3. Past participle clauses Example : Faced with an angry bull, John decided to jump over the wall. = Because he was faced with ... Founded 20 years ago, the club is more popular today than ever before. = The club, which was founded 20 years ago, is more ... (Consequence) (Relative clause)
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5. Perfect participle clauses Example : Having finished his homework, he went to watch television. After he had finished his homework ... Having been told the answers in advance, he did very well in the exam. (Time) (Consequence) Because he had been told ...
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7. Present participle clauses Example : Arriving at the bus stop, we saw an enormous queue. When we arrived at the bus stop, ... (Time) Not having any money, I decided to stay at home. (Consequence) Because I didn’t have any ...