Acute kidney injury
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this presentation contains the most used methods for distinction between pre-renal and renal causes of AKI.
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Acute Kidney Injury
the presentation highlights on the approach of a patient with AKI: i.e History, physical findings, investigations
Hemodialysis Anticoagulation - Different Protocols / Protocol Selection - Dr....
Hemodialysis Anticoagulation - Different Protocols / Protocol Selection - Dr....NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
This document discusses various protocols for anticoagulation during hemodialysis. It begins by noting that patients on hemodialysis are at risk of both bleeding and thrombosis. It then outlines several protocols for anticoagulation including unfractionated heparin (UFH) administered via constant infusion or intermittent bolus, and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). LMWH has benefits over UFH like longer half-life and more predictable effects, but is also more expensive. The document also discusses heparin-free dialysis, regional citrate anticoagulation, and other alternatives to standard heparin protocols. Selection of the optimal anticoagulation method requires consideration of individual patientHypocalcemia (Practical Approach) - Dr. Gawad
- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/_i1H_i3tOuw
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/SYmZ9CmmN5g
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Acute kidney injury
The document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), including its causes, diagnosis, and management. It provides details on prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal forms of AKI. For prerenal AKI, management focuses on correcting the underlying cause, such as volume depletion, and restoring intravascular volume through fluid resuscitation. For intrinsic AKI, identifying and removing nephrotoxic agents is important. Dialysis may be needed for severe AKI with fluid/electrolyte imbalance or uremia.
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This document discusses hypertension and kidney diseases. It begins with an outline covering topics like the definition, measurement, evaluation, and management of hypertension as well as its relation to other conditions. It then focuses on the relationship between kidney diseases and blood pressure. It discusses how high blood pressure can damage kidneys and be both a cause and effect of kidney disease. It covers prevalence of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapy goals. Cardiovascular disease is a primary cause of death in CKD patients due to factors like inflammation and mineral metabolism abnormalities. Goals for treating hypertension in CKD depend on level of proteinuria.
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury, previously known as acute renal failure, encompasses a wide spectrum of injury to the kidneys, not just kidney failure. The definition of acute kidney injury has changed in recent years, and detection is now mostly based on monitoring creatinine levels, with or without urine output. Acute kidney injury is increasingly being seen in primary care in people without any acute illness, and awareness of the condition needs to be raised among primary care health professionals.
Acute kidney injury is seen in 13–18% of all people admitted to hospital, with older adults being particularly affected. These patients are usually under the care of healthcare professionals practising in specialties other than nephrology, who may not always be familiar with the optimum care of patients with acute kidney injury. The number of inpatients affected by acute kidney injury means that it has a major impact on healthcare resources. The costs to the NHS of acute kidney injury (excluding costs in the community) are estimated to be between £434 million and £620 million per year, which is more than the costs associated with breast cancer, or lung and skin cancer combined.
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This document provides an outline for a presentation on acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. It begins with an introduction to kidney anatomy and function. For acute kidney injury, it covers epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, treatment and prevention. For chronic kidney disease, it discusses definition, stages, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, management and treatment objectives. The document contains detailed information on both conditions.
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the presentation highlights on the approach of a patient with AKI: i.e History, physical findings, investigations
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- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/_i1H_i3tOuw
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/SYmZ9CmmN5g
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Acute kidney injury
The document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), including its causes, diagnosis, and management. It provides details on prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal forms of AKI. For prerenal AKI, management focuses on correcting the underlying cause, such as volume depletion, and restoring intravascular volume through fluid resuscitation. For intrinsic AKI, identifying and removing nephrotoxic agents is important. Dialysis may be needed for severe AKI with fluid/electrolyte imbalance or uremia.
ENCAPSULATING PERITONEAL SCLEROSIS (EPS)
This document discusses encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), a serious complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis where the peritoneal membrane becomes thickened and fibrotic, potentially causing partial or complete intestinal obstruction. Risk factors for EPS include longer duration of PD therapy, especially over 10 years, younger age of PD initiation, and no association with peritonitis episodes. EPS involves an early inflammatory phase with vague abdominal symptoms followed by a sclerosing phase where the membrane thickens and restricts intestinal movement. Diagnosis involves clinical features and abdominal CT or MRI showing thickened, calcified peritoneum and dilated bowel loops. Treatment depends on the phase, using corticosteroids and tamoxifen in inflammation or
Hypertension and renal diseases
This document discusses hypertension and kidney diseases. It begins with an outline covering topics like the definition, measurement, evaluation, and management of hypertension as well as its relation to other conditions. It then focuses on the relationship between kidney diseases and blood pressure. It discusses how high blood pressure can damage kidneys and be both a cause and effect of kidney disease. It covers prevalence of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapy goals. Cardiovascular disease is a primary cause of death in CKD patients due to factors like inflammation and mineral metabolism abnormalities. Goals for treating hypertension in CKD depend on level of proteinuria.
Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury, previously known as acute renal failure, encompasses a wide spectrum of injury to the kidneys, not just kidney failure. The definition of acute kidney injury has changed in recent years, and detection is now mostly based on monitoring creatinine levels, with or without urine output. Acute kidney injury is increasingly being seen in primary care in people without any acute illness, and awareness of the condition needs to be raised among primary care health professionals.
Acute kidney injury is seen in 13–18% of all people admitted to hospital, with older adults being particularly affected. These patients are usually under the care of healthcare professionals practising in specialties other than nephrology, who may not always be familiar with the optimum care of patients with acute kidney injury. The number of inpatients affected by acute kidney injury means that it has a major impact on healthcare resources. The costs to the NHS of acute kidney injury (excluding costs in the community) are estimated to be between £434 million and £620 million per year, which is more than the costs associated with breast cancer, or lung and skin cancer combined.
Nephrology lectures
This document provides an outline for a presentation on acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. It begins with an introduction to kidney anatomy and function. For acute kidney injury, it covers epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, treatment and prevention. For chronic kidney disease, it discusses definition, stages, etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, management and treatment objectives. The document contains detailed information on both conditions.
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The document discusses renal failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It covers the epidemiology and burden of kidney disease globally and in India. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the kidney and nephron. It defines AKI and its stages, causes including prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal factors. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of AKI are summarized. CKD is defined and its stages, signs and symptoms, and diagnosis are outlined. Risk factors for CKD are also mentioned.
Acute kidney Injury
A 70-year-old woman presented with altered mental status. Her lab work showed abnormalities including a hematocrit of 45%, serum sodium of 147 mEq/L, serum potassium of 5.2 mEq/L, BUN of 70 mg/dl, and serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dl. She was found to have dry oral mucosa. Based on her lab results and symptoms, she appears to have acute kidney injury likely due to prerenal causes such as dehydration from her minor febrile illness several days prior.
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Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury is common among hospitalized patients. It affects some 3–7% of patients admitted to the hospital and approximately 25–30% of patients in the intensive care unit.
Acute renal failure
1) Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood and is categorized as pre-renal, renal, or post-renal based on the underlying cause.
2) Pre-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, blood loss, or heart issues. Renal acute renal failure involves direct damage to the kidney itself from issues like acute tubular necrosis. Post-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems blocking urine flow out of the kidneys.
3) Symptoms can include weakness, fatigue, edema, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining
Acute kidney injury
1) Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in intensive care units and can significantly impact patient prognosis if not recognized and treated early.
2) AKI is classified using the RIFLE criteria which evaluates risk, injury and failure based on changes in creatinine and urine output. Class F injury indicates the most severe form of AKI.
3) The main causes of AKI are pre-renal such as hypovolemia, post-renal such as obstructive uropathy, and intrinsic renal injury such as acute tubular necrosis. Early detection and treatment of the underlying cause is important to prevent complications.
Acute kidney injury(AKI)
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially life-threatening
syndrome that occurs primarily in hospitalized patients
and frequently complicates the course of critically ill
patient.
Acute Kidney Injury is is (abrupt) reduction in kidney functions as evidence by changed in laboratory values; serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and urine output
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- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/Nl2xKEmvRWk
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/K14fWBNdEco
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Dialysis prescription
This document discusses guidelines for prescribing hemodialysis for acute kidney injury patients. It covers key elements of the prescription including session length and blood flow rate, dialyzer selection, dialysate composition, and ultrafiltration orders. The presentation emphasizes starting more frequent but shorter sessions at lower intensity initially and gradually increasing session length and clearance as the patient stabilizes to prevent dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
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- English version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/V3UGzJTwAWw
- Arabic version of this lecture is available at:
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- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
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This document discusses anemia management in chronic kidney disease (CKD). It covers the mechanisms of anemia in CKD, including erythropoietin deficiency and iron deficiency. It reviews guidelines for hemoglobin targets and the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anemia. Larger studies on hemoglobin targets in both dialysis and non-dialysis CKD patients, such as the CHOIR and CREATE trials, found higher risks with higher hemoglobin targets and no benefits to quality of life. Iron deficiency is a major cause of ESA treatment failure in CKD patients.
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- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/e7Ttp4VH0VI
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at: https://youtu.be/7d5JkPPdHsU
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
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- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
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Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/s8dQwB76bFM
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common complication, affecting 5-7% of hospital admissions and 30% of intensive care unit patients. The top causes of AKI in India are diarrheal diseases, sepsis, malaria, drug toxicity, and hospital-acquired injuries. Biomarkers like cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 can help detect AKI earlier than creatinine. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, eliminating nephrotoxins, and renal replacement therapy for complications like electrolyte imbalances or uremia. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause, with pre-renal and post-renal AKI having a better prognosis than intrinsic renal injury.
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This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, in pediatrics. It defines AKI, describes the causes and pathophysiology, presents approaches to evaluation and management, and outlines treatment of complications. The key points are:
- AKI is defined as an abrupt reduction in kidney function over 48 hours, seen as a rise in creatinine or decrease in urine output.
- Common causes include prerenal failure from hypovolemia, intrinsic renal failure like acute tubular necrosis, and postrenal failure from urinary tract obstruction.
- Management involves treating complications, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and considering dialysis for issues like fluid
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hospitalized patients, occurring in 5-7% of hospitalized patients and up to 30% of ICU patients. Common causes include decreased renal perfusion due to factors like sepsis, surgery, heart or liver failure, nephrotoxic medications, or urinary tract obstruction. The definition of AKI involves an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or ≥1.5 times baseline within 7 days. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and initiating renal replacement therapy in severe cases to prevent complications.
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Dialysis is a process used to remove waste and excess water from the blood of patients with kidney failure. There are various modalities of dialysis including intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane in a dialyzer to clean the blood. Proper vascular access and anticoagulation are also important aspects of hemodialysis treatment.
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This document discusses chronic kidney disease, which slowly damages the kidneys over months or years. The main causes are diabetes and high blood pressure. As the kidneys become less functional, waste builds up in the blood and the patient may experience symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and swelling. Tests can detect kidney damage and declining function. In the final stages, called end-stage renal disease, dialysis or transplant is needed to clean the blood. Home treatments focus on controlling blood pressure and blood sugar, healthy eating and exercise, and avoiding smoking.
Acute kidny injery
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, classification systems, signs and symptoms, and key points. AKI is defined as an abrupt decline in kidney function and is reversible over days to weeks. It is classified using the RIFLE and AKIN systems, which stage severity based on changes in serum creatinine and urine output. Left untreated, AKI can cause a buildup of waste in the body and lead to further kidney damage or failure of other organs. Common signs include decreased urine output, fluid retention, and fatigue. Prompt treatment is important as AKI constitutes a medical emergency.
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A 70-year-old woman presented with altered mental status. Her lab work showed abnormalities including a hematocrit of 45%, serum sodium of 147 mEq/L, serum potassium of 5.2 mEq/L, BUN of 70 mg/dl, and serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dl. She was found to have dry oral mucosa. Based on her lab results and symptoms, she appears to have acute kidney injury likely due to prerenal causes such as dehydration from her minor febrile illness several days prior.
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Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury is common among hospitalized patients. It affects some 3–7% of patients admitted to the hospital and approximately 25–30% of patients in the intensive care unit.
Acute renal failure
1) Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood and is categorized as pre-renal, renal, or post-renal based on the underlying cause.
2) Pre-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys such as dehydration, blood loss, or heart issues. Renal acute renal failure involves direct damage to the kidney itself from issues like acute tubular necrosis. Post-renal acute renal failure is caused by problems blocking urine flow out of the kidneys.
3) Symptoms can include weakness, fatigue, edema, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, maintaining
Acute kidney injury
1) Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in intensive care units and can significantly impact patient prognosis if not recognized and treated early.
2) AKI is classified using the RIFLE criteria which evaluates risk, injury and failure based on changes in creatinine and urine output. Class F injury indicates the most severe form of AKI.
3) The main causes of AKI are pre-renal such as hypovolemia, post-renal such as obstructive uropathy, and intrinsic renal injury such as acute tubular necrosis. Early detection and treatment of the underlying cause is important to prevent complications.
Acute kidney injury(AKI)
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially life-threatening
syndrome that occurs primarily in hospitalized patients
and frequently complicates the course of critically ill
patient.
Acute Kidney Injury is is (abrupt) reduction in kidney functions as evidence by changed in laboratory values; serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and urine output
Hyponatremia (Practical Approach) - Dr. Gawad
- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/Nl2xKEmvRWk
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/K14fWBNdEco
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Dialysis prescription
This document discusses guidelines for prescribing hemodialysis for acute kidney injury patients. It covers key elements of the prescription including session length and blood flow rate, dialyzer selection, dialysate composition, and ultrafiltration orders. The presentation emphasizes starting more frequent but shorter sessions at lower intensity initially and gradually increasing session length and clearance as the patient stabilizes to prevent dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
ANCA vasculitis (KDIGO 2021 Guidelines) - Dr. Gawad
- English version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/V3UGzJTwAWw
- Arabic version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/hGLaUde2ue4
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Anemia management in ckd
This document discusses anemia management in chronic kidney disease (CKD). It covers the mechanisms of anemia in CKD, including erythropoietin deficiency and iron deficiency. It reviews guidelines for hemoglobin targets and the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anemia. Larger studies on hemoglobin targets in both dialysis and non-dialysis CKD patients, such as the CHOIR and CREATE trials, found higher risks with higher hemoglobin targets and no benefits to quality of life. Iron deficiency is a major cause of ESA treatment failure in CKD patients.
Hypernatremia (Practical Approach) - Dr. Gawad
- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/e7Ttp4VH0VI
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at: https://youtu.be/7d5JkPPdHsU
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Hypercalcemia (Practical Approach) - Dr. Gawad
- Recorded videos of this lecture:
English Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/71ud0njUrFc
Arabic Language version of this lecture is available at:
https://youtu.be/s8dQwB76bFM
- Visit our website for more lectures: www.NephroTube.com
- Subscribe to our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/NephroTube
- Join our facebook group: www.facebook.com/groups/NephroTube
- Like our facebook page: www.facebook.com/NephroTube
- Follow us on twitter: www.twitter.com/NephroTube
Approach to hematuria
This document provides an approach to evaluating hematuria, or blood in the urine. It defines hematuria and discusses distinguishing it from pigmenturia or hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria. Significant hematuria is described as more than 3 red blood cells per high power field on 3 urine analyses or a single analysis with over 100 red blood cells or gross hematuria. A history and physical exam can provide clues to the source and causes of hematuria. Additional testing includes urine analysis, blood tests, imaging and potentially renal biopsy. Common causes include stones, tumors, infections, bleeding disorders and glomerulonephritis. An algorithm is provided outlining evaluation and management based on urine findings.
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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common complication, affecting 5-7% of hospital admissions and 30% of intensive care unit patients. The top causes of AKI in India are diarrheal diseases, sepsis, malaria, drug toxicity, and hospital-acquired injuries. Biomarkers like cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 can help detect AKI earlier than creatinine. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, eliminating nephrotoxins, and renal replacement therapy for complications like electrolyte imbalances or uremia. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause, with pre-renal and post-renal AKI having a better prognosis than intrinsic renal injury.
AKI AND CKD
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, in pediatrics. It defines AKI, describes the causes and pathophysiology, presents approaches to evaluation and management, and outlines treatment of complications. The key points are:
- AKI is defined as an abrupt reduction in kidney function over 48 hours, seen as a rise in creatinine or decrease in urine output.
- Common causes include prerenal failure from hypovolemia, intrinsic renal failure like acute tubular necrosis, and postrenal failure from urinary tract obstruction.
- Management involves treating complications, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and considering dialysis for issues like fluid
AKI for General practice
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hospitalized patients, occurring in 5-7% of hospitalized patients and up to 30% of ICU patients. Common causes include decreased renal perfusion due to factors like sepsis, surgery, heart or liver failure, nephrotoxic medications, or urinary tract obstruction. The definition of AKI involves an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or ≥1.5 times baseline within 7 days. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and initiating renal replacement therapy in severe cases to prevent complications.
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Dialysis is a process used to remove waste and excess water from the blood of patients with kidney failure. There are various modalities of dialysis including intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane in a dialyzer to clean the blood. Proper vascular access and anticoagulation are also important aspects of hemodialysis treatment.
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This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, classification systems, signs and symptoms, and key points. AKI is defined as an abrupt decline in kidney function and is reversible over days to weeks. It is classified using the RIFLE and AKIN systems, which stage severity based on changes in serum creatinine and urine output. Left untreated, AKI can cause a buildup of waste in the body and lead to further kidney damage or failure of other organs. Common signs include decreased urine output, fluid retention, and fatigue. Prompt treatment is important as AKI constitutes a medical emergency.
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Acute kidney injury
- 1. Clinical vignette VIII Multi-organ failure Reem Alyahya 212522156
- 3. Objective How to differentiate between renal and pre-renal causes of AKI?
- 4. Acute kidney injury Abrupt deterioration in parenchymal renal function, which is usually reversible over a period of days or week.
- 6. Pre- renal : In pre-renal uremia, there is impaired blood perfusion to the kidneys. Usually the kidney is able to maintain GF close to normal despite wide variation in renal perfusion. The most common form of AKI
- 7. Causes include: Volume depletion Decreased cardiac output Systemic vasodilatation Renal vasoconstriction Drugs like NSAIDs and ACEI
- 8. Renal : Structural injury in the kidney is the hallmark of renal AKI , it’s the second most common form of AKI after pre-renal causes. And its most commonly due to acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
- 12. History Pre-renal Volume loss Heart failure sepsis Drug use Renal Prolonged hypotension or hypovolemia Nephrotoxic drugs Symptoms GN
- 13. Physical examination Pre-renal tachycardia Low JVP Systemic/orthostatic hypotension Manifestations of hypovolemia Clinical picture of Heart failure. Renal Manifestations GN Manifestations of vascular or interstitial disease
- 15. conclusion AKI is an abrupt deterioration in parenchymal renal function, which is usually reversible. The causes can be classified into: pre-renal, renal and post-renal We can differentiate between these forms by the way of : history, physical examination and laboratory criteria.
- 16. Reference Kumar p, Clark M. Clinical medicine. Eighth edition. 2012
Editor's Notes
- In prerenal failure, you have less renal blood flow, you will filter less and GFR will decrease. When GFR decreases, it gives the proximal tubule more time to reabsorb urea. Thus, there is an increase in serum urea. Creatinine is not reabsorbed, but you do get rid of it through the kidneys. When GFR is decreased, there is a back up of creatinine and will not be able to clear it as fast. Therefore, there will be an increase in serum creatinine.
- She present with acute abdominal pain , she was dynamically unstable, so she was resuscitated with saline , analgesia and AB, day 3 she worsened , tachypnea low ox and urine out put
- There’s nothing wrong with the kidney so it can….. But with prolonged impairment it may led to renal kidney injury
- Renal vasoconstriction NSAIDs, Hypercalcemia
- Leaving post renal as the leas common cause
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