Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members, social
groups, businesses and governments who all need to be sensitized about prevention strategies for ensuring
community safety. Interpretive paradigm was used within a qualitative research approach. We adopted a
descriptive research design. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from all the
participants that were purposively chosen. Six crime prevention officers, that were selected using snowball
sampling, were individually interviewed. Data were further collected from twenty-eight members of
community policing forums in three focus group discussions and six members of the inner council in the
fourth focus group discussion. Qualitative thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that some
community policing forum members abused their skills and knowledge to commit crime than fight it. The
findings demonstrated that community policing is effective in reducing crime. However, it transpired that
the forums faced several challenges such as: lack of airtime to make calls, lack of incentives to motivate
members, female members experiencing difficulty at night because they were afraid while others were not
released by their partners to go to work. Although the community policing forums enhanced social change
towards crime in various communities, there are negative implications for women serving as members of
the forums.
DAC Action oriented policy paper on human rights and developmentDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a policy paper by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on promoting human rights and development. It outlines how human rights and development have increasingly converged over the past decade as more donors seek to comprehensively promote human rights to improve development cooperation. The DAC conducted a review to foster consensus among donors on how to address human rights more strategically. The review identified 10 principles to guide donor action in key areas like state-building and aid effectiveness.
National approaches to public participation in strengthening crime prevention...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses national approaches to public participation in strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice. It explores opportunities and challenges, focusing on social media, community initiatives, recidivism prevention, community policing, legal aid, media roles, and victim involvement. Member States are encouraged to strengthen policies and practices for public involvement in crime prevention and criminal justice. The UNODC is recommended to develop guidelines to assist governments in these efforts.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
Citizens participation and local democracy in zimbabwean local government systemDr Lendy Spires
Citizen participation and local democracy are important concepts in local government. This document discusses ways citizens can participate in Zimbabwe's local government system, including through local elections, participatory budgeting, consultative forums, civil society organizations, and formal structures like village development committees. Meaningful citizen involvement, such as having a say in decisions and access to resources, is necessary for an effective democratic local government that represents community needs.
Effectiveness of Public Private Partnership Strategies in Urban Crime Managem...ijtsrd
The document discusses the effectiveness of public-private partnership (PPP) strategies in managing urban crime in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Nigeria. It finds that 73% of residents are aware of PPP strategies and 41.7% agree they are effective. The most effective strategy is found to be the use of vigilante groups, while the least is job creation for ex-offenders. The study recommends establishing crime management offices in all districts and encouraging collaboration between local vigilantes and community leaders to improve PPP effectiveness in crime management.
This document discusses the concept of good governance and its pillars. It defines governance as the decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Good governance means operating in a participatory, accountable, transparent, and consensus-based manner to advance citizens' rights and public interests. The key pillars of good governance discussed are: rule of law, participation, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Good governance ensures fairness, empowerment, and efficient public service delivery through balancing these pillars.
How are good governance and human right linkedranda putrous
Good governance and human rights are mutually reinforcing. Human rights provide values to guide governments and actors, and standards to hold them accountable. They also inform legislative frameworks, policies, programs and budgets. The implementation of human rights relies on enabling legal frameworks, institutions, and processes to respond to population needs. Good governance reforms can advance human rights by improving democratic participation, state service delivery, rule of law reforms, and anti-corruption measures through greater accountability, transparency and participation.
Community policing aims to increase public participation in crime prevention by focusing on problem-solving partnerships between police and the community, rather than just law enforcement and order maintenance. Studies have found mixed effects on crime reduction but benefits for public satisfaction and trust in police. This paper reviews different community policing strategies and their effectiveness. It finds that community policing generally improves citizen satisfaction and reduces perceptions of disorder, but does not significantly impact reported crime or fear of crime. Specific problem-solving approaches partnering with the public may be key to evaluating community policing's effectiveness.
DAC Action oriented policy paper on human rights and developmentDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a policy paper by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on promoting human rights and development. It outlines how human rights and development have increasingly converged over the past decade as more donors seek to comprehensively promote human rights to improve development cooperation. The DAC conducted a review to foster consensus among donors on how to address human rights more strategically. The review identified 10 principles to guide donor action in key areas like state-building and aid effectiveness.
National approaches to public participation in strengthening crime prevention...Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses national approaches to public participation in strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice. It explores opportunities and challenges, focusing on social media, community initiatives, recidivism prevention, community policing, legal aid, media roles, and victim involvement. Member States are encouraged to strengthen policies and practices for public involvement in crime prevention and criminal justice. The UNODC is recommended to develop guidelines to assist governments in these efforts.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
Citizens participation and local democracy in zimbabwean local government systemDr Lendy Spires
Citizen participation and local democracy are important concepts in local government. This document discusses ways citizens can participate in Zimbabwe's local government system, including through local elections, participatory budgeting, consultative forums, civil society organizations, and formal structures like village development committees. Meaningful citizen involvement, such as having a say in decisions and access to resources, is necessary for an effective democratic local government that represents community needs.
Effectiveness of Public Private Partnership Strategies in Urban Crime Managem...ijtsrd
The document discusses the effectiveness of public-private partnership (PPP) strategies in managing urban crime in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Nigeria. It finds that 73% of residents are aware of PPP strategies and 41.7% agree they are effective. The most effective strategy is found to be the use of vigilante groups, while the least is job creation for ex-offenders. The study recommends establishing crime management offices in all districts and encouraging collaboration between local vigilantes and community leaders to improve PPP effectiveness in crime management.
This document discusses the concept of good governance and its pillars. It defines governance as the decision-making process and implementation of decisions. Good governance means operating in a participatory, accountable, transparent, and consensus-based manner to advance citizens' rights and public interests. The key pillars of good governance discussed are: rule of law, participation, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, effectiveness and efficiency, and strategic vision. Good governance ensures fairness, empowerment, and efficient public service delivery through balancing these pillars.
How are good governance and human right linkedranda putrous
Good governance and human rights are mutually reinforcing. Human rights provide values to guide governments and actors, and standards to hold them accountable. They also inform legislative frameworks, policies, programs and budgets. The implementation of human rights relies on enabling legal frameworks, institutions, and processes to respond to population needs. Good governance reforms can advance human rights by improving democratic participation, state service delivery, rule of law reforms, and anti-corruption measures through greater accountability, transparency and participation.
Community policing aims to increase public participation in crime prevention by focusing on problem-solving partnerships between police and the community, rather than just law enforcement and order maintenance. Studies have found mixed effects on crime reduction but benefits for public satisfaction and trust in police. This paper reviews different community policing strategies and their effectiveness. It finds that community policing generally improves citizen satisfaction and reduces perceptions of disorder, but does not significantly impact reported crime or fear of crime. Specific problem-solving approaches partnering with the public may be key to evaluating community policing's effectiveness.
This document is the introduction to the India Justice Report 2019 published by Tata Trusts. It provides background on Tata Trusts and their work in social justice reform over the past century. It also introduces the India Justice Report, which ranks Indian states on their capacity to deliver justice based on an assessment of police, prisons, judiciary and legal aid using government data. The report is a collaborative effort between Tata Trusts and several partner organizations working on criminal justice reform.
Accountability & transparency 26 05-2014Shamsul Arefin
The document discusses accountability, transparency, and anti-corruption measures in public administration. It provides background on why transparency and accountability are essential in government. It outlines some major initiatives to enhance transparency, such as right to information acts, citizens' charters, and e-government programs. The document also discusses accountability, including identifying responsible authorities, penalizing non-performance, and grievance redress mechanisms. It examines implementation processes for accountability.
CSCE Article Corruption A Problem That Spans The OSCEwaretc
This document discusses corruption as a problem throughout the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) region. It notes that corruption undermines democratic reform, human rights, and economic development. Several OSCE countries ranked low in international surveys of corruption. The document examines how corruption manifests itself in the OSCE's three dimensions of security - the human, economic/environmental, and military/political dimensions - by undermining the rule of law, parliamentary accountability, and public infrastructure development. It argues for a multifaceted approach including anti-corruption laws as well as prevention efforts to address this widespread issue.
Effective access to justice services is a crucial determinant of inclusive growth, citizen well-being and sound public administration. When citizens' legal needs remain unmet, it can contribute to reduced income, housing loss, stress, or employment issues. The inability to resolve these problems diminishes economic opportunity, reinforces the poverty trap and undermines human potential.
Through measurement, reviews, the identification of good practices and policy dialogue, the OECD seeks to better understand, track and help to improve effective access to justice. Our work in this area is an essential component for the successful attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 16 - to promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all.
For further information see: www.oecd.org/gov/access-to-justice.htm
The document discusses the New Public Service movement, which asserts that the primary role of public servants is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests through democratic processes rather than attempting to control society. It outlines the theoretical roots of the NPS in democratic citizenship, community and civil society models, organizational humanism, and postmodernism. The document then describes seven principles of the NPS, including serving citizens rather than customers, seeking the public interest, valuing citizenship over entrepreneurship, thinking strategically while acting democratically, having a nuanced view of accountability, serving rather than steering society, and valuing people over just productivity.
This document is the Community Policing Manual produced by the Liberia National Police (LNP) with support from UN agencies. It introduces the concept of community policing in Liberia and provides guidance on establishing community policing forums. The manual acknowledges challenges faced by LNP in maintaining security and discusses how community policing aims to build trust between police and communities to jointly address crime. It outlines roles for stakeholders like community leaders, police, and government agencies in collaborative community safety efforts.
Governing Agenda 2030: Institution-Building and Good GovernanceSIANI
This document discusses good governance and its importance for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It outlines Goal 16 of the SDGs which focuses on building effective institutions. The document then examines definitions of governance and good governance, highlighting the importance of impartial institutions. It also explores approaches for promoting good governance, both direct methods like anti-corruption efforts and indirect methods like education initiatives. Key factors for success include political will to address corruption, state capacity building, and use of both soft and hard governance tools tailored to local contexts.
This document summarizes and assesses a public health program called "Abiye" in Ondo State, Nigeria that aimed to reduce maternal mortality. It examines the program's structure, implementation, impact, and challenges. The program succeeded in significantly lowering maternal mortality, but like many public policies in developing democracies, it faced challenges related to implementation over time. The paper analyzes these challenges to draw lessons for improving delivery, outcomes, and sustainability of key public policies.
Good Governance leads to flourishing Society and Nation - Indian PerspectiveSaurabh Gupta
Good Governance leads to flourishing Society and Nation - Indian Perspective
Contents
1. Problems faced by society due toBad Governance
2. What is good governance
3. Pillars of Good Governance
4. What is good about Good Governance?
5. Who is responsible forGood Governance?
6. Good Governance Strategies - India
7. Good Governance Initiatives in India
8. Good Governance – Implications for Indian civil servants
9. Positive effects of Good Governance
Note: Many thanks to my team members for making this ppt possible.
democracy and good governance based on the observation of human rights.Wilbert Nyands
The document discusses whether democracy and good governance are based on the observation of human rights. It argues that democracy and good governance are largely based on observing human rights, as human rights, democracy, and good governance are mutually supportive and dependent. Violations of human rights often coincide with a lack of democracy and good governance. However, it also acknowledges that factors like government transparency, effectiveness, separation of powers, reforms, and accountability also contribute to democracy and good governance, albeit to a lesser extent. Overall, the document provides a nuanced perspective on the relationship between human rights, democracy, and good governance.
21st century policing pillar three - technology and social media and pillar...DiscoverPolicing
This document discusses two pillars of 21st century policing: technology and social media, and community policing and crime reduction. For pillar three, it recommends technology be implemented based on local needs and aligned with national standards. It also suggests using social media to engage the public by considering perspective, being clear and concise, using visuals, and listening and engaging. For pillar four, it emphasizes integrating community policing throughout police culture and using collaborative, multidisciplinary approaches to issues like crisis intervention. It also provides strategies for positive interactions between officers and youth.
This document discusses participatory governance and citizen participation. It defines participatory governance as citizens being involved in decision making through activities like planning, monitoring, and implementation of government programs. It outlines the legal basis for citizen participation in the 1987 Philippine Constitution and cites international covenants. The benefits of participatory governance are listed as more responsive services, increased productivity, and a sense of ownership. Key qualities of good citizens are described as being active, responsible, participatory, and justice-oriented. The rights and responsibilities of Filipino citizens are also delineated.
This document summarizes a research paper about democratic deficit and political participation in Nigeria. It discusses how most Nigerians do not participate in the political process, instead leaving it to political elites and their supporters. This has led to erosion of the social contract and democratic deficit. Leadership has become self-serving, lacking policy direction, corrupt, and developmentally deficient. However, active citizenship can lead to good governance. The paper argues that both citizens and leaders need to be on equal footing in the Nigerian system. Civil society and other groups should encourage political transformation and development through greater citizen participation.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
The Governance & Public Policy Initiative (GPPI) was established in 2012 in collaboration with the Centre for Policy Research to promote effective governance in India through discussions and debates. GPPI organizes roundtables, conferences, and seminars on issues like empowering citizens, foreign policy, health, and the environment. It aims to strengthen parliamentary diplomacy and engage lawmakers, thinkers, and civil society in policymaking. GPPI also coordinates international programs that take lawmakers to universities like Yale and Oxford to discuss governance challenges with scholars.
This document provides a summary of the mid-term report of Nigeria's Transformation Agenda from 2011-2013 under President Goodluck Jonathan. Some key points include:
- It highlights achievements in advancing democracy, such as expanding civic participation, ensuring checks and balances among branches of government, and electoral progress including more credible elections.
- It also discusses upholding the principle of federal character in appointments and project allocation to ensure balanced representation across Nigeria's diverse regions.
- The report provides statistics on appointments made to improve federal character compliance and reduce perceptions of marginalization.
- It acknowledges that more work remains to be done to curb corruption and strengthen democratic institutions.
Law, governance and the challenges for developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses law, governance, and development challenges. It defines law as an instrument for order maintenance, good governance, and social engineering. Good governance requires democracy, transparency, accountability, rule of law, and separation of powers. Development challenges include adopting holistic vs. piecemeal strategies, feedback mechanisms, and rent-seeking behaviors without oversight. Effective governance through law is needed to ensure infrastructure supports all economic players and development goals are achieved.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1 Course Lea.docxaryan532920
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Analyze impediments to community policing.
7.1 Explore the challenges faced by law enforcement related to maintaining safe neighborhoods
and communities using community policing strategies.
8. Explain why CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) and Weed and Seed programs
are important to neighborhood safety.
8.1 Discuss how CPTED is related to community policing strategies designed to maintain safe
neighborhoods and communities.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies
Chapter 10:
Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime
Unit Lesson
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, crime prevention programs became popular. Such programs included
street lighting projects, security survey projects, neighborhood watch projects, and property identification
projects. The street lighting projects employed a strategy called crime prevention through environmental
design (CPTED). This strategy requires that the environment be designed in such a way to reduce and/or
eliminate the elements necessary for crime (e.g., motivated offender, suitable target, absence of a capable
guardian). Street lighting can be strategically placed in an environment to increase the visibility in that area.
Research has found that street lighting projects do not decrease crime rates; however, they do have a
positive impact on how secure community members feel. Property identification projects are designed to allow
community members to identify their property so that in the event that it is stolen it can be identified as that
community member’s property.
Similar to the street lighting projects research has not been able to demonstrate that property identification
projects have an effect on reducing crime in the entire community and/or increasing the apprehension of the
perpetrators of those crimes. Security surveys also take into consideration the design and place when
developing prevention strategies. Once elements of a location that put people at risk or create opportunities
for crime are identified, problem-solving strategies are implemented to develop a crime prevention program
for that environment.
Citizen patrol projects, citizen crime reporting, neighborhood or block programs, and special crime watch
programs (e.g., mobile crime watch, youth crime watch, business crime watch, apartment watch, realtor
watch, and carrier alert) are programs designed to directly involve the community in the crime prevention
process. Citizens actively patrol communities, eliminate environmental opportunities for crime, and/or inform
law enforcement about criminal activity in the community (Miller, Hess, & Orthmann, 2014).
Crime prevention programs have also been specifically designed ...
Electronic copy available at httpsssrn.comabstract=30157.docxaryan532920
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3015740
Community Policing In Kenya: Examining the Challenges Derailing
Police-Civilian Relations in Teso South Sub-County.
Levis Amuya
Department of Social Work and Criminology, Kibabii University, Bungoma, Kenya
Abstract: There is still a staggering implementation level of community policing strategy many years after its
inception in Kenya. Part of the reason for dismal actualization is attributed to the controversial nature of the police
as a public service institution. This research paper attempts to illuminate the challenges to the realization of
community policing (CP) initiatives in Teso South Sub-county. Specific emphasis was placed on how the roles of the
key players in CP together with the challenges they face in their service brings Community Policing (CP) as a whole
to its knees. Busia County government, where Teso South Sub-County is located, still pays lip service to the CP
initiative and it is not treated as a matter of urgency thus leading to its dormancy as a policing strategy. Data was
collected from 108 respondents that included police officers and community members and stakeholders.
Questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussions were devised in collecting the data which was coded and
then analyzed using mode. The data was presented by use of frequency tables and pie charts. The study has reviewed
enough literature to help illuminate and understand the issues being studied appropriately. The findings of the study
address the problems of implementation, including poor police-civilian partnerships and unawareness of respective
roles among the public and the police who are the key players in CP. The study underscores that there is need for
increased civic education and capacity building among police officers especially on CP for it to achieve its intended
purpose.
Key Words: Community policing, crime, impediments, actualization, sustainability, engagement,
organizational commitment, police culture.
1. INTRODUCTION
Community policing (CP) has received increasing attention in the last decades as a viable strategy to improve the
way of life and public safety. The medieval African way of life had community policing concepts at the heart of
human relations. In traditional African society, crime was viewed largely as a violation of an individual by another.
From an African perspective, when crimes occurred, it was not the law that was broken; but people’s lives. When
colonialism emerged, it ushered in different crime control models since crime was no longer viewed as a conflict but
a violation of the state (Wambugha, 2010). However, the recent days have seen many African societies re-adopting
community policing due to the increasing need for community collective approaches to its problems. The concept
has enjoyed growing influence and popularity in recent years and a sharply increasing number of police agen ...
This document is the introduction to the India Justice Report 2019 published by Tata Trusts. It provides background on Tata Trusts and their work in social justice reform over the past century. It also introduces the India Justice Report, which ranks Indian states on their capacity to deliver justice based on an assessment of police, prisons, judiciary and legal aid using government data. The report is a collaborative effort between Tata Trusts and several partner organizations working on criminal justice reform.
Accountability & transparency 26 05-2014Shamsul Arefin
The document discusses accountability, transparency, and anti-corruption measures in public administration. It provides background on why transparency and accountability are essential in government. It outlines some major initiatives to enhance transparency, such as right to information acts, citizens' charters, and e-government programs. The document also discusses accountability, including identifying responsible authorities, penalizing non-performance, and grievance redress mechanisms. It examines implementation processes for accountability.
CSCE Article Corruption A Problem That Spans The OSCEwaretc
This document discusses corruption as a problem throughout the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) region. It notes that corruption undermines democratic reform, human rights, and economic development. Several OSCE countries ranked low in international surveys of corruption. The document examines how corruption manifests itself in the OSCE's three dimensions of security - the human, economic/environmental, and military/political dimensions - by undermining the rule of law, parliamentary accountability, and public infrastructure development. It argues for a multifaceted approach including anti-corruption laws as well as prevention efforts to address this widespread issue.
Effective access to justice services is a crucial determinant of inclusive growth, citizen well-being and sound public administration. When citizens' legal needs remain unmet, it can contribute to reduced income, housing loss, stress, or employment issues. The inability to resolve these problems diminishes economic opportunity, reinforces the poverty trap and undermines human potential.
Through measurement, reviews, the identification of good practices and policy dialogue, the OECD seeks to better understand, track and help to improve effective access to justice. Our work in this area is an essential component for the successful attainment of Sustainable Development Goal 16 - to promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all.
For further information see: www.oecd.org/gov/access-to-justice.htm
The document discusses the New Public Service movement, which asserts that the primary role of public servants is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests through democratic processes rather than attempting to control society. It outlines the theoretical roots of the NPS in democratic citizenship, community and civil society models, organizational humanism, and postmodernism. The document then describes seven principles of the NPS, including serving citizens rather than customers, seeking the public interest, valuing citizenship over entrepreneurship, thinking strategically while acting democratically, having a nuanced view of accountability, serving rather than steering society, and valuing people over just productivity.
This document is the Community Policing Manual produced by the Liberia National Police (LNP) with support from UN agencies. It introduces the concept of community policing in Liberia and provides guidance on establishing community policing forums. The manual acknowledges challenges faced by LNP in maintaining security and discusses how community policing aims to build trust between police and communities to jointly address crime. It outlines roles for stakeholders like community leaders, police, and government agencies in collaborative community safety efforts.
Governing Agenda 2030: Institution-Building and Good GovernanceSIANI
This document discusses good governance and its importance for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It outlines Goal 16 of the SDGs which focuses on building effective institutions. The document then examines definitions of governance and good governance, highlighting the importance of impartial institutions. It also explores approaches for promoting good governance, both direct methods like anti-corruption efforts and indirect methods like education initiatives. Key factors for success include political will to address corruption, state capacity building, and use of both soft and hard governance tools tailored to local contexts.
This document summarizes and assesses a public health program called "Abiye" in Ondo State, Nigeria that aimed to reduce maternal mortality. It examines the program's structure, implementation, impact, and challenges. The program succeeded in significantly lowering maternal mortality, but like many public policies in developing democracies, it faced challenges related to implementation over time. The paper analyzes these challenges to draw lessons for improving delivery, outcomes, and sustainability of key public policies.
Good Governance leads to flourishing Society and Nation - Indian PerspectiveSaurabh Gupta
Good Governance leads to flourishing Society and Nation - Indian Perspective
Contents
1. Problems faced by society due toBad Governance
2. What is good governance
3. Pillars of Good Governance
4. What is good about Good Governance?
5. Who is responsible forGood Governance?
6. Good Governance Strategies - India
7. Good Governance Initiatives in India
8. Good Governance – Implications for Indian civil servants
9. Positive effects of Good Governance
Note: Many thanks to my team members for making this ppt possible.
democracy and good governance based on the observation of human rights.Wilbert Nyands
The document discusses whether democracy and good governance are based on the observation of human rights. It argues that democracy and good governance are largely based on observing human rights, as human rights, democracy, and good governance are mutually supportive and dependent. Violations of human rights often coincide with a lack of democracy and good governance. However, it also acknowledges that factors like government transparency, effectiveness, separation of powers, reforms, and accountability also contribute to democracy and good governance, albeit to a lesser extent. Overall, the document provides a nuanced perspective on the relationship between human rights, democracy, and good governance.
21st century policing pillar three - technology and social media and pillar...DiscoverPolicing
This document discusses two pillars of 21st century policing: technology and social media, and community policing and crime reduction. For pillar three, it recommends technology be implemented based on local needs and aligned with national standards. It also suggests using social media to engage the public by considering perspective, being clear and concise, using visuals, and listening and engaging. For pillar four, it emphasizes integrating community policing throughout police culture and using collaborative, multidisciplinary approaches to issues like crisis intervention. It also provides strategies for positive interactions between officers and youth.
This document discusses participatory governance and citizen participation. It defines participatory governance as citizens being involved in decision making through activities like planning, monitoring, and implementation of government programs. It outlines the legal basis for citizen participation in the 1987 Philippine Constitution and cites international covenants. The benefits of participatory governance are listed as more responsive services, increased productivity, and a sense of ownership. Key qualities of good citizens are described as being active, responsible, participatory, and justice-oriented. The rights and responsibilities of Filipino citizens are also delineated.
This document summarizes a research paper about democratic deficit and political participation in Nigeria. It discusses how most Nigerians do not participate in the political process, instead leaving it to political elites and their supporters. This has led to erosion of the social contract and democratic deficit. Leadership has become self-serving, lacking policy direction, corrupt, and developmentally deficient. However, active citizenship can lead to good governance. The paper argues that both citizens and leaders need to be on equal footing in the Nigerian system. Civil society and other groups should encourage political transformation and development through greater citizen participation.
Corruption Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy An Historical Analys...ijtsrd
Liberal democracy all over the world is a welcome phenomenon. In every modern society the game of politics is influenced tremendously by the elite class that projects the political culture which could make or mar democracy, as a result of the activities of the political parties. The adoption of western democracy is a mixed bag of blessing and catastrophes in the body politics of the country. Today, it is difficult to reconcile Nigerian democracy with that of the advanced democratic Countries. In Nigeria, politics is regarded as a “dirty game” which scares away the down trodden people. It has been noted that the level of socio economic development in the country is significantly related to the nature of politics in vogues. Political parties are primarily aimed at primitive accumulation of wealth. Where, “the end justifies the means” . The prevailing election rigging, thuggery, corruption, fear and intimidation by security agencies as well as hate speech in the campaigns of the politicians reflect value degeneration with the attendant instability in the country’s democracy. To this send, the paper examined political parties in Nigeria An historical Perspective from 1960 – 2019 looking at the roles of political parties as they affect the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Three 3 theoretical frameworks were used in the study namely Social learning theory SLT , Social Disorganization theory SDT and Corruption Permissiveness theory CPT .The study noted that Nigeria’s political parties from 1960 2019 has witnessed some challenging situation like ethnicity, corruption, violence, military intervention, civil and electoral deficiencies. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that registered political parties should not be vehicles for the articulation and implementation of ethnic, religious or regional projects and programmes and that they should remain national in scope, courage and orientation. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs | Tarabina Veronica Pamo | Abidde Kilegha Victoria "Corruption, Political Party System and Nigerian Democracy: An Historical Analysis from 1960 – 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38079.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38079/corruption-political-party-system-and-nigerian-democracy-an-historical-analysis-from-1960-– -2019/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
The Governance & Public Policy Initiative (GPPI) was established in 2012 in collaboration with the Centre for Policy Research to promote effective governance in India through discussions and debates. GPPI organizes roundtables, conferences, and seminars on issues like empowering citizens, foreign policy, health, and the environment. It aims to strengthen parliamentary diplomacy and engage lawmakers, thinkers, and civil society in policymaking. GPPI also coordinates international programs that take lawmakers to universities like Yale and Oxford to discuss governance challenges with scholars.
This document provides a summary of the mid-term report of Nigeria's Transformation Agenda from 2011-2013 under President Goodluck Jonathan. Some key points include:
- It highlights achievements in advancing democracy, such as expanding civic participation, ensuring checks and balances among branches of government, and electoral progress including more credible elections.
- It also discusses upholding the principle of federal character in appointments and project allocation to ensure balanced representation across Nigeria's diverse regions.
- The report provides statistics on appointments made to improve federal character compliance and reduce perceptions of marginalization.
- It acknowledges that more work remains to be done to curb corruption and strengthen democratic institutions.
Law, governance and the challenges for developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses law, governance, and development challenges. It defines law as an instrument for order maintenance, good governance, and social engineering. Good governance requires democracy, transparency, accountability, rule of law, and separation of powers. Development challenges include adopting holistic vs. piecemeal strategies, feedback mechanisms, and rent-seeking behaviors without oversight. Effective governance through law is needed to ensure infrastructure supports all economic players and development goals are achieved.
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1 Course Lea.docxaryan532920
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Analyze impediments to community policing.
7.1 Explore the challenges faced by law enforcement related to maintaining safe neighborhoods
and communities using community policing strategies.
8. Explain why CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) and Weed and Seed programs
are important to neighborhood safety.
8.1 Discuss how CPTED is related to community policing strategies designed to maintain safe
neighborhoods and communities.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9:
Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies
Chapter 10:
Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime
Unit Lesson
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, crime prevention programs became popular. Such programs included
street lighting projects, security survey projects, neighborhood watch projects, and property identification
projects. The street lighting projects employed a strategy called crime prevention through environmental
design (CPTED). This strategy requires that the environment be designed in such a way to reduce and/or
eliminate the elements necessary for crime (e.g., motivated offender, suitable target, absence of a capable
guardian). Street lighting can be strategically placed in an environment to increase the visibility in that area.
Research has found that street lighting projects do not decrease crime rates; however, they do have a
positive impact on how secure community members feel. Property identification projects are designed to allow
community members to identify their property so that in the event that it is stolen it can be identified as that
community member’s property.
Similar to the street lighting projects research has not been able to demonstrate that property identification
projects have an effect on reducing crime in the entire community and/or increasing the apprehension of the
perpetrators of those crimes. Security surveys also take into consideration the design and place when
developing prevention strategies. Once elements of a location that put people at risk or create opportunities
for crime are identified, problem-solving strategies are implemented to develop a crime prevention program
for that environment.
Citizen patrol projects, citizen crime reporting, neighborhood or block programs, and special crime watch
programs (e.g., mobile crime watch, youth crime watch, business crime watch, apartment watch, realtor
watch, and carrier alert) are programs designed to directly involve the community in the crime prevention
process. Citizens actively patrol communities, eliminate environmental opportunities for crime, and/or inform
law enforcement about criminal activity in the community (Miller, Hess, & Orthmann, 2014).
Crime prevention programs have also been specifically designed ...
Electronic copy available at httpsssrn.comabstract=30157.docxaryan532920
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3015740
Community Policing In Kenya: Examining the Challenges Derailing
Police-Civilian Relations in Teso South Sub-County.
Levis Amuya
Department of Social Work and Criminology, Kibabii University, Bungoma, Kenya
Abstract: There is still a staggering implementation level of community policing strategy many years after its
inception in Kenya. Part of the reason for dismal actualization is attributed to the controversial nature of the police
as a public service institution. This research paper attempts to illuminate the challenges to the realization of
community policing (CP) initiatives in Teso South Sub-county. Specific emphasis was placed on how the roles of the
key players in CP together with the challenges they face in their service brings Community Policing (CP) as a whole
to its knees. Busia County government, where Teso South Sub-County is located, still pays lip service to the CP
initiative and it is not treated as a matter of urgency thus leading to its dormancy as a policing strategy. Data was
collected from 108 respondents that included police officers and community members and stakeholders.
Questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussions were devised in collecting the data which was coded and
then analyzed using mode. The data was presented by use of frequency tables and pie charts. The study has reviewed
enough literature to help illuminate and understand the issues being studied appropriately. The findings of the study
address the problems of implementation, including poor police-civilian partnerships and unawareness of respective
roles among the public and the police who are the key players in CP. The study underscores that there is need for
increased civic education and capacity building among police officers especially on CP for it to achieve its intended
purpose.
Key Words: Community policing, crime, impediments, actualization, sustainability, engagement,
organizational commitment, police culture.
1. INTRODUCTION
Community policing (CP) has received increasing attention in the last decades as a viable strategy to improve the
way of life and public safety. The medieval African way of life had community policing concepts at the heart of
human relations. In traditional African society, crime was viewed largely as a violation of an individual by another.
From an African perspective, when crimes occurred, it was not the law that was broken; but people’s lives. When
colonialism emerged, it ushered in different crime control models since crime was no longer viewed as a conflict but
a violation of the state (Wambugha, 2010). However, the recent days have seen many African societies re-adopting
community policing due to the increasing need for community collective approaches to its problems. The concept
has enjoyed growing influence and popularity in recent years and a sharply increasing number of police agen ...
Community policing aims to enhance public safety through collaboration between police and communities. It involves identifying and solving community problems through community partnerships, problem-solving approaches, and organizational transformation. Community policing emphasizes proactive problem-solving and prevention over traditional reactive law enforcement. It focuses on building relationships, community engagement, and addressing the root causes of crime.
Community Policing and National Security A Study of Selected Local Government...ijtsrd
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
Community policing is a philosophy that promotes partnership between the police and the community. It focuses on problem-solving and addressing the root causes of crime, rather than just responding to incidents. Unlike traditional policing which is reactive, community policing proactively addresses disorder and involves the community in identifying and solving issues. It has evolved over time and relies on information sharing, communication, data analysis, and problem-solving to improve police effectiveness and community relations.
The document discusses police-community relationships in the United States. It defines community policing as an approach that engages the community as partners with law enforcement to address local crime and disorder issues. The goals of police-community partnerships are to reduce crime and improve public satisfaction. Common partnership programs include community policing, regional information sharing, and coordinated response teams. Effective partnerships require clearly defined, measurable goals and involve all stakeholders. Technology like websites and data sharing systems can help facilitate information exchange between police and communities.
Challenges faced by community oriented policing trainees in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the challenges faced by police officers in Nigeria after undergoing training in community-oriented policing. The study aimed to examine the nature of challenges faced, observe trainee perceptions after training, and identify how challenges were resolved. The study found that despite the benefits of community-oriented policing, trainees faced difficulties implementing it after training due to resistance from both police and the public. Trainees had trouble changing orientations ingrained during traditional policing approaches and deviant police sub-cultures. This created a gap between police and the public. The training aimed to reduce this gap but challenges remained in deployment and monitoring of trainees after the program.
Here are the key elements that comprise intelligence communities:
- Collection agencies: These gather raw information from various sources like human intelligence,
signals intelligence, imagery intelligence, etc. At the local level, police gather information through
community engagement and investigations. National agencies have broader collection capabilities.
- Analysis elements: These elements assess and make sense of collected information. At all levels,
analysts study trends, identify relationships, and produce intelligence assessments and reports.
- Counterintelligence: These elements work to protect classified information from adversaries trying
to penetrate the intelligence process. They investigate insider threats as well as foreign intelligence
operations.
- Technical capabilities: Agencies rely on technical tools for collection and analysis like
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Drive-by Shooting
Drive-by Shootings
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Drive by Shooting
A drive-by shooting involves a gang member(s) driving slowly by a resident, establishment, or even street corner and shooting people they have targeted. Drive-by shootings are a tool used by gang members in order to get revenge on fellow gang members or gang members from another gang who has intruded upon their territory. The problem with drive by shootings is it is part of a much larger problem involving youth gangs in lower class, poverty stricken urban communities. While gangs have emerged in other neighborhoods, such as middle class communities, this is extremely rare.
There are many reasons why a gang might decide to use drive by shootings as a tool but the main goals is to insert their power over other gangs or gangs members. Drive-by shootings are committed when one gang member betrays another gang member or an opposing gang begins to do business on their territory. This usually means they are selling drugs or engaging in prostitution in an area considered to be another gangs. Another reason for drive-by shootings is because another gang has disturbed the business of another gang or failed to follow through with n established deal. For example it is common for gangs to sell each other guns. If a gang feels ripped off by the other gang they will get revenge with a drive-by.
The problems with the drive by is once one gang commits a drive by shooting in revenge there will be retaliation which usually come in the form of another drive-by shooting. Drive-by shootings result in the death of innocent bystanders who have nothing to do with gangs especially children. When gangs commit drive-bys the police have difficulty investigating the crime because the people in the community are too scared to talk. If a gang will shoot someone in the street in front of everyone they will kill anyone at anytime. This makes any witnesses leery of providing testimony against these criminal offenders.
Police Strategies
Police have difficulty identifying who did the shooting resulting in innocent victims never getting justice. Many drive-by shootings involve multiple suspects and multiple victims (Dedel, 2007). When police cannot solve the drive-by because members of the community refuse to cooperate, it results in community members angered with the inability of police to solve crimes. Because of the many factors associated with the drive-by shooting by gang members there have been many different approaches employed by law enforcement to stop the problem.
Due to the fact that fear of crime causes community members to fail to assist police in part due to a lack of trust in the ability of police to keep them safe, especially from the drive-by shooting, and in part due to their fear of retaliation of the gang. In order to recue this fear and reduce gang violence different approaches have been employed from community responses ...
Community policing aims to improve relationships between law enforcement and the public through collaboration. It involves police actively engaging with the community to identify and address public safety issues. There are benefits such as an improved public image of police and reduced crime rates. Community policing requires public support to identify problems and take action to solve them jointly. Most police departments now incorporate some aspects of community policing into their practices.
This document discusses community oriented policing (COP) and problem oriented policing (POP). COP aims to build closer relationships between police and communities to gain cooperation and respect. It involves tactics like foot patrols and community meetings. POP similarly examines community issues to develop effective crime prevention strategies. Both COP and POP replace reactive policing with more proactive approaches involving community partnerships to address the root causes of crime.
Predictive policing uses mathematical and analytical techniques to identify potential criminal activity based on data collection and analysis of past crime trends. Law enforcement agencies collect data on repeat offenders, victims, and crime locations to analyze criminal patterns and make predictions about where increased police presence may be needed to prevent future crimes. The effectiveness of these strategies is then reevaluated to improve methods for reducing criminal activity.
The Importance Of Intelligence-Led PolicingMelissa Dudas
The document discusses the importance of intelligence-led policing for modern law enforcement agencies. As this concept has shaped policing, the need for intelligence analysts has grown. Analysts must have research, analytical, critical thinking, and communication skills to effectively interpret data and disseminate timely intelligence. Community policing and intelligence-led policing can complement each other by helping gather more intelligence than using just one strategy alone. Gathering intelligence about communities is important for productive community relations and counter-terrorism efforts.
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Crime prevention is an important issue that requires cooperation between communities and police. Effective crime prevention strategies include community policing where police and the public work together through activities like neighborhood watch programs. Prevention programs target at-risk youth and repeat offenders to help reduce recidivism and curb criminal behaviors. While increased policing has impacted crime rates, long-term solutions require a collaborative approach between law enforcement and social services.
The role of the public in strengthening crime prevention and criminal justiceDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the importance of public participation in strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice. It notes that involving communities can help tackle crime more effectively by consulting on local problems and solutions. Key participants mentioned include the police, courts, prosecutors, and organizations providing legal aid. The role of social media and technology is also discussed. Community participation is said to be an essential component of crime prevention through partnerships with local groups. Guidelines from the UN could help strengthen public participation.
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ACTION LEARNING FOR CRIME PREVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SAFETY
1. International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.8, No.4, December 2020
DOI :10.5121/ije.2020.8401 1
ACTION LEARNING FOR CRIME PREVENTION:
IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SAFETY
Nomazulu Ngozwana, Lindiwe Ngcobo and David Jele
Department of Adult Education, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
ABSTRACT
Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members, social
groups, businesses and governments who all need to be sensitized about prevention strategies for ensuring
community safety. Interpretive paradigm was used within a qualitative research approach. We adopted a
descriptive research design. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from all the
participants that were purposively chosen. Six crime prevention officers, that were selected using snowball
sampling, were individually interviewed. Data were further collected from twenty-eight members of
community policing forums in three focus group discussions and six members of the inner council in the
fourth focus group discussion. Qualitative thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that some
community policing forum members abused their skills and knowledge to commit crime than fight it. The
findings demonstrated that community policing is effective in reducing crime. However, it transpired that
the forums faced several challenges such as: lack of airtime to make calls, lack of incentives to motivate
members, female members experiencing difficulty at night because they were afraid while others were not
released by their partners to go to work. Although the community policing forums enhanced social change
towards crime in various communities, there are negative implications for women serving as members of
the forums.
KEYWORDS
Action Learning; Crime Prevention; Community Safety; Community Policing; Adult Learning
1. INTRODUCTION
All countries experience crime, which may lead to situations where people are killed and some
family members losing a parent or having the latter being imprisoned. Moreover, factors such as
poverty, disparity, greed, deprivation, unemployment, illiteracy or inadequate education,
corruption and disregarding the rule of law increase the possibility for people to turn to crime
(United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC 2008). Eswatini is affected by some of
these factors, which is why crime has been on the increase in the recent years (Sibisi, 2017). In
the same way, all countries endeavour to ensure their citizens protection and to increase the
quality of their lives (UNODC, 2010). In Eswatini like other countries, law enforcement is
primarily the responsibility of the Royal Swaziland Police Service (RSPS) that was established
by the Police Act No 29 of 1957, which has been renamed Royal Eswatini Police Service (REPS)
in 2018 when the country’s name changed. One of the key objectives of REPS is to detect and
prevent crime and ensure community safety. It does that in partnerships with stakeholders for
preserving public peace and order and through prevention of crime (RSPS, 2007). Thus, in order
for REPS to achieve their goal, a department that focuses on reducing and preventing crime was
established.
Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members,
social groups, businesses and governments who all need sensitization about prevention strategies
2. International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.8, No.4, December 2020
2
for ensuring community safety. This emanates from the belief that crime and community safety
issues emerge from local, specific contexts (Jamieson, 2008) and so are well managed at the
community level. Moreover, local community members experience crime challenges directly and
therefore, can have valued information that may be critical to the achievement of an intervention.
While on the other hand, the long term success and sustainability of positive change in
communities is inseparably linked to the extent of community engagement and ownership of
approaches such as action learning.
Action learning is a continuous process of learning and reflection with an intention of getting
things done (Liz & McGill, 2013). The latter authors proclaim that through action learning
individuals learn with and from each other by working on real problems and reflecting on their
own experiences. The above is similar to what Marquardt and Banks (2010) emphasize about
action learning which they see it as “a process and tool that enable individuals and groups to learn
while solving problems and implementing actions” (p. 160). The authors’ explanation involves
two key issues: a process and a tool, while the former authors focused on the process that helps
people to take an active stance towards life and helps to overcome the tendency to think, feel and
be passive towards the pressures of life (Liz & McGill, 2013). What these conceptions mean is
that community participation is important in changing attitudes, empowering and mobilizing the
members towards jointly positive safety measures. Therefore action learning cannot be
overemphasized. This paper presents the findings from a study that was conducted in Eswatini,
which focused on action learning by community policing forums and their contribution in
preventing crime. The objectives were: to find out if community policing forums were effective
or not in reducing crime; and to document experiences shared by community policing forums
pertaining to their work of preventing crime and ensuring community safety. Literature review
will be discussed, followed by the methodology then findings and discussion before the
concluding remarks.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature reviewed concepts of crime prevention, community policing and action learning.
2.1. Crime Prevention
Crime prevention means many different things to different people. According to Welsh and
Farrington (2012) crime prevention is regarded as any means of preventing crime or criminal
offence from happening, meaning before crime can be committed. The authors posit that a goal in
crime prevention is to stop the incidence from happening. What further differentiates crime
prevention from crime control is that prevention takes place outside the boundaries of the formal
justice system. According to Sibisi (2007) during the establishment of crime prevention unit in
Eswatini, there were police officers that were selected to be trained as leaders for the unit. It is
stated that their mandate was to educate, design, implement and evaluate strategies to reduce
crime. Sibisi indicated that these police did their work in partnership with other stakeholders such
as anti-crime clubs for both school going and out of school youths within the communities
(Sibisi, 2017) as well as community policing. Based on the above explanations, it is therefore
expected that there should be certain benefits coming as a result of the implementation of crime
prevention programmes, which reduction of crime should be one of them.
According to Ford (2013) crime prevention has a benefit of reducing fear of crime and increases
the quality of life. Ford’s sentiments are shared by Jamieson (2008) in his study about ‘Factors
related to successful mobilization of communities for crime prevention’ which proposes that
community mobilization for crime prevention focused largely on issues of community safety and
3. International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.8, No.4, December 2020
3
their well-being that engaged internal and external stakeholders of the community at hand. It is
noted that through the collaboration of both internal and external stakeholders in crime
prevention, the root causes of crime can be easily tackled by both communities and the police in a
joint effort. On a contrary, Manaliyo (2016) posit that crime prevention is faced with challenges
such as failure to mobilize the local communities to voluntarily participate in the policing
programmes.
2.2. Community Policing
Community policing is a strategy whereby police officers are partnering with community
members in fighting crime, instead of community members folding their arms and waiting to be
helped (Mabuza, 2019). To achieve the goals of community policing, community policing forums
were instituted, which are people who live in the communities and have been selected and
entrusted by the entire community and chiefdom authorities to help the police in the reduction
and fighting against crime (Sibisi, 2017; Mabuza, 2019). Additionally, the authors indicate that
the chosen people are trained and monitored by crime prevention unit. However, it is worth
mentioning that members chosen to join the community policing forums are not screened to
check whether they have crime records or not. Community policing has five characteristics
namely, service orientation (police seen as service providers while communities are clients,
whose needs should be catered for), problem solving (joint analysis of causes of crimes),
empowerment (educated for the joint capacity for addressing crime), partnerships (a cooperative
effort to establish community representatives) and accountability (taking full responsibility for
crime by both police and forums) (RSPS, 2008; Sibisi, 2017; Mabuza, 2019).
In the light of the above characteristics, community policing forums have thus played a role in
fighting crime in Eswatini in partnership with the police officers. However, the contribution made
by them alone including their actions is not known.
2.3. Action Learning
Action learning is one approach that can be used to address the challenge of improving crime
prevention/community policing in different communities. Action learning seeks to facilitate skills
development based on integration of knowledge gained from experience and knowledge gained
by formal, informal or non-formal learning, underlined by critical reflection. Action learning is
thus rooted in the theory and practice of adult learning (Kellihe, 2014). According to Marquardt
and Waddill (2004) some adult learning theories apply more than others in the analysis and
description of action learning, which uses theories, principles and practices of the former. Action
learning is discussed using Marquardt’s approach to action learning that is built around six
components: (1) a problem or challenge of importance to the group; (2) a group of 4-8 members,
ideally from diverse backgrounds and/or parts of the organization; (3) a process that emphasizes
questions and reflections; (4) the power to take action on strategies developed; (5) a commitment
to learning at the individual, team and organizational levels; and (6) an action learning coach who
focuses on and ensures that time and energy are devoted to capturing the learning and improving
the skill level of the group (Marquardt, 1999, 2004). Action learning can be described as a
continuous group-based process of engagement, learning and reflection where a group of peers
meets regularly under the guidance of a trained facilitator over an extended time period.
Additionally, action learning is further discussed drawing from social learning principles such as
(1) attention and focus matter; (2) retention depends on the context; (3) reproduction occurs on
demand; and (4) motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic (Bandura, 1977, 1986). In action learning
groups, participants bring real problems to the discussion with the aim of generating innovative
4. International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.8, No.4, December 2020
4
and creative ways of dealing with complex problems (McGill & Brockbank, 2003) and
facilitating learning through the development of practical solutions that are implemented with
planned intent (Ashton, 2006). In this case the community policing forum members meet on
regular basis during their training by the police officers and even when sharing information
pertaining to their work of fighting crime in their communities. This is where the forum members
learn some strategies together and also share the solutions towards the encountered day to day
challenges. Sessions are conducted in a Socratic manner, such that participants discuss their
problems in a constant back and forth questioning and answering process that elicits critical
thinking, and dialogue that encourages generation of ideas and clarification of assumptions
(McGill & Brockbank, 2003). Thus the pattern follows the philosophic sagacity by some African
philosophers such as Mohlomi who was considered a wise man as he used the wisdom of other
men in solving issues (Sefotho, 2018) through the African traditional wisdom.
Moreover, the process of action learning encourages community forum members to reflect on and
learn from their own individual experiences and those of their peers (McGill & Brockbank,
2003). People learn more and better when learning takes place practically than when passively
being provided with information (Michel, Cater & Varela, 2009). This can be attributed to the
social context where community policing forum members effectively take action, learn how to
work together in teams and become competent members. Additionally, action learning technique
has been shown to improve confidence, resilience, conflict resolution, team work and
empowerment that are all acquired as a result of social learning. For Marquardt and Waddill
(2016) all forms of action learning share the elements of real people resolving and taking action
on real problems in real time, and learning through questioning and reflection while doing so. In
action learning, the most valuable learning occurs when action is taken, for one is never sure if
the idea or plan will be effective until it has been implemented (Pedler, 1997).
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1. Paradigm and approach
The study used interpretive paradigm under descriptive research design to give a detailed account
(Rakotsoane, 2019) of the community policing forums and their contribution in preventing crime.
A qualitative research approach was used in a small scale research that involved three
communities in Manzini Region, Eswatini. The study described how community policing forums
engage in action learning as a strategy to prevent crime and ensure community safety.
3.2. Sampling and Data Collection methods
Participants in each action learning group were purposively selected to participate in the focus
group discussions, based on their willingness to share their thoughts and experiences as members
in those community policing forums. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with six
crime prevention officers who were purposively and further sampled through a snowball
sampling. Purposive sampling also applied to select the six males who were inner council
members who participated in a focus group discussion. Purposive sampling was further used with
three community policing forums from the three different communities that participated in three
focus group discussions. The first and second focus groups had ten members in each group (all
males) while the third focus group had eight members (four females and four males). A semi-
structured interview guide was used with all the participants.
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3.3. Data Analysis
Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Braun and Clarke (2006) describe
thematic analysis as ‘a method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns (themes) within
data’ (p. 79). It allows the researcher to organise data into codes and themes from both an
inductive and deductive approach. Thematic analysis follows a series of steps including
familiarising yourself with your data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing
themes, defining and naming themes and producing the report (Braun and Clarke, 2006).
3.4. Ethical Consideration
The following ethics were considered when handling the interviews and focus group discussions
with participants: confidentiality, anonymity and free withdrawal from participating without
consequences. Permission to video record the focus group members were granted and all the
participants gave their informed consent through verbal and by signing the informed consent
forms to participate. The individual interviews with Police Officers were audio-recorded with
their permission. There was no revealing of names and all participants were given codes that
were used when transcribing and presenting the data.
3.5. Limitations
The sample was too small and therefore the findings cannot be generalised to all other
communities in the Manzini Region. However, there may be similar patterns pertaining to the
responses received if the study can be replicated to other communities in the same region.
4. FINDINGS
A number of themes emerged from the interviews and focus group discussions and were grouped
under broad categories of inputs, processes and outcomes. Under the inputs, crime is a major
issue with sub-themes such as: effective community policing forums in preventing crime;
challenges experienced by community policing forums; abuse of skills and knowledge by the
forum members. Under processes there are sub-themes such as: benefits gained from action
learning within the context of CPF work; and trust among members. Then improved community
safety is classified under the outcomes. These categories are discussed in order, the first being
inputs.
4.1. Inputs
It was noted from the data that CPF have effectively managed to prevent crime in a number of
ways. One inner council member attested that:
The CPF is an important resource because we live in a very eventful world these days. We assign
them [CPF] to provide security to any kind of event that has a potential of criminal activity like
weddings and funerals. I am reminded of a day when one man was caught on the act trying to
break into a parked car at a night vigil… I cannot go into details because we are all relatives here
(Inner council FGD, participant B)
Another member interjected:
As I speak I am the one guarding the chiefdom (umphakatsi) since there are threats that people
want to burn it down, so I have to be there day and night in the absence of anyone except for the
weekends (Inner council FGD, participant A)
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The community policing forum is doing a commendable job even though some people do not
appreciate. The fact that there is someone to immediately think of in the community when one is
in trouble, makes us feel safer unlike when you would sort yourself. In my observation they
[CPF] are not supported enough, otherwise they [CPF] can do even better (Inner council FGD,
participant E)
The above responses show that CPF reduce and prevent crime from occurring in some instances,
indicating that the forum members are contributing immensely in crime reduction and ensuring
for community safety as they are better placed in communities than the police officers. However,
it was also observed that despite the efforts by CPF, crime has escalated in some areas due to
some development initiatives in some communities. This has brought several challenges as
indicated in the data below:
If relocating was that simple and would not require finances, I would have left this place for
another one where criminal activities were better. Here, there is no day that passes without crime
reports (CPF member, FGD community B)
Development is essential for every community but it comes with consequences of crime and
other things. This area expressed excitement when Sappi Usuthu started the forest next to our
place since people thought of job opportunities…but that turned the other way round and brought
crime than before. Stock is stolen in the forests (Inner council FGD, participant D)
The above data reveal that some areas experienced challenges of high crime reports than others.
There were other challenges expressed by some members as follows:
Working as a member of the forum does not bring anything for me except hatred by members of
the community…so who can tolerate to be hated while not getting any reward? The answer is no
one… so if things were going my way, I would step down…but I am doing this for the respect of
my chiefdom… (Male CPF, FGD community A)
Another member added:
This work is very dangerous especially for someone who do not have required equipment such as
guns for protecting ourselves… we lack airtime to call the police, there are no incentives but we
sacrifice and put our lives at risk while we do not get anything in return… (Male CPF, FGD
community A.
I don’t attend reports at night because my husband does not permit me and if I insist he suspects
me of having extra-marital affairs (Female CPF, FGD community C)
The above data designate that forum members saw their work of community policing as one that
deserved to be rewarded. Perhaps this was necessitated by that the work took all their time,
involved challenges of putting their lives at risk and also had to use their airtime when calling the
police whenever necessary. Accordingly, there was a notion that some community forum
members were abusing their policing skills and knowledge by actually committing crime instead
of fighting it. This came from two different focus group discussions, showing the seriousness of
the problem. These criminal activities by some community policing forum members may be
propelled by their lack of incentives, since they are not remunerated as they serve as volunteers.
It may be likely that they could join criminal activities in an effort of raising income to meet their
basic needs.
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It is annoying to discover that a person who is entrusted with this duty [of CPF] but who betray
the other hardworking members by giving suspected people some tips and information and
protecting them with the intention of getting paid (Male CPF, FGD community B).
The challenge of unemployment is a trouble for our CPF members because they turn to indulge
into drinking the cheap home brewed [beer] where most crimes occur… and they are [crimes] not
reported because such members address them there and [they] stop calling police because a lot
will transpire, like those trading without licences (Inner council FGP, community A)
The above responses suggest that some CPF members do not take their work seriously and do not
fully commit, which shows lack of motivation that is needed to encourage them. It is noted that
CPF members are selected in various communities, however with no specific criteria for
choosing deserving members in the whole process.
4.2. Processes
In this category, there were sub-themes such as benefits of action learning within the context of
CPF work; and trust among members. For the benefits of action learning, several participants
expressed that action learning was empowering and gave them confidence, assertiveness and a
sense of independence. They revealed that group meetings empowered them to be proactive in
finding solutions to challenges in their work and made them more confident to share ideas and
mobilize other members to support new approaches to solving problems. Participants also stated
that action learning empowered them to approach their partners (police officers) with ideas on
how to improve strategies of preventing crime in the communities. Almost all the participants
mentioned that they had developed confidence through participating in the action learning
sessions and that they applied the competencies in their work. One community policing forum
member stated:
No, before that I didn’t have that confidence, you know, but after I’ve started engaging in this
action learning I became so grateful, you know, and have that confidence that really I’m going…
… (Male CPF in FGD 2, Community B).
Another participant also shared similar sentiments about the benefits of action learning in relation
to their community policing work.
Working together and sharing information made me confident…assertive and confident, that
process actually makes one become stronger in the whole process… (Male CPF in FGD1,
Community A).
I like this work very much because it came with a lot of benefits for me… ever since I became a
member no one has ever dreamt of committing crime in my home… I think they are afraid [of
me] another thing is the respect I get from people that makes me feel a sense of high status (Male
CPF in FGD 3, community C)
The above data demonstrate the member expressing his comfort in being a forum member in that
he feels protected from crime by virtue of being a member. On the issue of benefits, one crime
prevention police officer validated by saying:
As far as I see this, community policing forums make the police work to be easy, and with them
[CPF] the friction that used to exist between the police and the communities is minimal these
days (Interview, Crime Prevention Police Officer 2)
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It can be noted from the above data that in action learning, problems are solved within a group of
individuals who diversely interact and therefore share various opinions.
Trust among the group members was another key feature that was identified by participants. As a
result of the similarity of the challenges experienced by participants and their frequent meetings,
participants learned to trust one another and developed lasting relationships that continued
beyond action learning.
On a contrary, trust was an issue of concern where some CPF members stated that police were
unethical in the process of community policing. One said:
The police do not practice what they preach. They teach us to call them in cases of emergency
and that they will be there but that is not happening practically. We call them today and they
come tomorrow… The police also sell us out to the suspects by revealing us as their informers
and thereafter deny having done that… (Male CPF, FGD community C).
The above response shows that the police do not honour their stipulated time of attending crime
thus breaking trust and hope in them. Moreover the data reveal that the police lack customer care
skills, confidentiality and work ethics which all compromise the impact of policing outcomes.
4.3. Outcomes
Despite the above sentiment indicating that some members and some police were compromising
processes of policing, the work done by community policing forums cannot be overemphasized.
It was worthy to note that the work of community policing forums improved community safety
generally. One member illustrated this:
The community policing forum members should not look down upon themselves because this
programme was meant for community members to discover their potential to solve their criminal
problems and improve their community safety. It is my belief that one day a piece of legislation
will be enacted for them [CPF] like in other countries (Interview, Crime prevention police officer
2)
The above response demonstrates that there is no law that is guiding the practices and operations
of community policing forums, which could be a solution to some challenges they face.
Action learning provided a platform for participants to develop problem-solving skills that they
could then practically apply to manage their work more effectively. Participants also mentioned
that the iterative way of interrogating a challenge brought to the group, improved their critical
thinking skills which were applied to their work challenges in order to develop relevant solutions.
Moreover, these skills encouraged the participants to take initiative in their work because they did
not rely on police officers to propose ideas on how to tackle challenges.
5. DISCUSSION
The findings suggest that community policing forums contribute in reducing and preventing
crime in communities of Manzini, Eswatini. These forums seemed to be working in different
communities as a resource for police by providing security to some events taking place in
communities, give information to the police or even make calls on emergency cases among other
duties. It was revealed that community policing forums serve in their communities thus have
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reduced the fear of crime as they are known to be there unlike the police who are not residing in
communities where crime takes place. The findings concur with suggestions by Jamieson (2008).
On the other hand community policing forum members faced challenges of handling escalating
crime especially in developing communities. The challenges were overwhelming and included
hatred of forum members by members of the public while doing their work. Some members
indicated their dilemma of not dropping the work due to obedience to their chiefdoms. It
transpired that the work done by community policing forums was dangerous, risky not issued
with necessary work equipment to protect themselves from these difficulties. The findings
revealed that community policing forum members were not rewarded, not given incentives to
motivate and encourage them to do their work properly, instead used their airtime to call the
police, thus impoverishing them even more. These findings supported Manaliyo (2016).
On the light of the above challenges, some members of the forums were not taking their work
seriously and lacked commitment as the findings illustrated that some drank too much, hide
information or give suspects tip offs or even turn to crime by abusing the skills and knowledge
they received when they were trained. This is supporting the UNODC (2008, 2010).
Despite the above challenges faced, the findings demonstrated the benefits received from action
learning by forum members when interacting and working together to fight and prevent crime.
The members’ confidence was built, they earned respect from the public while some expressed
their comfort as they were protected and supported one another through sharing information in
the meetings they held together. That portrayed an African cultural way of engaging together
when tackling problems, which also facilitated issues of trust among members (Sefotho, 2018;
Ford, 2013).
Contrarily the police were found to be lacking the customer care whereby they revealed the
forum members to the suspects, delay to attend scene of crimes thus compromising the work
ethics. Police were no longer trustworthy as they lacked confidentiality, thus disturbing the
operation of the CPFs. Despite all what was revealed, the CPF members made the work of the
police easy. This was pointed out by the outcomes where forums served as programmes that
generally improved community safety in various communities. However, it was noted that there
was no regulation or law that guided the operation of the forums. That had a serious implication
starting from the criteria used to choose members who voluntarily joined the forums.
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
While community policing forums are doing a great job pertaining to community safety
measures, it is important to realize the importance of individual internal transformation in this
whole situation. This means that change starts from within, from the internal self in every effort
done by groups, which might not be addressed in the training received by CPF from the police.
The following recommendations are made:
(1) The number of CPF members must be increased so that more strategies can be put in place,
such as neighborhoods watch teams.
(2) Communities must encourage participation of young people as members of the forums in
all the communities and members should be screened.
(3) Communities need to re-visit the work of female members serving in the forums.
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(4) Training and action learning by CPF should start by focusing on individual’s change of
character to boost their intrinsic motivation when serving and exercising responsible
citizenship in ensuring for their community safety.
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Corresponding author: Nomazulu Ngozwana
Contact email: nomazulungozwana@gmai.com
AUTHORS
Nomazulu Ngozwana
Lindiwe Ngcobo
David Jele