(Adverbial Clause of Manner)
olarak adlandırılır.
139. (Just) As: “-dığı gibi”
(Just) as raiway bridges were the great structural
symbols of the 19th century, so highway bridges
became engineering embles of the 20th century.
(Just) as raiway bridges were the great structural
symbols of the 19th century, so did highway
bridges become engineering embles of the 20th
century.
(Just) as raiway bridges were the great structural
symbols of the 19th century, highway bridges
become engineering embles of the 20th century.
So + normal cümle
So + devrik cümle
So almadan kullanım
140. ÖRNEK SORU:2008 EKİM ÜDS SOSYAL
_____English contains a vast lexical
inheritance from Latin, Persian has
absorbed a great number of Arabic
loanwords.
a) As long as b) Because c) Even if
d) Just as e) Whether
141. As if / as though:
“gibi; sanki; -mış gibi”
Gerçek Durum:
Tercüme: “gibi”
Tense: Olayın gerçek zamanı
Örnek:
Take an umbrella.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
-Şemsiye al. Yağmur yağacak gibi görünüyor.
142. Gerçek Dışı Durum:
Tercüme: “sanki –mış gibi”
Tense: ONE TENSE BACKONE TENSE BACK
Örnek:
He has broken the vase, but
he behaves as if nothing happened.
Vazoyu kırdı ama hiçbirşey
olmamış gibi davranıyor.
V1 V2
ONE TENSE BACK
143. DİKKAT!!!!
“As if / As though” yapısının bağlı
bulunduğu tarafta “be” fiili kullanılmışsa
gerçek dışı durum anlamı ile olsa bile “had
been” yapısı değil; “were” yapısı
kullanılır.
They listened to him as if he were a
king. had been
144. “As if / as though” yapılarından
önce gelen fiiller:
Seem
Look
Appear
Behave
Act
Treat
Describe
Feel
As if
As though
146. • Transition, bir düşünceden başka
bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan
sözcük ya da sözcük grubudur.
• Transition ikinci cümlenin yani
sonuç cümlesinin başına gelir
ve iki cümle yer değiştiremez.
147. CONTRAST: ”zıtlık”
(BEKLENTİ TERSİ ZITLIK)
Concessive Contrast
However: ancak, ama, yine de
Still: yine de
Even so: “yine de” , “böyle olsa bile”
Nevertheless: “ama- yine de”
Nonetheless: “ama-yine de”
All the same: “buna rağmen”
148. The first part of the essay was easy; however,
the second took hours.
(İlk kısım kolaydı, ancak ikinci kısım saatler sürdü.)
He had studied hard. Even so, he failed.
(O, çok çalıştı, ama yine de başarısız oldu.)
We disliked each other ; nevertheless, we
agreed.
(Birbirimizi sevmiyoruz, ama yine de anlaştık.)
149. Direct Contrast:
Conversely : diğer yandan, aksine
On the other hand : diğer yandan
In contrast : oysaki, diğer yandan
By contrast : oysaki, diğer yandan
150. Gamze does whatever her teacher assigns;
on the other hand, Erol doesn’t.
(Gamze, öğretmeni ne ödev verirse yapar,
oysaki Erol yapmaz / öyle değil.)
Turkey’s economy has expanded
enormously, while Spain’s, in/by contrast,
declined.
(Türkiye’nin ekonomisi aşırı derece büyüdü,
aksine İspayanınki düşüş gösterdi.)
151. Bu yapılarla aynı anlamı olan fakat
kullanımı farklı olan yapılar:
Unlike her sister, she is tall. (Kızklardeşinin
aksine, o uzun boylu.)
In contrast to office workers, the working hours
of farmers are quite flexible.
(Ofis çalışanlarının aksine, çiftçilerin çalışma
saatleri oldukça esnektir.)
unlike
in contrast to/with
contrary to
+ NP , NC, Ving
(-nın aksine)
152. RESULT
Therefore : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”
Thus : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”
Hence : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”
Accordingly : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”
Consequently : “ bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, dolayısıyla”
As a consequence : “sonuç olarak”
As a result : “sonuç olarak”
*Thereby : “öylelikle, o suretle, böylece”
153. ****bu yapılardan “thereby” devamında
CÜMLE ALMAZ.
Ya “and” bağlacından sonra ya devamında
Ving alarak ya da cümle başı HARİÇ
cümlede herhangi bir yerde kullanılır.
She hadn’t studied, and thereby failed.
(O, çalışmadı ve bu yüzden başarısız oldu.)
She hadn’t studied. She thereby failed.
154. ***TEKNİK***
Herhangi bir cümlede virgülden
sonra herhangi bir sonuç zarfı
varsa, bu zarf devamında Ving ile
devam eder; bu tür durumlar için
formülümüz :
“________, sonuç zarfı + Ving”
155. ÖRNEK SORU: 2007 MAYIS KPDS
The British govenment____ details of
the next stage of its genetically
modified cropfield trials, thus ___ off a
now familiar cycle of debate and
demonstration.
a) has released / setting
b) will release / to set
c) would have released / having set
d) is releasing / to have set
e) released / to be set
thus+Ving
157. The whole report is badly written.
Moreover, it’s inaccurate.
The hotel was not comfortable; besides, it
was not reasonably priced.
Otel konforlu değildi, üstüne üstlük fiyatı da makul değildi.
I’m cold, and I’m also hungry and tired.
Üşüdüm ve ayrıca açım ve yorgunum.
158. TIME
At first / initially : ilk olarak
Afterwards : daha sonra
In the meantime : bu süre içinde, bu arada
Meanwhile : bu arada
We had the tea, and afterwards we sat in
the garden for a while.
At first, I thought he was joking but then I
realized he wasn’t.
160. Unemployment problem is getting more
and more serious. In the electronics
industry, for instance, 5000 people
were made redundant.
- İşsizlik problemi giderek ciddileşiyor.
Örneğin, elektronik endüstrisinde
5000 kişi işini kaybetti.
161. ***UNUTMAYINIZ!***
Öncesindeki isme örnek vermek için
“such as, like” yapılarının yanı sıra
“including” edatı da kullanılabilir.
Turkey has a number of problems,
including heavy traffic and over
population.
Türkiye’nin yoğun trafik ve aşırı nüfus gibi bir
çok problemi var.
163. On the whole, I love music, especially
rock.
-Genel olarak müziği severim,
özellikle de rock müziği.
164. EXPLANATION: açıklama
That is : yani
Namely : yani
In other words : başka bir deyişle
That is to say : yani
To put it in a different way: başka bir deyişle
To put it in another way: başka bir deyişle
167. TRANSITION:
konuyu değiştirmek için
“- e gelince” “..ile ilgili olarak /-e dair”
As for
When it comes to
With regard to
With respect to
In case of
about
as to
concerning
regarding
as regards
pertaining to
168. SUMMATION-CONCLUSION
Özetleme – Sonuç çıkarma
In summary özet olarak, kısacası
In brief / In short kısacası - kısaca
In conclusion Sonuç olarak
To sum up Özet olarak
All in all
Özet olarak,
herşey hesaba kattığımızda
169. EXCEPTIONEXCEPTION
Hariç tutmaHariç tutmaExcept that
Save that
Except
(for)
But
Saving
Apart from
..den başka
…hariç
…dışında
Except that
But + SVO
Save that
All my students but Deniz were in the class.
Deniz hariç tüm öğrencilerim sınıftaydı.
Apart from the salary / Salary apart, it’s not a good job.
Maaşı düşünmezsek, iyi bir iş değil.
170. By
Via
Through
With the help of
By means of
aracılığıyla
vasıtasıyla
The thieves escaped by means of that plan.
Hırsızlar o plan aracılığıyla kaçtılar.
171. Irrespective of
=
Regardless of
“-e bakılmaksızın”
TEKNİK
Çeviri sorularında
“No matter + QW”
veya “–ever word”
ler aranır.
Regardless of what they say ……..
Irrespective of what they say ……..
Whatever they say ……..
No matter what what they say ……..
173. Bir zarfı şu biçimde kısaltabiliriz.
Kısaltma yapabilmenin temel koşulu, yan
cümle ile temel cümledeki öznenin aynı
olmasıdır.
Özneler farklı ise kısaltma yapamayız.
Kısaltma yapabileceğimiz bağlaçlar ve
kısaltma biçimleri şöyledir:
174. After, before, while
• Active: While I was reading a book last
night, I fell asleep.
• While reading a book last night, I fell
asleep.
• Reading a book last night, I fell asleep.
175. • Active: After we ate / had eaten dinner,
we went out for a walk.
• After eating / After having eaten dinner,
we went out for a walk.
• Having eaten dinner, we went out for a
walk.
176. • Passive: After he was / had been
promoted, he became more interested
in his job.
• After being / having been promoted, he
became more interested in his job.
• Having been promoted, he became
more interested in his job.
177. • Passive: While it was being
carried, the table got broken.
• While being carried, the table got
broken.
178. • Active: Before she came to this city, she
lived in the country.
• Before coming to this city, she lived in the
country.
• Passive: Before she was elected Prime
Minister, she worked as a university teacher.
• Before being elected Prime Minister, she
worked as a university teacher.
(Note:Kısaltma yaparken "before" atılamaz.)
179. When
When, arka arkaya yapılmış
eylemleri ifade eden iki cümleyi
bağlıyorsa;
active cümlede when + clause
yerine on /upon + doing kullanılır.
180. • When she finished her report, she
left the office.
• On/upon finishing her report, she
left the office.
181. PassivePassive cümlede ya da "be"
fiilinin asıl fiil olduğu cümlede,
özne ve "be" fiili atılır:
when + past participle/a noun
kullanılır.
182. • When he was a young man, he was very
ambitious.
• When a young man, he was very ambitious.
• When they are used too often, sedative
drugs may cause addiction.
• When used too often, sedative drugs may
cause addiction.
183. When, bazı cümlelerde "while"
anlamında kullanılır.
Yani temel cümle ile yan cümledeki
eylemler aynı zamanlıdır.aynı zamanlıdır.
Bu durumda kısaltma, when + doing
biçiminde yapılır.
184. • When you are travelling abroad, make
sure you have traveller's cheques with you.
• When travelling abroad, make sure you
have traveller's cheques with you.
185. UNTIL – SINCE
• Until, genellikle passive cümlelerde
kısaltılabilir.
• Prepositions must be studied until
they are learnt by heart.
• Prepositions must be studied until
learnt by heart
186. Since, "...den beri" anlamındaysa
since + doing biçiminde kısaltılır.
• Since I came to this city. I hare
lived in the same house.
• Since coming to this city. I have
lived in the same house.
187. Neden - sonuç ilişkisi bildiren
clause'larda as, since, because gibi
bağlaçlar atılarak doing / having done
kullanılır.
• Because she is married now, she has more
responsibilities.
• Being married now, she has more
responsibilities.
• Since she was tired, she went to bed early.
• Being tired, she went to bed early.
188. • Eğer adverbial clause'daki eylem temel
cümledeki eylemden önce gerçekleşmişse
having done kullanılır.
• Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I
now have difficulty walking.
• Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now
have difficulty walking.
• Because I had sprained my ankle, I could
hardly walk.
• Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly
walk.
189. Adverbial clause'da be + adjective
kullanılmışsa, bu yapıyı being + adjective ya
da sadece adjective biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.
• Because she is responsible for opening the
office, she has to be there early.
• Being responsible for opening the office,
she has to be there early.
• Responsible for opening the office, she has
to be there early.
190. Olumsuz cümlelerde not doing/not having
done kullanılır.
• Because I don't know her phone number,
I can't call her.
• Not knowing her phone number, I can't
call her.
• Because she hadn't slept well the night
before, she felt tired in the morning.
• Not having slept well the night before, she
felt tired in the morning.
191. Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren
cümlelerde, temel cümleyle yan
cümlenin özneleri farklıyken de
kısaltma yapmak mümkündür.
Ancak kısaltmada her iki
cümlenin de öznesini belirtmek
gerekir.
192. • Because our car is broken-down, we
have been travelling to work by bus
since last week.
• Our car being broken-down, we have
been travelling to work by bus since
last week.
193. As the weather was cold,
we had to cancel the picnic.
The weather being cold, we
had to cancel the picnic.
194. • Koşul cümlesi oluşturan
bağlaçlardan if, unless, as
if, ve whether...or kısaltılmış
yapıyla kullanılabilir.
195. • If they were collected together, his poems
would fill a volume.
• If collected together, his poems would fill a
volume.
• Unless this case is explained properly, it
will continue to confuse people.
• Unless explained properly, this case will
continue to confuse people.
196. • She was speaking strangely, as if
she was trying to conceal
something from us.
• She was speaking strangely, as if
trying to conceal something from
us.
197. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
KISALTMA TABLOSU
1- V ing …… , özne …… : Eş zamanlı AKTİF
2- V3 / Being V3.. , özne.. : Eş zamanlı PASİF
3-HavingV3... , özne.. : Farklı zamanlı AKTİF
4-Having beenV3... , özne.. : Farklı zamanlı PASİF
199. Change the adverbial clauses to
modifying phrases.
Unless they are protected by security
guards, empty factories usually get
vandalised.
Unless protected by security
guards, empty factories...
200. While she was working as a
representative for a holiday company,
she learnt a bit of Spanish.
While working as a representative
for a holiday company, she
learnt...
201. After we had been robbed, we just
wanted to fly home as quickly as
possible.
After being robbed, we...
202. He had better find a new job
before he leaves his present
employment.
He had better and a new job
before leaving his present employment.
203. If it is kept under control,
diabetes doesn't affect one's
daily life dramatically.
If kept under control, diabetes...
204. CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA
Herhangi bir konuda belirttiğimiz bir
görüşe ilave yaparken "also"
anlamında moreover, furthermore,
in addition ve besides kullanırız.
Bu sözcükler "ayrıca, yanı sıra,
ilaveten" anlamlarını verir.
205. Bu yapıları kullanırken dikkat etmemiz
gereken nokta, önce belirttiğimiz
ifade ile çelişmeyen görüşler ilave
etmemizdir.
Yani bir şeyin iyi bir özelliğini
belirtmişsek, bir başka iyi özelliğini
ekleyebiliriz.
206. I want to rent
that house.
It's very large,
with four
rooms.
Moreover,
Furthermore,
In addition,
Besides,
it has a
wonderful
sea view.
207. Running a big car has certain disadvantages.
First of all, it's expensive to run because
it uses more petrol than the smaller models;
moreover,
furthermore,
in addition,
besides,
it's difficult to park.
208. • In addition to ve besides, preposition
olarak kullanılır ve kendilerinden sonra
isim gelir.
• In addition to / Besides her beauty,
she has intelligence and charm.
In addition to / besides + noun / Verb ing
210. When the fire alarm sounded, we left
the building immediately, without
taking our coats. It was raining
and, ........ we got absolutely soaking
wet.
A) regardless B) otherwise
C) nevertheless D) on the contrary
E) consequently
211. The footballer was hired by the
Spanish club ……… his performance
during the European Cup.
A) in case B) even though
C) besides D) on account of
E) in addition to
212. He is a member of the same
political party, …….. he doesn’t
agree with the minister on this
occasion.
A) as B) for
C) yet D) such
E) so
213. ....... how secure you make your
house, thieves can always find a
way to break in.
A) No matter B) Whatever
C) Nevertheless D) Otherwise
E) As though
214. ......... measures are taken, Formula
One carracing will, by its nature,
remain a dangerous sport.
A) So that B) Because
C) Whatever D) As though
E) No matter
215. Despite having told the waiter that we were
vegetarians, ......... .
A) he continued to recommend; us dishes
containing meat
B) we were only offered a rather disgusting
green salad
C) he said the chef could make us something
special
D) he told us they had a good selection of
meat-free dishes
E) we wouldn't be tipping him due to the
poor service
216. Unlike the head chef, he thinks adding fresh cream to tomato
soup makes it more delicious.
A) Both himself and the head chef are of the opinion that tomato soup
tastes better when a little fresh cream is added.
B) In his opinion, which is contrary to the head chefs, the flavour of
tomato soup is enhanced by adding fresh cream.
C) Although be added fresh cream to the tomato soup to enhance the
flavour, the head chef didn't like it.
D) The head chef advised him to add some fresh cream to the tomato
soup, but he doesn't think this will improve the flavour of the dish.
E) As any head chef will tell you, you can improve tomato soup by
adding some fresh cream just before serving.
217. "Küçük Kadınlar"ın yazarı Louisa May Alcott,
Amerikan İç Savaşı sırasında hemşire olarak görev
yapmıştır.
A) Louisa May Alcott was both an author, writing "Little
Women", and a nurse, serving in the American Civil War.
B) "Little Women" was written by Louisa May Alcott, a former
nurse from the American Civil War.
C) Louisa May Alcott was the author of "Little Women", which
was about a nurse serving during the American Civil War.
D) Louisa May Alcott's novel "Little Women" told the story of a
nurse who served during the American Civil War.
E) Louisa May Alcott, the author of "Little Women", served as a
nurse during the American Civil War.
218. ........... while St Bernard is an excellent
ski resort for competent skiers.
A) There are some very exciting runs
B) I had only been skiing on two other occasions
C) Rock climbing has become quite popular with
students
D) She learnt rock climbing in Germany last
year
E) St Moritz is one of the best resorts for
beginners
