This document discusses nucleophilic addition reactions to carbonyl groups such as aldehydes and ketones. It explains that the carbonyl carbon is electrophilic and susceptible to attack by nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, cyanide, and organometallic reagents. The addition reactions can proceed through acid or base catalysis. Products like hydrates, hemiacetals, and acetals can form depending on the nucleophile and conditions. Carbohydrates exist as cyclic hemiacetals called pyranoses and furanoses, which have alpha and beta anomers.
In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containing a carbonyl group is often referred to as a carbonyl compound.
Basic concepts of chemistry, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene, their preparation methods, properties and uses are explained. Isomerism in alkanes and alkynes also discussed.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. GUGUS KARBONIL elektrofilik Di atom Karbon nukleofilik di oksigen Nu: nukleofil Menyerang disini H + atau E + Elektrofil mengadisi disini .. : + - .. : : - +
4. C O .. .. . . GUGUS CARBONIL = PLANAR (HIBRIDIASASI SP 2 ) Nukleofil bisa menyerang dari atas atau bawah Nu: Nu:
6. Adisi Nukleofilik ke Karbonil Larutan Basa atau Netral Suatu ion alkoksida LARUTAN BASA Nuklofil baik Dan basa kuat (biasanya bermuatan) - or on adding acid
7. Adisi Nukleofilik ke Karbonil katalisis Asam Acid catalysis speeds the rate of addition of weak nucleophiles and weak bases (usually uncharged). Lebih reaktif untuk mengadisi daripada prekusor takterprotonasi LARUTN ASAM (+) pH 5-6 Asam lebih kuat Memprotonasi nukleofil
8. Adisi Sianida Buffer pH 6-8 Dalam larutan asam dengan sedikit CN - , dan HCN (g) merupakan suatu masalah (beracun). Suatu sianohidrin :C N:
10. (R-Li) Addition of Organometallic Reagents ether workup step alcohol :R - Synthesis of Alcohols These reagents cannot exist in acid solution
11. hydrates are unstable and cannot be isolated in most cases Adisi oleh Air most hydrates revert to an aldehyde or ketone as soon as they form aldehyde or ketone favored
12. .. : : + + .. KatalisisAsam + .. : :Nu Acid catalysis enhances the reactivity of the carbonyl group - nucleophilic addition proceeds more easily. weak nucleophiles can react RECALL Water is a weak nucleophile.
13. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. : : : : : + + + a hydrate WATER ADDS TO THE CARBONYL GROUP OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES TO FORM HYDRATES catalyzed by a trace of acid In a reaction where all steps are reversible, the steps in the reverse reaction are the same as those in the forward reaction, reversed! MICROREVERSIBILITY: .. + for most compounds the equilibrium favors the starting materials and you cannot isolate the hydrate
15. .. : : + + .. ACID CATALYSIS + .. : :Nu Acid catalysis enhances the reactivity of the carbonyl group - nucleophilic addition proceeds more easily. weak nucleophiles can react RECALL Alcohols are weak nucleophiles.
16. Addition of Alcohols addition of one mole addition of second mole hemiacetal an acetal H + H + TWO MOLES OF ALCOHOL WILL ADD The equilibria normally favor the aldehyde or ketone starting material, but we will show how they can be made.
18. hemiacetal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. : : : : : : + + + H 2 SO 4 ACID CATALYZED FORMATION OF A HEMIACETAL + + .. + Normally the starting material is favored - but a second molecule of alcohol can react if in excess (next slide) Like a hydronium ion first addition C O R R H O R H C O R R H O H R C O R R H R H O C O R R H R O HO 3 SO .. -
19. acetal : .. .. .. .. .. : : : : .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. : : : : : : : + + + + + + FORMATION OF THE ACETAL ( from the hemiacetal ) Resonance stabilized carbocation S N 1 second addition hemiacetal remove
21. Dry acid = HCl gas HCl in methanol HOTs Formation of 2,2-Dimethoxypropane dry acid = HCl gas or p -toluenesulfonic acid remove H 2 O THIS IS A NON-CYCLIC ACETAL (TsOH) mp 106 o C
24. a pyranose ring a furanose ring 6 5 two anomers are possible in each case FURANOSE AND PYRANOSE RINGS for clarity no hydroxyl groups are shown on the chains or rings 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 furan pyran
25. ANOMERS for clarity hydroxyl groups on the chain are not shown anomeric carbon (hemiacetal) anomers differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon
27. HAWORTH PROJECTIONS It is convenient to view the cyclic sugars (glucopyranoses) as a “Haworth Projection”, where the ring is flattened. upper-right back This orientation is always used for a Haworth Projection -D-(+)-glucopyranose HAWORTH PROJECTION Standard Position
28. D-(+)-glucose L-(-)-glucose GLUCOSE ENANTIOMERS HAWORTH FISCHER WE WILL LEARN HOW TO CONVERT FISCHER PROJECTIONS TO HAWORTH PROJECTIONS OF EITHER ANOMER
29. H 2 O hydrate hemiacetal acetal R-O-H H 2 O R-O-H ADDITION OF WATER AND ALCOHOLS WATER ALCOHOLS no reaction NaOH H 2 O H 2 O H + acetals are stable to base but not to aqueous acid
30. cyclic hemiacetal R-O-H H 2 O cyclic acetal cyclic acetal H 2 O OFTEN USED AS A PROTECTIVE GROUP STABLE IF FORMED FROM A CARBOHYDRATE A STARCH OR “ POLYSACCHARIDE” IF FORMED FROM CARBOHYDRATES CYCLIZATIONS