The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, banditry, ritual murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious violence, kidnapping, pipe line vandalism, election violence are becoming very serious problem to the Nigerian society. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs "Community Policing and National Security: A Study of Selected Local Government Areas in Bayelsa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38204.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38204/community-policing-and-national-security-a-study-of-selected-local-government-areas-in-bayelsa-state-nigeria/aristotle-isaac-jacobs
ACTION LEARNING FOR CRIME PREVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SAFETYijejournal
Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members, social
groups, businesses and governments who all need to be sensitized about prevention strategies for ensuring
community safety. Interpretive paradigm was used within a qualitative research approach. We adopted a
descriptive research design. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from all the
participants that were purposively chosen. Six crime prevention officers, that were selected using snowball
sampling, were individually interviewed. Data were further collected from twenty-eight members of
community policing forums in three focus group discussions and six members of the inner council in the
fourth focus group discussion. Qualitative thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that some
community policing forum members abused their skills and knowledge to commit crime than fight it. The
findings demonstrated that community policing is effective in reducing crime. However, it transpired that
the forums faced several challenges such as: lack of airtime to make calls, lack of incentives to motivate
members, female members experiencing difficulty at night because they were afraid while others were not
released by their partners to go to work. Although the community policing forums enhanced social change
towards crime in various communities, there are negative implications for women serving as members of
the forums.
Police-Public Relations as a Potent Tool for Combating Crime, Insecurity, and...inventionjournals
For quite long now, some commentators have oftentimes been lured into confusing the concept and practice of police-public relations with that of police-community relations, community policing, policemedia relations or local vigilantism. Against this backdrop, therefore, this paper examined the state of police– public relations in Nigeria with special focus on how it could be deployed as a potent tool for fighting crime and preventing social disorder in the country. The paper adopted a research methodology of review of extant related literature on the fields of security, public, and policing backed by judgmental content analysis technique. The paper made a number of interesting findings. Prominent among this findings included the fact that Police authorities in Nigeria since 1930, the force was established had made efforts to forge a strong relationship with the public it serves including establishment of such structures and mechanisms like Police Public Complaints Bureau, Police Community Relations Committees and various organs of community-policing projects scattered all over the country. In spite of these efforts, police–public relations in the country had remained sordidly sour, conflictual, and unredeeming. Again, the paper also identified a number of structural, institutional, and attitudinal factors that are responsible for the deteriorating gap in the relationship between the police in Nigeria and members of the public they are hired to serve. These factors include systemic corruption, the very nature of policing in a once colonized state like Nigeria, inappropriate use of lethal force, extrajudicial killings, and intimidation. Others are extortion, illegal arrest and detention, poor funding and lack of adequate training or education, among other ills. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations, as a way forward which included greater emphasis on awareness campaigns to sanitize the police force to be appreciated by members of the public, that NPPRD should be made autonomous and public relations professionals recruited into its fold; rigorous background check of recruits in order to weed out persons of questionable character at the point of entry; and design of curriculum that would inculcate modern policing ideals and democratic values in police rank and file, among others
Changing Trends in Criminal Justice and Human Rights in Globalised WorldSwasti Chaturvedi
This PowerPoint presentation has been designed by me for my father who is an Advocate and was invited by an institution for a webinar to provide knowledge to the budding lawyers on the abovementioned topic. It contains information and suggestions regarding trends in the criminal justice system and human rights globally.
Abstract: The menace of corruption in Nigeria is very pervasive with global implications. So pervasive is corruption in Nigeria that almost every aspect of National life is affected one way or the other (Matthew et al 2013). According to Woodward 2015, psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers. It is however difficult to provide the exact date that corruption became a subject of national discourse in Nigeria (Matthew et al 2013). The age of corruption in Nigeria however, has affected the socio-psychology of the citizenry as there have been little or no effective measures put in place to curb the menace of corruption. It is also undisputedly true that corruption in the Nigerian society has eaten deep into the law enforcement agencies, political parties, political leaders, judicial system, government and private ministries and parastatals, law makers, etc., and above all, the psycho-social standing of the citizenry is greatly affected. Thus, curbing corruption in Nigeria may seem too daunting to dare but before proffering critical remedies/strategies/recommendations that will help tremendously in curbing corruption in Nigeria, a closer look at some two major factors that have been grossly infected by corruption will be considered. These two factors are carefully selected because the multiplier effects of corruption we see today in Nigeria find their roots in these two factors which are political corruption and judicial corruption. If corruption in these two institutions mentioned is curbed, then corruption in other aspects of life would have been greatly diminished and the slogan “change begins with me” would become more productive in the reduction of corruption as well as conscience upliftment and Nigeria would be in her way forward to a corrupt-free nation.
Keywords: corruption.
Title: TOWARDS CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN SOCIETY
Author: NWUZOR, E. EZIAKU, ANYAOGU, BONIFACE E
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH),
ISSN 2349-7831,
Paper Publications
A Review of the History and Theories Surrounding the Concept of Children’s Ri...AkashSharma618775
Children’s rights as set out in national and international instruments outline the fundamental obligations
of society that are essential in meeting the needs of children. In Nigeria, the policies on the rights of children and
young persons have been guided by the principles set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, as well as those in the Child’s Rights Act of
2003. Despite this, there are still challenges to the protection of children’s rights. Using a doctrinal methodology,
the paper examines the history of the development of children’s rights before discussing some of the theories and
approaches to children’s rights. The paper considers that the concept of children’s rights has been appreciated in
Nigeria, as children are recognised as an important part of the society. However, there are differences from the
western concept of children’s rights as well as societal issues which may lead to challenges in the acceptance and
implementation of internationally recognised standards. Ultimately, to make children’s rights a reality, the existing
theories need to be merged with the unique cultural norms in Nigeria.
Corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. From high-profile cases to individual selfish mentality, the syndrome has been very pervasive and currently, corruption seems to be fighting back in the country. This paper highlights some definition of corruption and explores the psychological and ethical bases for corrupt mentality in Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that there is the need to institutionalize regulations with ethical reorientation of the young ones against greed and nepotism with appropriate civic value system. As charity begins at home, it is recommended that the home as an informal sector for civic learning should form a synergy with school civic education for promoting corrupt-free mentality.
ACTION LEARNING FOR CRIME PREVENTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY SAFETYijejournal
Crime prevention is everyone’s responsibility – law enforcement officers, community members, social
groups, businesses and governments who all need to be sensitized about prevention strategies for ensuring
community safety. Interpretive paradigm was used within a qualitative research approach. We adopted a
descriptive research design. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from all the
participants that were purposively chosen. Six crime prevention officers, that were selected using snowball
sampling, were individually interviewed. Data were further collected from twenty-eight members of
community policing forums in three focus group discussions and six members of the inner council in the
fourth focus group discussion. Qualitative thematic analysis was used. The findings revealed that some
community policing forum members abused their skills and knowledge to commit crime than fight it. The
findings demonstrated that community policing is effective in reducing crime. However, it transpired that
the forums faced several challenges such as: lack of airtime to make calls, lack of incentives to motivate
members, female members experiencing difficulty at night because they were afraid while others were not
released by their partners to go to work. Although the community policing forums enhanced social change
towards crime in various communities, there are negative implications for women serving as members of
the forums.
Police-Public Relations as a Potent Tool for Combating Crime, Insecurity, and...inventionjournals
For quite long now, some commentators have oftentimes been lured into confusing the concept and practice of police-public relations with that of police-community relations, community policing, policemedia relations or local vigilantism. Against this backdrop, therefore, this paper examined the state of police– public relations in Nigeria with special focus on how it could be deployed as a potent tool for fighting crime and preventing social disorder in the country. The paper adopted a research methodology of review of extant related literature on the fields of security, public, and policing backed by judgmental content analysis technique. The paper made a number of interesting findings. Prominent among this findings included the fact that Police authorities in Nigeria since 1930, the force was established had made efforts to forge a strong relationship with the public it serves including establishment of such structures and mechanisms like Police Public Complaints Bureau, Police Community Relations Committees and various organs of community-policing projects scattered all over the country. In spite of these efforts, police–public relations in the country had remained sordidly sour, conflictual, and unredeeming. Again, the paper also identified a number of structural, institutional, and attitudinal factors that are responsible for the deteriorating gap in the relationship between the police in Nigeria and members of the public they are hired to serve. These factors include systemic corruption, the very nature of policing in a once colonized state like Nigeria, inappropriate use of lethal force, extrajudicial killings, and intimidation. Others are extortion, illegal arrest and detention, poor funding and lack of adequate training or education, among other ills. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations, as a way forward which included greater emphasis on awareness campaigns to sanitize the police force to be appreciated by members of the public, that NPPRD should be made autonomous and public relations professionals recruited into its fold; rigorous background check of recruits in order to weed out persons of questionable character at the point of entry; and design of curriculum that would inculcate modern policing ideals and democratic values in police rank and file, among others
Changing Trends in Criminal Justice and Human Rights in Globalised WorldSwasti Chaturvedi
This PowerPoint presentation has been designed by me for my father who is an Advocate and was invited by an institution for a webinar to provide knowledge to the budding lawyers on the abovementioned topic. It contains information and suggestions regarding trends in the criminal justice system and human rights globally.
Abstract: The menace of corruption in Nigeria is very pervasive with global implications. So pervasive is corruption in Nigeria that almost every aspect of National life is affected one way or the other (Matthew et al 2013). According to Woodward 2015, psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function. This approach is used in broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as well as by medical and social science researchers. It is however difficult to provide the exact date that corruption became a subject of national discourse in Nigeria (Matthew et al 2013). The age of corruption in Nigeria however, has affected the socio-psychology of the citizenry as there have been little or no effective measures put in place to curb the menace of corruption. It is also undisputedly true that corruption in the Nigerian society has eaten deep into the law enforcement agencies, political parties, political leaders, judicial system, government and private ministries and parastatals, law makers, etc., and above all, the psycho-social standing of the citizenry is greatly affected. Thus, curbing corruption in Nigeria may seem too daunting to dare but before proffering critical remedies/strategies/recommendations that will help tremendously in curbing corruption in Nigeria, a closer look at some two major factors that have been grossly infected by corruption will be considered. These two factors are carefully selected because the multiplier effects of corruption we see today in Nigeria find their roots in these two factors which are political corruption and judicial corruption. If corruption in these two institutions mentioned is curbed, then corruption in other aspects of life would have been greatly diminished and the slogan “change begins with me” would become more productive in the reduction of corruption as well as conscience upliftment and Nigeria would be in her way forward to a corrupt-free nation.
Keywords: corruption.
Title: TOWARDS CURBING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIAN SOCIETY
Author: NWUZOR, E. EZIAKU, ANYAOGU, BONIFACE E
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH),
ISSN 2349-7831,
Paper Publications
A Review of the History and Theories Surrounding the Concept of Children’s Ri...AkashSharma618775
Children’s rights as set out in national and international instruments outline the fundamental obligations
of society that are essential in meeting the needs of children. In Nigeria, the policies on the rights of children and
young persons have been guided by the principles set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, as well as those in the Child’s Rights Act of
2003. Despite this, there are still challenges to the protection of children’s rights. Using a doctrinal methodology,
the paper examines the history of the development of children’s rights before discussing some of the theories and
approaches to children’s rights. The paper considers that the concept of children’s rights has been appreciated in
Nigeria, as children are recognised as an important part of the society. However, there are differences from the
western concept of children’s rights as well as societal issues which may lead to challenges in the acceptance and
implementation of internationally recognised standards. Ultimately, to make children’s rights a reality, the existing
theories need to be merged with the unique cultural norms in Nigeria.
Corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. From high-profile cases to individual selfish mentality, the syndrome has been very pervasive and currently, corruption seems to be fighting back in the country. This paper highlights some definition of corruption and explores the psychological and ethical bases for corrupt mentality in Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that there is the need to institutionalize regulations with ethical reorientation of the young ones against greed and nepotism with appropriate civic value system. As charity begins at home, it is recommended that the home as an informal sector for civic learning should form a synergy with school civic education for promoting corrupt-free mentality.
Evaluation of the Factors Affecting Community Policing Project in Teso South ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This research sought to evaluate the factors affecting community policing project. The research objective was, to determine the influence of committee structures on effective implementation of community policing projects. The research employed case study design which used qualitative and quantitative research methods. Primary data from interviews and questionnaires, secondary data from sources such as books, journals and official reports as well as internet sources were used. Simple and stratified random sampling technique was used to identify a sample 245 respondents from a population of 510.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Ms Excel software. The research established that unclear legal and institutional framework of CP committee structures affect effective implementation of CP project. The study recommends for a comprehensive membership in CP committees by ensuring that at least one third of the members represent women, youth and the disables in compliance with the constitution.
Accountability and Public Sector Performance in the Third World Country A Cas...ijtsrd
"This study focuses on accountability and public sector performance in the third world country A case study of Nigeria. The study is a demonstration of simple random sampling techniques on the bases of which a survey administration of questionnaires was done. The data collected was analysed by using chi square statistical tool. The result revealed that there is relationship between appraisal of transparency public office holders and public sector performance using a case study of Ose Local Government Area Secretariat, Ose, Ondo State Nigeria. The findings revealed that there is relationship between appraisal of integrity of public office holders and performance output within short and long period their regime using a case study of Ose Local Government Area Secretariat, Ose, Ondo State Nigeria. The paper recommends that issue of immunity clause as treated in the 1999 Constitution as amended must be revisited to improve accountability of public officeholder in Nigeria public service. Public officeholders need be made to answer for any suspected acts of funds misappropriation or mismanagement irrespective of social status. Oloruntoba Sunday Rufus | Gbemigun Catherine O ""Accountability and Public Sector Performance in the Third World Country: A Case Study of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21748.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/21748/accountability-and-public-sector-performance-in-the-third-world-country-a-case-study-of-nigeria/oloruntoba-sunday-rufus"
Bureaucracy and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Buhari’s Change AgendaAJHSSR Journal
The issue of corruption has taken the front burner in public discourse in Nigeria. This is
particularly because of the leadership that emerged in the country from the 2015 general elections concluded in
April same year. The emergence of President Muhammadu Buhari as the country‘s President has made the issue
of corruption to resonate with a deafening intensity as the fight against corruption became the major item on the
campaign promises of the All Progressive Congress (APC), the current ruling party in the country. This paper
addresses the issue of corruption in Nigeria‘s bureaucracy and its implications for the change mantra of the
Buhari civilian administration. The paper adopts a qualitative method and relied on secondary sources of data. It
also adopted the theory of anomie and the contradictions of bureaucracy as a theoretical framework. It defines
bureaucracy and corruption, gives an overview of bureaucratic corruption and highlights its implications on the
Buhari‘s change agenda. It discusses in great detail the implications of the corruption in the bureaucracy on the
sustenance and consolidation of democracy as well as the change agenda of the Buhari government and
highlights such issues as poverty and underdevelopment, negative impacts on productivity and efficiency, the
deprivation of the citizenry of the benefits of good governance and the much needed dividends of democracy
among others.It argues that if the bureaucracy in Nigeria is not purged of all corrupt tendencies it will be
impossible for it to drive the much needed change necessary for democratic consolidation and recommends the
need to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies, making accountability and transparency an article of faith,
addressing the issues of salaries and wages, thorough investigation and prosecution of corrupt public officials as
well as a reorientation of Nigerians on the need to avoid corrupt practices. It is hopeful that this study will lend a
voice to the current war against corruption and assist the anti corruption agencies in their fight against the
menace in the civil and public service.
Seri Webinar: Memahami dan Mengurai Impunitas di Indonesia
Memahami Impunitas di Indonesia: Suatu Pengantar
Impunitas – secara singkat didefinisikan sebagai 'pembebasan dari hukuman' - mewabah di Indonesia. Artinya, pelanggaran hak asasi manusia pada umumnya dibiarkan begitu saja dan tidak berusaha dibenahi oleh negara dan institusi-institusi hukumnya. Di Indonesia, situasi ini telah ada selama beberapa dekade, dengan konsekuensi bencana bagi supremasi hukum dan masyarakat pada umumnya.
Banyak individu maupun organisasi yang terlibat aktif dalam upaya penguatan rule of law di Indonesia melihat fenomena ini sebagai masalah yang mendesak dan kompleks. Dengan latar belakang ini, Sekolah Tinggi Hukum Indonesia Jentera, Amnesty International Indonesia, Kelompok Kerja Indonesia-Belanda untuk Keadilan dan Pembangunan, dan Institut Van Vollenhoven dari Leiden Law School berinisiatif untuk menyelenggarakan lima seri webinar berjudul: Memahami dan Mengurai Impunitas di Indonesia.
Untuk mendiskusikan hal tersebut, mari bergabung dalam seri webinar pertama bertajuk “Memahami Impunitas di Indonesia: Suatu Pengantar”. Pada agenda ini, para pemateri akan berdiskusi secara interaktif perihal bagaimana akademisi hukum dan aktivis HAM mendefinisikan apa itu impunitas, serta menjelaskan bagaimana konteks sosial, politik, dan sejarah berkelindan di dalamnya.
Pembicara
Adriaan Bedner - Head of Department of the Van Vollenhoven Institute for Law, Leiden University
Usman Hamid - Direktur Eksekutif Amnesty International Indonesia dan Pengajar STH Indonesia Jentera
Moderator
Dian Rositawati - Peneliti Lembaga Kajian dan Advokasi untuk Independensi Peradilan dan Pengajar STH Indonesia Jentera
Acara diselenggarakan pada:
Kamis, 27 Januari 2022
Pukul 16.00-18.00 WIB
Evaluation of the Factors Affecting Community Policing Project in Teso South ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This research sought to evaluate the factors affecting community policing project. The research objective was, to determine the influence of committee structures on effective implementation of community policing projects. The research employed case study design which used qualitative and quantitative research methods. Primary data from interviews and questionnaires, secondary data from sources such as books, journals and official reports as well as internet sources were used. Simple and stratified random sampling technique was used to identify a sample 245 respondents from a population of 510.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Ms Excel software. The research established that unclear legal and institutional framework of CP committee structures affect effective implementation of CP project. The study recommends for a comprehensive membership in CP committees by ensuring that at least one third of the members represent women, youth and the disables in compliance with the constitution.
Accountability and Public Sector Performance in the Third World Country A Cas...ijtsrd
"This study focuses on accountability and public sector performance in the third world country A case study of Nigeria. The study is a demonstration of simple random sampling techniques on the bases of which a survey administration of questionnaires was done. The data collected was analysed by using chi square statistical tool. The result revealed that there is relationship between appraisal of transparency public office holders and public sector performance using a case study of Ose Local Government Area Secretariat, Ose, Ondo State Nigeria. The findings revealed that there is relationship between appraisal of integrity of public office holders and performance output within short and long period their regime using a case study of Ose Local Government Area Secretariat, Ose, Ondo State Nigeria. The paper recommends that issue of immunity clause as treated in the 1999 Constitution as amended must be revisited to improve accountability of public officeholder in Nigeria public service. Public officeholders need be made to answer for any suspected acts of funds misappropriation or mismanagement irrespective of social status. Oloruntoba Sunday Rufus | Gbemigun Catherine O ""Accountability and Public Sector Performance in the Third World Country: A Case Study of Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21748.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/21748/accountability-and-public-sector-performance-in-the-third-world-country-a-case-study-of-nigeria/oloruntoba-sunday-rufus"
Bureaucracy and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Buhari’s Change AgendaAJHSSR Journal
The issue of corruption has taken the front burner in public discourse in Nigeria. This is
particularly because of the leadership that emerged in the country from the 2015 general elections concluded in
April same year. The emergence of President Muhammadu Buhari as the country‘s President has made the issue
of corruption to resonate with a deafening intensity as the fight against corruption became the major item on the
campaign promises of the All Progressive Congress (APC), the current ruling party in the country. This paper
addresses the issue of corruption in Nigeria‘s bureaucracy and its implications for the change mantra of the
Buhari civilian administration. The paper adopts a qualitative method and relied on secondary sources of data. It
also adopted the theory of anomie and the contradictions of bureaucracy as a theoretical framework. It defines
bureaucracy and corruption, gives an overview of bureaucratic corruption and highlights its implications on the
Buhari‘s change agenda. It discusses in great detail the implications of the corruption in the bureaucracy on the
sustenance and consolidation of democracy as well as the change agenda of the Buhari government and
highlights such issues as poverty and underdevelopment, negative impacts on productivity and efficiency, the
deprivation of the citizenry of the benefits of good governance and the much needed dividends of democracy
among others.It argues that if the bureaucracy in Nigeria is not purged of all corrupt tendencies it will be
impossible for it to drive the much needed change necessary for democratic consolidation and recommends the
need to strengthen the anti-corruption agencies, making accountability and transparency an article of faith,
addressing the issues of salaries and wages, thorough investigation and prosecution of corrupt public officials as
well as a reorientation of Nigerians on the need to avoid corrupt practices. It is hopeful that this study will lend a
voice to the current war against corruption and assist the anti corruption agencies in their fight against the
menace in the civil and public service.
Seri Webinar: Memahami dan Mengurai Impunitas di Indonesia
Memahami Impunitas di Indonesia: Suatu Pengantar
Impunitas – secara singkat didefinisikan sebagai 'pembebasan dari hukuman' - mewabah di Indonesia. Artinya, pelanggaran hak asasi manusia pada umumnya dibiarkan begitu saja dan tidak berusaha dibenahi oleh negara dan institusi-institusi hukumnya. Di Indonesia, situasi ini telah ada selama beberapa dekade, dengan konsekuensi bencana bagi supremasi hukum dan masyarakat pada umumnya.
Banyak individu maupun organisasi yang terlibat aktif dalam upaya penguatan rule of law di Indonesia melihat fenomena ini sebagai masalah yang mendesak dan kompleks. Dengan latar belakang ini, Sekolah Tinggi Hukum Indonesia Jentera, Amnesty International Indonesia, Kelompok Kerja Indonesia-Belanda untuk Keadilan dan Pembangunan, dan Institut Van Vollenhoven dari Leiden Law School berinisiatif untuk menyelenggarakan lima seri webinar berjudul: Memahami dan Mengurai Impunitas di Indonesia.
Untuk mendiskusikan hal tersebut, mari bergabung dalam seri webinar pertama bertajuk “Memahami Impunitas di Indonesia: Suatu Pengantar”. Pada agenda ini, para pemateri akan berdiskusi secara interaktif perihal bagaimana akademisi hukum dan aktivis HAM mendefinisikan apa itu impunitas, serta menjelaskan bagaimana konteks sosial, politik, dan sejarah berkelindan di dalamnya.
Pembicara
Adriaan Bedner - Head of Department of the Van Vollenhoven Institute for Law, Leiden University
Usman Hamid - Direktur Eksekutif Amnesty International Indonesia dan Pengajar STH Indonesia Jentera
Moderator
Dian Rositawati - Peneliti Lembaga Kajian dan Advokasi untuk Independensi Peradilan dan Pengajar STH Indonesia Jentera
Acara diselenggarakan pada:
Kamis, 27 Januari 2022
Pukul 16.00-18.00 WIB
Electronic copy available at httpsssrn.comabstract=30157.docxaryan532920
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3015740
Community Policing In Kenya: Examining the Challenges Derailing
Police-Civilian Relations in Teso South Sub-County.
Levis Amuya
Department of Social Work and Criminology, Kibabii University, Bungoma, Kenya
Abstract: There is still a staggering implementation level of community policing strategy many years after its
inception in Kenya. Part of the reason for dismal actualization is attributed to the controversial nature of the police
as a public service institution. This research paper attempts to illuminate the challenges to the realization of
community policing (CP) initiatives in Teso South Sub-county. Specific emphasis was placed on how the roles of the
key players in CP together with the challenges they face in their service brings Community Policing (CP) as a whole
to its knees. Busia County government, where Teso South Sub-County is located, still pays lip service to the CP
initiative and it is not treated as a matter of urgency thus leading to its dormancy as a policing strategy. Data was
collected from 108 respondents that included police officers and community members and stakeholders.
Questionnaires, interviews, and focused group discussions were devised in collecting the data which was coded and
then analyzed using mode. The data was presented by use of frequency tables and pie charts. The study has reviewed
enough literature to help illuminate and understand the issues being studied appropriately. The findings of the study
address the problems of implementation, including poor police-civilian partnerships and unawareness of respective
roles among the public and the police who are the key players in CP. The study underscores that there is need for
increased civic education and capacity building among police officers especially on CP for it to achieve its intended
purpose.
Key Words: Community policing, crime, impediments, actualization, sustainability, engagement,
organizational commitment, police culture.
1. INTRODUCTION
Community policing (CP) has received increasing attention in the last decades as a viable strategy to improve the
way of life and public safety. The medieval African way of life had community policing concepts at the heart of
human relations. In traditional African society, crime was viewed largely as a violation of an individual by another.
From an African perspective, when crimes occurred, it was not the law that was broken; but people’s lives. When
colonialism emerged, it ushered in different crime control models since crime was no longer viewed as a conflict but
a violation of the state (Wambugha, 2010). However, the recent days have seen many African societies re-adopting
community policing due to the increasing need for community collective approaches to its problems. The concept
has enjoyed growing influence and popularity in recent years and a sharply increasing number of police agen ...
Evaluations of community policing project for peace and security in West Poko...paperpublications3
Abstract: This research sought to examine the evaluation of Community Policing project “Nyumba Kumi Initiative” for peace and security in West Pokot County. The objectives of the study were to establish the extent of community partnership in community policing in West Pokot, assess the nature of personal relationship (citizen involvement) in the improvement of security situation in West Pokot County and suggested effective strategies for peace and security in West Pokot. The study targeted both the security officers and public members who are involved directly or indirectly with security members. Data for this study was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The study adopted a constructivist (qualitative) and quantitative analysis based in West Pokot with data primarily collected through interviews.. The research was guided by a liberal peace theory which entailed mutual combination of factors used by community policing actors, and other actors on the relevance of peace and security by dealing with the conflict cycle from the structural causes of the struggle to its resolution and the assurance of a peaceful co-existence. The study established that insecurity in West Pokot reoccurs because of the adoption of ineffective methods of peace building, reconciliation and lack of community involvement. The study also found that complementary approach to peace building and policing efforts for long lasting peace is imperative. Today, a policing strategy which incorporates the communities as co-producers of their own security and safety has taken priority as a conflict management tool thus the birth of Community Policing or community oriented- policing. Community policing is one of the more significant recent developments in policing and the notion has been widely discussed and applied around the world. The recommendation established that the variety of conceptions about community policing highlight the complex nature of the notion and the many factors shaping its varied practices; police assumptions as to what constitutes good practice in community policing and what success might look like, deserve to be re-examined. The social constructions that police and citizens hold about community policing provide valuable sources of insight which challenge some of the conventional understandings regarding policing priorities.
Lack of Communication, Resources, Trust As Well As Political Interference And...AJHSSR Journal
Crime continues to be a serious problem in South Africa, as the country ranks 3rd on the global
crime index as at 2016. The damaging impact of crime on the safety and security of communities, peace and
stability in the country as well as its effect on the country’s reputation among potential international tourists and
investors, and how all these affect the general quality of life of ordinary citizens need no emphasis. Crime
solutions that work and are cost effective remain elusive. However, due to its success in reducing crime rates in
different parts of the world since its introduction in the United States of America during the 1970s, community
policing is now a standard ideological and policy model guiding mission statements, goals, and reform programs
of most policing agencies across the world. Regardless of its enviable status in the practicing of policing, more
than twenty (20) years after the attainment of democracy, the question beckons whether the inception of
community policing and particularly community policing forums is an effective strategy within the South
African communities to combat and prevent crime. This paper draws from the work of a PhD thesis, submitted
at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the challenges of CPFs in
combating crime in two dissimilar residential locations in Durban.A qualitative research approach was adopted,
the findings collected through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with a total number of
fifty-five (55) participants comprising of South African Police Service (SAPS) and CPFs representatives,
political leaders and ordinary members of the two communities suggest limited knowledge of and affinity to
CPFs by community members. This owes partly to lack of communication, resources, trust, as well as political
interference and SAPS organisational culture, which affect the functioning of these CPFs. Together, these
findings suggest that more effort is needed from both the community and the police for an effective functioning
of the CPFs.
The Relationship Rural Development and CrimesAI Publications
Over the past few years, metropolitan crime has fallen significantly in the United States while nonmetropolitan crime has continued to increase. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between crimes and urban development. This study had chosen a survey research, to analyze the relationship between the relationship rural development and crimes. The author applied a structured survey as tool of this research. I distributed 150 questionnaires, but only 118 questionnaires I was able to receive. The findings revealed that there is positive and significant relationship between crimes and urban development.
Crime is considered as a serious issue. It makes people worried on their own safety especially when the crime rate is increasing. The study generated the trend analysis and forecasted data of the recorded crimes in Ozamiz City using autoregressive integrated moving average through the GRTEL software. Results showed that majority of the crimes recorded decreased from 2018 to 2021. These include crimes against person, crimes against property, crimes against personal liberty and security and violations against special laws particularly the comprehensive dangerous drugs Act of 2002. However, the violators who resisted persons in authority drastically increased. On the other hand, forecasted data revealed that most of the crimes will most likely increase in occurrence in the year 2022 and will be stabilized in the remaining years. The data gathered from this study can be used by the different law enforcement agencies in planning and creating intervention strategies towards mitigating the occurrence of crimes in Ozamiz City.
Dr.sc.Mensut Ademi The role of police reducing the fear of crimePresentation....AdeaAdemi1
Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Social-Psychological Model of Fear of Criminality. – 3. Law Enforcement Agencies. – 4. Results and Discussions. – 5. Confronting The Fear of Crime. – 6. Role of Politics and Media and Fear of Crime. – 7. Conclusions.
Keywords: Fear of Crime, Police, Community Policing, Neighbourhood, Situation.
Abstract
The feeling of fear of crime is a condition created in the hearts of many citizens, both in urban and rural areas, in war or peace, and the goal of many international researchers in the field of criminology is to evaluate it. This article is broken into three parts. The first part introduces the factors that explain the fear of crime, a including socio-demographic and social-psychological model by A. van der Wurff, L. van Staalduinen, and P. Stringer. The second part provides an overview of paradoxes and inconsistencies in the literature regarding fear of crime and the police’s role in reducing the fear of crime. Discussing public, political, and media perceptions of the role of police, and these perceptions’ implications for possible ways the police can increase feelings of security. Finally, it covers measures that can reduce fear of crime.
The police presence in dangerous areas with criminal influence is an important factor to reduce the fear of crime. Citizens continue to make more demands of the police to fight crime, and this task is directed mainly at community policing.
Alleviation of the fear of crime comes with the preventive actions of the police. They believe their presence in a neighbourhood calms the situation. For citizens, on the other hand, police presence can be seen as an indicator of an unsafe, tense, or disorderly situation.
A Criminological Exploration of Cyber Prostitution within the South African C...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This paper reports a systematic review of the studies related to cyber prostitution within the South African (SA) context. Qualitative studies published in peer reviewed journals from 2006 to 2016 were reviewed in order to determine the extent and nature of cyber prostitution within the SA context, impact of cyber prostitution and the measures put in place to combat or deal with cyber prostitution within the South African context. The review revealed that (1) majority of research and interventions tend to focus on street-based prostitution (2) studies on the extent and nature of cyber prostitution within the SAcontext are underrepresented in the research field (3) the negative impacts of cyber prostitution are not clearly determined by existing literature(4) cyber prostitution has become a preferred method of prostitution in modern society for varied motives. Recommendations for further research on cyber prostitution within the SAcontext are also provided.
Effectiveness of Public Private Partnership Strategies in Urban Crime Managem...ijtsrd
Urban crime is a universal phenomenon that existed since the evolution of urban settlements and has continuously threatened human activities in different cities across the globe and more intensively in Nigeria in recent time. High cost of providing security for citizens amidst meagre resources and failure of the state criminal justice system which are actively seeking out alternatives or complements necessitated the need to examine the effectiveness of Public Private Partnership Strategies in managing urban crime in Kaduna South Local Government KSLGA with a view to making appropriate recommendations aiming at enhancing Public Private Partnership PPP as an option in urban crime management. Quantitative method was employed for the study, while systematic sampling was used to obtain quantitative data from 382 household heads in the six districts of the local government. Finding reveals that 73 are aware of the existence of the partnership, while 41.7 agreed that the partnership is effective and the most effective PPP strategy in urban crime management is the use of vigilante groups while the least effective is creation of job opportunities for ex offenders. The study recommends that integrated crime management offices should be established in all the six districts as this is key to the effective management of crime using PPP strategies. Also, encouragement of community collaboration with the local vigilante groups Joint Task Force by the district community leaders and philanthropists in the districts, is noted as a factor of success of PPP in crime management in KSLGA. There is equally the need for campaign awareness aiming at educating community members about the aim of the PPP programmes as well as the channels through which they can participate in crime management of their areas. Ayoade, I. | Oladosu R. O | Dukku S. J "Effectiveness of Public Private Partnership Strategies in Urban Crime Management in Kaduna South Local Government Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47551.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/47551/effectiveness-of-public-private-partnership-strategies-in-urban-crime-management-in-kaduna-south-local-government-area/ayoade-i
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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so that the police will respond to democratic system of
governance. Community policing should be welcomed
not only because of traditional policing had been
failing, because it is reactive ratherthanproactive, but
also the police three strategies makes community
policing quite distinct from traditional policing:
community partnership, organizational
transformation, and problem solving. Looking at the
prevailing insecurity in Nigeria, adherence to the
principles of community policing will help the Nigeria
Police Force to overcome the Security challenges”
(p.26).
It is based on this background, that it can be said that the
police force helps to observe, fortify and stabilize the
prevailing social order in the areas of law and order (Hess
and Wrobleski, 2003). In other words, organizationslikethe
police are established in the society for appropriate
maintenance of rules and regulations, so as to eradicate or
reduce crime. The police are most visible institution of the
criminal justice system. Greater parts of citizen come in
regular contact with the police than any other criminal
justice institution. This makes the police to be the visible
presence of the state in civil society (Ozo- Eson, 2010;
Jewkes and Letherby, 2002).
In a strict legal definition, however, a crime is a violation of
the criminal law, which is subsequently followed by legal
punishment. It is an act of omission, whichattractssanctions
such as fine, imprisonment, or even death (Dambazau,
2007). In modern societies, behaviors that are considered
inimical to the interest of members of the society are
embodied in the criminal code. Act or behaviors that violate
the criminal laws of a country are referred to as crime.
Tappan (1996) defines crime as ‘an intentional act in the
violation of the criminal law (statutory and case law)
committed without defense orexcuseandispenalizedby the
state as felony or misdemeanor’. Clinard (1986)alsodefined
crime as ‘anyact that is socially injurious and is punished by
the state, regardless of the type of punishment’ (Ozo- Eson,
2010).Crime has always been perennial and universal
problem of all societies in all ages. It impedes or afflicts the
society, eating away at the fabric of a nation. Life is
impoverished for many by anxiety and fear as a result of
crime. The by- product of crime, beyond actual physical or
material loss is fear. For many crime victims, it is the most
burdensome and lasting consequencesoftheirvictimization.
The fear of crime has many detrimental consequences, it
makes people vulnerable and isolated, it reduces a person
general sense of well-being, and it also contributes to
neighborhood decline. The people most fearful to crime are
the most vulnerable to crime. Scholars are asking whether
most crimes could not be preventedinthefirstplace,and are
developing techniques and programmesdesignedtodothat.
Society needs to be able to punish criminals, but it is equally
important that the would be criminals find it difficult to
offend at all. For the disease of crime is better prevented
than to be cured (Ozo- Eson, 2010; Kerrigan, 2003).
Community Policing (CP) is a new theory of police
administration and is said to have three core elements:
Citizens involvement, problem solving,anddecentralization.
All are related, but citizen involvement is especially crucial
because it is the basis of the theoretical foundation of
community policing (Halder, 2008).The concept of
community policing as a philosophy of full service
personalized policing, where the same officer patrol and
work in the same area on permanent basis, from a
decentralized place, working in a proactivepartnershipwith
citizens to identify and solve the problem. (Aristotle, 2019;
Pupura, 2001; Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux, 1990).
Community policing is a policy and strategy aimed at
achieving more effective and efficient crime control, reduce
fear of crime, improved quality of life, improve police
services and legitimacy, through a proactive reliance on
community resources that seek to change crime- causing
conditions. This assumes need for greater accountability,
greater public share in decision-makingandgreaterconcern
for civil rights. This concept appears to impose a new
responsibility on the police to create appropriate ways of
associating the public with law enforcement and
maintenance of order. It is said to define how the police
should be sensible and appropriatelyrespondtocitizensand
communities. The fact that the core function of the police is
to control crime, this function can be greatly improved by
diagnosing and managing problems in the community that
produce serious crimes fostering closer relations with the
community to facilitate crime solving; and building self-
defense capabilities within the community itself.
Accordingly, community strategies of policing direct
attention to and prepare the police to exploit local
knowledge and capability to control crime (Dambazau,
2007).
The implementation of community policing goes a long way
in changing the characteristics outlooks of the police. It is a
renewed emphasis on the crime prevention and control
rather than law enforcement and can go hand in hand with
the integration of policing with the community (Ozo- Eson,
2010). The essence of policing concept is to return to the
days when safety and security are participatory in nature,
and everyone assumed the responsibility of well-being of
their community; not just selected few, notjustsafetyforces,
but absolutely everyone living in the community. It is a
philosophy, a belief that working together, the police, the
community and government can accomplish what neither
can accomplish alone (Aristotle, 2019; Hess and Wroblesky,
2003).
2. Statement of Problem
Scholars like Oguntunde, Oluwadare, Okagbue and
Oguntunde, (2018); Jamilu, (2016); Umar and Usman,
(2014); Alemika andChukwuma,(2003);andPapura,(2001)
have emphasized on the need for community policing in
Nigeria for crime detection, prevention andcontrol.Tofulfill
this, Nigerian government has at various administration
established institutions like, the Civil Defense Corps, Police
Community Relations Committee (PCRC), Vigilante groups,
Coup of Commissionaire among others,thepoliceinstitution
also in an attempt to reduce crime rates issues out numbers
known as 'distress call lines' for the citizens to call when
there are crises inthecommunity,neighbourhood,orlocality
in all the thirty six (36) states of the federation including the
Federal Capital Territory (FCT), the police alsocameupwith
the slogan like' police is your friend'. The police also
organized a sensitization campaign informing thecitizensto
report any criminal activities within their community to the
nearest police station and as well promisingtheinformantof
their security, they also organize community town hall
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meetings to address the citizens on criminal activities.
Nevertheless, in the midst of all this effort crime rates still
increase and the current security challenges in the country
continue to deepen, broaden and widen.
According to the crime statisticsinNigeria asinvestigated by
the Nigerian police, Criminal homicideormurderratestands
at (9.85%) per 100,000 populations in 2015. (Aristotle,
2019). But this figure has redoubled from 2016 to 2018
reaching (68.18%). This violent crime includes: Murder,
armed robbery, assault, felonious wounding, manslaughter,
bribery, corruption, burglary, kidnapping, terrorism,
herdsmen attack, vandalism and electoral violence. Physical
attack due to ethnic origin and religion stand at (46.09%);
drug related offences at (63.89%); crime against property
such as vandalism and theft stood at (69.04%) and crimes
such as assault and armed robbery at (72.26%). (Aristotle,
2019, p. 6).
Similarly, according to report by crime ranking index of
countries with highest crime rates, Nigeria is ranked 14th
with (64.64%) on the scale of countries withhighcrime rate,
closely followed by Puerto Rico with (64.75%) ranking 13th
and leading the chart is Venezuela with the 1st position in
ranking at (84.86%) of countries with highest crime rate in
the world as at September, 2019. (Aristotle, 2019, p.7).
Furthermore, according to Oguntunde, et al, (2018) in their
article titled: Analysis of selected crime data in Nigeria;
presented crime data in the tables below:
Table 1: Summary statistics of the data set on crime activities
Crime types Mean Mode Sum Skewness Kurtosis
Murder 1814.48 1453a 38,104 1.056 0.565
Armed Robbery 2126.19 1064a 44,650 0.058 -1.317
Assault 43890.19 28,925a 921,694 -0.120 -1.271
Felonious Wounding 16667.05 9659a 350,008 1.257 4.317
Manslaughter 33.52 14a 704 0.935 0.074
Bribery and Corruption 208.00 10a 4368 0.878 -0.220
Burglary 22179.10 10,265a 465,761 3.520 14.231
(Aristotle, 2019; Oguntunde, et al, 2018).
Nevertheless, in spite of all the efforts by government and
police institution examined earlier in this study crime in the
country continue to rise as showed in the above tables, was
what captured the attention of the researcher to probe the
reason why community policing fail.
The rising crime rate, especially violent crime involving
terrorism, armed robbery, Fulani herdsmen attack, ritual
murders, political assassinations, ethnic and religious
violence, kidnapping, pipe-line vandalism, election violence
are becoming very serious problems to the Nigerian society.
It is therefore imperative to know that crime is an obvious
risk and major threat to orderly coexistence of the citizenry.
In Nigeria, crime constitutes immediate threat tomajority of
the people both rich and poor,menandwomen,children and
the old. It is also well documented that criminality is part
and parcel of the human nature and society, but constitute
problem when every sector is affected and majority of the
society complains (Aristotle, 2013; Ozo-Eson, 2010).Poor
police public relation is becoming chronicproblemswith the
police. It is argued that Nigeria Police is a product of the
colonial rule and postcolonial dictatorship in Nigeria.
Thus, the societies distrust and have less regards for the
police resulting to non-cooperation from the public (Ozo-
Eson, 2010). The Nigeria Police have a very serious image
problem in the eyes of the public it is established to serve.
The police are described more in negative terms by major
segments of the population; viewed with suspicion, and
perceived to be unfriendly (Alemika, 1993). Police public
relationship depends to a large extent, on the quality of
personnel that make up the police force. It is difficult to
expect the public to co-operate fully with the police in a
situation where the police conduct themselves harshly and
repressively even when the public haverighttoa claim.Also,
it is difficult for the police to achieve any appreciable
measure of success in discharging their duties as preservers
of success in discharging their duties as preservers of law
and order in any society in which the public treat them with
scorn, indifference and contempt. Treating the police with
disdain and non-challant attitude can only result in eroding
police effectiveness in ensuring the safety of the society
(Ozo- Eson, 2010; Nweke, 2002).
Corruption is a problem that is ravagingthepoliceinNigeria.
Police corruption impacts directly on the police ability to
prevent and control crime, including criminal investigation.
Corrupt police officer devotes time and energy in pursuing
graft, rather than fulfillment of their responsibilities to the
society. Police corruption which include ill acts like
favoritism, bribery, diversion of police resources, deceptive
practices among others, leads to increase in criminality and
people taking laws into their hands (Dambazau, 2007).
Police officers sometimes give up their professional
principles, destroy their dignity and exhibit such low sense
of duty for illegal material gains. Exampleisextorting money
from motorists in lieu of search or in disguise of inspecting
vehicle documents, collecting of money for exchange of
charges or reframing charges for offenders, turning a
complainer into an accused for a fee (Ilegbune, 1998). Also,
the ugly stain of corruption and embezzlement has
manifested even in the police top hierarchy, example was
when the former inspector general of police Mr. Tafa
Balogun stole billions of naira belonging to the police (Ozo-
Eson, 2010).
Police violation of human rights, which include brutality, is
also a major obstacle to the prospects of democratic and
effective policing in Nigeria. The police violence in terms of
brutality, torture and homicide is widespread inNigeria.For
instance, the then Nigeria Police Task Force, which was
codenamed “Operation Fire for Fire” the created by Tafa
Balogun the then Inspector General of Police, portrayed the
police to be frequent involved in human rights abuse which
at times results in death of persons.Thepoliceoperated with
impunity in apprehension, illegal detention and execution of
criminal suspects (Dambazau, 2007).
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Extra-judicial killing by the policeinNigeria isalsobecoming
a frequent occurrence. As reported by Tell Independent
Weekly of August 1st 2005 page 25 ofthefamousApokillings
in Abuja, of six traders (Ekene Isaac, Ifeanyi Ozor, Chinedu
Meniru, Paulinus Ogbonna, Anthony Ifeanyi and Augustina
Arebu) who were brutally murdered by the police, on the
ground that they were suspected armed robbers. Like the
“Apo six”, there are other numerous Nigerians who have
been dispatched to unmarked graves by this invidious
vocation of the police. The site of the police is considered to
be synonymous with trouble by many instead of being
friends, the police existed to be feared and avoided (Ozo-
Eson, 2010 cited in Aristotle, 2019). Similarly, some law
enforcement agents are believed to be engaged in extra-
judicial killings creating a scenario that Nigeria Policedo not
follow the rule of law (The Punch Newspaper November 23,
2018).
Furthermore, the constraints of poor police facilities,
inadequate remuneration andinadequatepolicepersonnel's
makes the police institution to be ill-equipped to performits
role. Poor and ill-equipped police patrol attribute to the fact
ill-equipped for massive surveillance and prompt action
required to keep crime in check. The general absence of
these facilities has resulted in a grossly ineffective police
action against crime. Police which are meant to be the
antidote to criminalityseemedtobegettingoverwhelmedby
the phenomenon. The criminals seem to be ahead of the
police such that the latter now only react to the commission
of crimes and usually after the offenders might have left the
scene of the crime. This disability enables criminals to
operate freely and with impunity. And also armed police
patrols are few and irregular and the likelihood of an
encounter with criminals is negligible (Ilegbune, 1998).
For instance, Dickson (2007) has noted some impediments
to the successful implementation of community policing in
Nigeria and they include: internal resistance by policemen
who benefited from the traditional policing and who prefer
to maintain the status quo; lack ofcommitmenttotheproject
by implementing officers; lack of support from welfare
packaged the public; inadequate support from the
government; and poor welfare packaged/incentive for
policemen. However, one of the biggest impediments to the
success of community policing in Nigeria is the hostile
relationship between the police and the informal policing
machinery usually made up of some factionsofethnicmilitia
groups in the country.
In addition, the situation of which the police stations
experience numerous reports of little matters of
misunderstanding that ordinarily could have prevented by
patrol officers is escalating the number of reported cases to
be dealt with in the police station, thereby straining the
police stations, courts and prisons. The implementation of
community policing will go a long way to reduce this
problem, because this policing strategy promotes outside
court/police stations settlement as community members
would be encouraged to resolve any misunderstanding
amicably without resorting to the court or policestationsfor
settlements.
Hence, the research on community policing and national
security: A study of selected local government areas in
Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Since the works of the previous
researchers, like that of Oguntunde, et al, (2018).Analysis of
selected crime data in Nigeria. Mustapha, Zakariyya and
Usman, (2016). A review on the achievements and
challenges of community policing in Nigeria. Jamilu, (2016).
Community policing in Nigeria. Umar and Usman, (2014).
Need for community policing. Abiri, (2011). Models of
community policing: What worked and did not. Umoh- Ette,
(2010). An investigation into the impact of community
policing as a strategy for crime prevention and control.
Alemika and Chukwuma, (2005). Analysis of police and
policing in Nigeria. And, Tilman, (2000).The effectiveness of
community policing; were inexhaustible. Therefore, the
researcher intends to bridge theknowledgegapwhich exists
in the works of the listed scholars as none of them looked at
Bayelsa State of which it is the economic hub of Nigeria.
Research Question
In order to achieve the mission of this study, the following
research questions were raised:
1. Do police inability to keep secrets and the identity of
those who partner with them to provide information a
factor which hinders effective community policing?
2. Do poor communication channels between the police
and community hinder the success of community
policing in fighting crime?
3. What ways can Nigeria achieve national security
objectives through community police relations?
Specific Objectives
The Specific objectives of the study are:
1. To establish the role of police inability to keep secret
and the identity of those who partner with them to
provide useful information in fighting crime.
2. To establish the influence of poor communication
channel between the police and the community in
fighting crime.
3. To proffer solutions that enableNigeria achieve national
security objectives through community police relations.
The research hypotheses formulated are as follows:
1. The more police fail in keeping secret the identity of
crime informants from the community, the more
community policing fail to achieve its objectives.
2. The more police fail to communicate effectivelywiththe
host community which they serve; the morecommunity
policing fails to achieve its objectives.
3. The more community policing philosophy is neglected
the more national security of Nigeria fails.
3. Review of Related Literature
The concepts of police and policingareusedinterchangeably
in everyday language, but they do not always meanthesame
thing. Of course, the primary role of police is policing, but
policing is not a sole responsibility of the police. Conversely,
not all those shouldered with policing responsibility are
belonging to police organization. Policing is securing
compliance with existing laws and conformitywithprecepts
of social order (Aristotle, 2019). But the police are not the
only agency involved in policing, in the broad sense of the
term. Policing has always been necessary in all societies for
the preservation of order, safety and social relations. The
necessity of policing becomes even more evident in modern
societies characterized by diversities and contradictions
arising from population heterogeneity, urbanization,
industrialization,conflicting ideologiesonappropriatesocio-
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political and economic form of organization (Alemika and
Chukwuma, 2005). Community policing is a philosophy that
promotes organizational strategies that support the
systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving
techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions
that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social
disorder, and fear of crime (President’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing, 2015). Tillman (2000) defined community
policing “as bringing police and citizens together to prevent
crime and solve problems, emphasizing the prevention of
crime rather than the traditional policing method of
responding to crime after it happens” (p.1).
Community policing involves collaboration between police
and community members characterized by problem-solving
partnerships to enhance public safety. Community policing
was adopted widely among law enforcement agencies inthe
1990s, with a view toward improving trust between
community members andpolice, and leveraging police
resources through voluntary assistance by community
members in public safety measures (COP Office, 2008).
Police and Community Policing
The origin of the word ‘police’ is derived from the Greek
word ‘Polis’, which means “that part of non-ecclesiastical
administration having to do withthesafety,healthandorder
of the state” (Ehindero, 1998, p.1). Historical facts showed
that the origin the “police force” is a recentdevelopment, but
“policing” is not, because the latter was a necessary societal
collective measure to protect themselves (individually or
collectively) or to control the wrongdoing tendency of some
members; thus has been in existence for ages (Oluwaniyi,
2011; Alemika and Chukwuma, 2005; Reiner, 2000). In
Nigeria, volunteers for traditional policing formed
themselves into what was referred to as ‘yan banga’ or ‘ode
adugbo’ (street vigilante group), which still exists in most
parts of the country today. But the emergence of the state
vis-à-vis the need to protect the state (political elites)during
colonial rule necessitated the establishment of the police
force (Oluwaniyi, 2011).
Police force is the most powerful constitutional organamong
law enforcement agencies in Nigeria.Theoverall operational
control of the Nigeria Police Force is vested in the President
in accordance with the 1999 Constitution and the Police Act
(Rauch & Spuy, 2006). As stated in the Section 214 (1) of the
1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, “there
shall be a police force for Nigeria, which shall be known as
the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provisionsofthis
section no other police force shall be established for the
Federation or any part thereof”. The Police Act (2009) also
states that, the Nigeria Police Force is vested with such
responsibilities as: the protection of life and property;
detection and prevention ofcrime; apprehension of
offenders; preservation of law and order; the due
enforcement of law regulations with which they are directly
charged; and performance of such other military duties
within and without Nigeria as may be required ofthemby or
under the authority of any other Act.
The Nigeria Police Force is usually the most visible and
accessible agency to the citizens, but there are other
agencies in Nigeria that police the affairsofcitizensandeven
foreigners within the country’s territorial boundary. These
agencies include National Security and Civil Defense Corps
(NSCDC), Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Nigerian
Immigration Service (NIS), Nigeria Custom Service (NCS),
States Security Services (SSS), National Intelligence Agency
(NIA), Peace Corps of Nigeria (PCN), Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA), and National Drug Law Enforcement Agency
(NDLEA), etc. Over the years, there are many processes of
police reform which, according to Rauch and Spuy (2009),
still are currently under way, or abouttocommence.Current
police policies are based on assumptions that proactive
policing strategies will not only deter crime but will also
improve police-community relations (Wiley and Esbensen,
2013). It is along this line that community policing was
introduced to achieve the above objective.
National Security
The concept of national security remains ambiguous,having
evolved from simplerdefinitionswhichemphasizedfreedom
from military threat and from political coercion. Among the
many definitions proposed to date are the following, which
show how the concept has evolved to encompass non-
military concerns:" A nation has security when it does not
have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is
able, if challenged, to maintain them by war. "The distinctive
meaning of national security means freedom from foreign
dictation." (Aristotle, 2019, p. 34).National security
objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values
and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be
attacked." (p.35). "National security then is the ability to
preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to
maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on
reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and
governance from disruption from outside; and to control its
borders." (Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1977-
1981).
"National security is best described as a capacity to control
those domestic and foreign conditions that the public
opinion of a given community believes necessaryto enjoyits
own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity and
wellbeing." (Umoh-ette, 2010). "National security is an
appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and
maturity,human resources, economicstructureandcapacity,
technological competence, industrial base andavailabilityof
natural resources and finally the military might." (Adamu,
Bakri and Shansuddin, 2018; Dambazzau, 2007).
National security is the measurable state of the capability of
a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the
apparent well-being of its people and itssurvival asa nation-
state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state
policy through governance and is extendable to global
security by variables external to it." (Aristotle, 2019;
Picarelli, 2008).
National and international security may be understood as a
shared freedom from fear and want, and the freedom to live
in dignity. It implies social and ecological health rather than
the absence of risk... [and is] a common right".(Ozo-Eson,
2010; Dambazzau, 2007).
Dimensions of national security
Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by
other states (e.g. military or cyber-attack), violent non-state
actors (e.g. terrorist attack), organized criminal groupssuch
as narcotic cartels, and also the effects of natural disasters
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(e.g. flooding, earthquakes). Systemic drivers of insecurity,
which may be transnational, include climate change,
economic inequality and marginalization,political exclusion,
and militarization. In view of the wide range of risks, the
security of a nation state has several dimensions, including
economic security, energy security, physical security,
environmental security, food security, border security, and
cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with
elements of national power. (Picarelli, 2008).Increasingly,
governments organize their security policies into a national
security strategy (NSS); as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the
United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states
to have done so. Some states also appointa National Security
Council to oversee the strategy and/or a National Security
Advisor.Although States differ in their approach, with some
beginning to prioritize non-militaryactiontotacklesystemic
drivers of insecurity, various forms of coercive power
predominate, particularly military capabilities. The scope of
these capabilities has developed (Picarelli, 2008).
Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land or sea-
based, and in smaller countries they still are. Elsewhere, the
domains of potential warfare now include the air, space,
cyberspace, and psychological operations. Military
capabilities designed for these domains may be used for
national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for
example to conquer and annex territory and resources.
The Philosophy and ComponentsofCommunityPolicing
A community policing perspective is very different from a
traditional policing perspective. In community policing, the
police must share power with the residents of a community,
and critical decisions need to be made at the neighborhood
level, not at a downtown police headquarters. Such
decentralization of authority means that the credit for
bringing about a safer community must be shared with the
people of the community. According to (Bohm and Haley
(1997), achieving the goals of community policing require
successful implementationofthreeessential complementary
components or operation strategies. These include
community partnership, problem solving and change
management.
Another Useful tool in working towards a solution is known
as the crime star (Aristotle, 2019).
Crime Star
Source: - (Aristotle, 2019)
The above crime star is propounded by Aristotle Jacobs; it is
a review and disorder as an interaction among five (5)
variables: offender, intent, location, opportunity and victim.
This crime star postulates that criminal offences begin with
offender’s desire or intent to commit a crime; every crime
committed requires a suitable location in whichthecriminal
considers safe to operate; and once safety is guaranteed, the
criminal seize the opportunity to commit his or her criminal
act on the innocent victims.
The duty of the police, law enforcement agencies,
victimologists or criminologists is to break up the crimestar
by not giving the criminal an opportunity to commit crime.
Thus, community policing aid in breaking up the crime star
circle, by not giving intended criminals the opportunity to
commit crime in their locality, but rather as co-custodian of
the peace and safety of their hostcommunity,bysodoing the
problem of crime is solved.
Achievement of Community Policing in Nigeria
Mustapha, Zakariyya and Usman, (2016, p.275) maintained
that community policing is a philosophy with operating
principles based on the assumption that changes today will
make community safer and more attractive tomorrow
(Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux, 1990). Community policing
brings the police and community closer and offers a better
outcome (Carol Buracker and Associates, 2007). Moreover,
the policing approach shares the idea that police and
community must work together to define and develop
solutions to problems (Mustapha,etal,2016).Thereason for
public involvement is predicated on the beliefthatthepolice
alone can neither create nor maintain a safe community.
They must keep putting in motion voluntary local efforts
aimed at preventing disorder and crime.Inthisrole,theyare
adjuncts to community crime prevention efforts, such as the
neighborhood watch, target hardening and youth economic
development programme (Mustapha, et al, 2016);
Trojanowicz, 1982; Wycoff,1988).Oncetheseconditions are
associated with CP, achievement can be said to have been
made.
Similarly, Community policing has been found to be
beneficial as a policing approach in addressing issues of
crime, disorder and anti-social behavior in Nigeria. For
example, it has impacted on general crime prevention and
control in states. Like: Lagos, Katsina, Kaduna,Kano, Ogun,
Anambra, Enugu, Benue, Borno, Oyo, Kogi and Edo (Security
Justice and Growth Programme, 2009). Also, the approach
has recorded numerous achievements in Bauchi as it is used
in addressing property crime, arson, gangviolenceandpetty
theft (Mustapha, et al, 2016; Hussein, 2015). Community
policing approach has made significant impact in Rivers
State by reducing incident on kidnapping along the East-
West road of Emuoha local government area of the state.
Further, the achievements of community policing in Nigeria
can be seen in-terms of high frequency of meetings between
the police and the public and regular security reports by
informants, as well as financial assistance from the
community to the police (Hussein, 2015). In this direction,
the programme can be adjudged to have achieved it goals,
and the achievements have justified the arguments of
Mustapha, et al, (2016); Hussein (2015);SecurityJusticeand
Growth Programme(2009); Mastrofski (2006); Cordner
(1999); Kelling (1998); Bayley (1994); Trojanowicz and
Bucqueroux (1990) and Trojanowicz (1982).
Challenges of Community Policing in Nigeria
Despite its numerous achievements in national security,
community policing has faced and is still facing some
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challenges. According to Dickson (2007), for example, some
impediments to the successful implementation of
community policing inNigeria include:internal resistance by
policemen who benefited from the traditional policing and
who prefer to maintain the status quo; lack of commitment
to the project by implementing officers; lack ofsupportfrom
members of the public; inadequate support from the
government; and poor welfare packages/ incentives for
officers. Notwithstanding, one of the biggestimpediments to
the success of community policing in Nigeria is the hostile
relationship between the police and the informal policing
machinery usually comprised of some factions of ethnic
militia groups in the country.
Similarly, Hussein (2015) has identified some obstaclesthat
have hindered the effective implementation of community
policing in Nigeria. According to him, most of the police
respondents studied were not trained on community
policing strategies; with limited training, it is unlikely that
the police will effectively work in realizing the full potential
of community policing. Furthermore, Slogan and Harnett
(1998) argued that the insecurity of the informants can
affect general public participation inthecommunitypolicing
programme.
Consequently, Hussein (2015) has observedthatinformants
are not rewarded for giving security reports. The lack of
rewards for the informants, who use their energy, time,
money to participate in communitypolicing,canbea setback
to the programme. In other words, the insecurity of the
informants and non- payments of rewards are clearly not
beneficial to the participants and will thus affect their
participation in the community orientedcrimeprevention in
the country (Mustapha, Zakariyya and Us man, 2016). Also,
corruption has consistently been identified as one of the
major obstacle to community policing (Okeshola, 2013;
Aristotle, 2012; Human Rights Watch, 2010;Alemika,1993).
In addition, other challenges and problems confronting
community policing in Nigeria are: The bad state of Nigerian
economy with high unemployment, poverty and poor
standard of living which usually drive people to crime. Also,
the value system or general erosion in moral values of and
standard that encourage crime (Okeke, 2013,p.11).
According to Mammus, (2010),however,themajorobstacles
to community policing in Nigeria are manpower shortage,
inadequate funding,logistics supportandinfrastructure,lack
of serviceable information and technological equipment.
Young and Tirisley (1998) suggest that traditional police
structure have done little in fostering the acceptance of
responsibility for analyzing problems and seeking
resolutions. Mastrofski (2006) criticizedthegeneral “whole-
of -police" approach with community policing. Absolutely,
organizational problems within the police system, which
include: lack of involvement by police management in the
design, implementation and monitoring, personnel
deployment and structures, clashes between command and
control as well as management styles, are among the most
serious obstacles to the community policing approach.
Likewise, working in specializedunits can cause difficulties
in establishing creditability (Polzin, 2007). The above is
what is obtainable within the Nigeria police (Mustapha,
Zakariyya and Usman, 2016; Alemika, 1993). Therefore,
Oguntunde, et al (2018); Polzin (2007) believes that for
community policing to be successful, all the challenges need
to be identified during phase of the community policing
initiatives.
4. Theoretical Framework
The following theoretical framework was considered in this
study (a) Democratic theory of Community Policingand,(b)
Community Implant theory.
4.1. Democratic Theory of Community Policing
Proponents like: David Bayley, Berkeley George, Amir
Menachem and Einstein Smith posits that community
policing is based on the democratic principle that “anyone
who exercises authority on behalf ofthecommunity(like the
police) is accountable to the community for the exercise of
that authority”. Democratic theory of community policing
rests on the regimen that community policing, which is the
newest development in the area of policing, involves the
empowerment of a new level of social organization to
generate work for the police, namely, groups,
neighborhoods, communities, businesses, civic groups, and
so forth (Haldar, 2008). The theory also maintains that the
success of a democratic government depends, in large
measure, on the voluntary compliance of citizens with
society’s laws and norms of conduct. Police in a democracy
are always in a dilemma, for in a free society there exists a
delicate balance between enforcing laws and maintaining
order effectively on one hand and being repressive on the
other.
According to David Bayley,(2005,pp.298-300),theessential
features of democratic policing are responsiveness and
accountability. A democraticpoliceforce,accordingtohim,is
the one that responds to the needs of individualsandprivate
groups as well as the needs of the government.
Strengthening of these mechanisms will strengthen the
quality of democratic policing (p.299). The police, in truly
democratic countries, according to Bayley, serve the
disaggregate members of the pubic and their needs are
uppermost in the mind of a democratic police force. He,
however, maintains that the problem that most of the
countries face is that democratic policing, especially in its
concern with human rights and accountability, is under
attack all the time because of reported increases, firstly, in
serious crime and, secondly, in terrorism, assassination,and
collective disorder. When thereareincreasesinindividual as
well as collective threats to law and order, democratic
policing becomes vulnerable to being labeled a “soft
strategy” (p.300).
However, theorists of participatory democracy, like Nicos
Poulantaz (1972), Collins Pateman (1970) and Crawford
Brough Macpherson (1962) try to assimilate and realize the
ideals of direct democracy responsive and active citizenry,
participation and equality in the modern complex world.
They point out that if individuals have an opportunity to
directly participate in decision-making at the local level they
can achieve real control over the course of their everyday
life. Macpherson argues that a truly democratic society
promotes powers of social cooperationandcreativity(which
is a prerequisite for the success of Community Policing)
rather than maximize aggregate satisfactions (Ramaswamy
2004, p.404).The democratic theory of CP also derives its
ideas from the model ofdeliberativedemocracy.Deliberative
democracy signifies a democratic system that deliberates to
the extent ‘that the decisions it reaches reflect open
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discussion among the participants, with the people ready to
listen to the views and consider the interest of others, and
modify their own opinions accordingly’. In deliberative
democracy decisions are taken wholly by consensus. It
values the manner of open discussion that hears all pointsof
view and reaches a decision. For deliberative democracy to
work well, people must exercise democratic self-restraint:
they must think it more important that the decision reached
should be a genuinely democratic one and a decision that
they themselves favor (Ramaswamy2004,p.407).Similarly,
developmental model of democracy is concerned with the
development of human individual and the community. It
holds that citizens are 'free’ only when they participate
directly and continuously in shaping the life of their
community (Heywood 2004, p. 74). Community policing is
also based on a similar belief that members of a community
can lead a peaceful and orderly life only if they directly
participate in the community policing activities (p.74).
4.2. Community Implant Theory
As a concept and practice that is gaining acceptance among
scholars, the idea of community policing have been studied
and various theories that try to explainithaveemerged.This
study considered Community Implant Theory, among the
others, as a suitable theoretical framework. Community
Implant Theory is based on the assumption that the main
reason for high levels of crime is the lack of informal social
control in community areas. Sociologistsarguethatinformal
social control can be implanted in a community by collective
citizen action in neighborhoods where social control is
naturally weak or non-existent (Rosenbaum, 1987).
Mastrofski, Worden and Snipes (1995) have described this
theory as ‘Community building’.
Community building, according to these scholars, is a
process by which police strengthen the capacity and resolve
of citizens to resist crime by building positive relationships
with communityresidents.Accordingly,Lyons(1999)argues
that innovative police strategies such as educational,
recreational and occupational opportunities for youth, can
mobilize the informal mechanisms of social control
embedded within the community life (Lombardo and Lough
2007). Social control generally refers to the capacity of a
particular group / community to regulate its members. It
involves the use of rewards and punishments. Thus, while
formal social control is always derived from certain written
rules and laws and is enforced by the courts and the police,
the informal social control is based on customs and norms
and is enforced by thecitizensthemselvesthrough behaviors
such as surveillance, verbal reprimand, warning, rejection,
and other emotional pressures to ensure conformity.
Generally, the arguments drive from community implant
hypothesis is that crime and social disorder can be better
controlled if both formal system, for example the police, and
informal arrangement, for instance community's
participation, are put together toward achieving that; this
integration is what community policing broadly entails
(Hussein, 2015).
Community policing has the capacity to solve the problems
of deviant behavior in a society by handling the problem at
the beginningstageitselfwithappropriatecommunity-based
programmes, fully involving the community groups at
various stages of decision making, planning and
implementation of the programmes for the protection ofthe
community (Hussein, 2015). Such community based
programmes can subsequently become the base for all
neighborhood community police projects which will in turn
result in the promotion of mutual understanding and
appreciation among the community members (Silver and
Miller, 2004; Lombardo and Lough 2007). In spite of the
popularity of programmes that utilized the community-
building approach, there is little empirical evidence to
support the effectiveness of the community implant
hypothesis. Skogan (1990), for example, concluded that
informal social control mechanisms do not increase
solidarity or social interaction. Nor can any of such
programmes improve neighborhood conditions (Hussein,
2015).
5. Methodology
This study adopted survey descriptive research design. The
instrument used for data collection was a structured
questionnaire tagged: (COPNSSLGABSNQ) to extract
information from the respondents. The Sample size for this
study is four hundred (400) key informants. These was
selected through Taro Yamane formula.
This formula is given.
n = N
1 + N (e)2
Where:
n signifies the sample size
N signifies the population of the study
e signifies the level of significance which in this case is 0.05
1 signifies the unity (a constant).
The Population is 2,277,961
And e = 0.05
n =
n =
n =
n =
n = 399.93 approximately 400
n = 400
The eight (8) LGAs that makes up Bayelsa State was
stratified into three (3) based on the senatorial districts.
From these senatorial districts two (2) communities each
was purposefully selected out of the LGAs, based on their
recorded communal crisis.ThesecommunitiesareEkekiand
Azikoro communities in Yenagoa LGA, Sagbama Town and
Toru-Orua communities in Sagbama LGA, Ogbia Town and
Kolo communities in Ogbia LGA. Judgmental sampling was
used to select 400 key informants (respondents) for the
study. By this, each community had 60 respondents, making
it 360 respondents consistingofcommunitychiefs,members
of community development committee (CDC), youthleaders
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and members of women association. Forty(40)respondents
was also selected from among the police officersinthestudy
area bringing the total number to 400. For the police
respondents Ekeki and Azikoro divisions had 8 respondents
each, while Kolo, Ogbia town, Sagbama and Toru-orua
divisions had 6 respondents each.
Two types of data were generated. The first is the primary
data, which was sourced through the use of structured
questionnaire to elicit information from the respondent. On
the other hand, secondary data was obtained from
textbooks, magazines, bulletins, books, journals as well as
published and unpublished dissertation.
The data generated from the field were subjected to both
descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The
descriptive statistical analytical tools employed include:
Simple percentage, frequency tables, tally etc. While, Chi-
square (X2) was employed to test the validity of the research
hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.
6. Data Presentation and Analysis
A. Test of Hypotheses
Hypothesis 1:
The more police fail in keeping secret the identity of crime
informants from the community, the more community
policing fail to achieve its objectives.
Table 6.1.1: When the Police keeps the identity of
informants’ secret, community policing will achieve its
objectives
Respondents Yes No No Response TOTAL
Police 28 8 4 40
Residents 203 115 2 320
TOTAL 231 123 6 360
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Table 6.1.1 above provides data that shows if keeping the
identity of informants’ secret will enable the achievement of
the objectives of community policing. From the data in the
table, it is easy to see that 231 of the respondents said yes to
this, 123 of them said no, while 6 of the respondents were
undecided. This information is further subjected to a chi
square test in Table 6.1.2 below.
Table 6.2: Chi Square Test for Hypotheses 1
Category of
Respondents
O E O-E (O-E)2 (o-e/e)2
Police
28 25.67 2.33 5.44 0.21
8 13.67 -5.67 32.11 2.35
4 0.67 3.33 11.11 16.67
Residents
203 205.33 -2.33 5.44 0.03
115 109.33 5.67 32.11 0.29
2 5.33 -3.33 11.11 2.08
Chi-Square 2= 21.63
Source: Data derived from Table 6.2 above and
computed using Microsoft excel 2013
From the table above, the chi-square 2 calculated value for
hypothesis 1 is as follows:
Chi-Square=
Where o= observed frequency
e= expected frequency
Note that expected value iscalculatedbymultiplyingthe row
total by column total for each response and dividing by total
number of respondents. After this, chi-square calculated
value is compared with chi-square table value based on the
calculated degree of freedom (df). Hence, to ascertain the
degree of freedom the following formula applies.
DF = (R-1) (C-1)
= (2-1) (3-1)
= 1x2
Therefore, DF =2
At 2 DF, the table value of at 0.05 level of significance is
=5.99
Decision rule: The general accepted decision rule for the
application of chi-square test states that: Accept null
hypothesis if calculated value is less than the table valueand
reject hypothesis if the calculated value is greater than table
value. In this study, since calculatedvaluefor is18.47and
table value is 5.99, the hypothesis which states that “The
more police fail in keeping secret the identity of crime
informants from the community, the more community
policing fail to achieve its objectives.” isherebyacceptedand
the result of this study agree with thesummationofAristotle
(2019), that when police fails to keep secret the identity of
informants it affects the effectivenessofcommunitypolicing.
Based on the obvious fact that the chi square calculated
value of 18.47 is significantly higher than the table value of
5.99, it is safe to make the submission here that there is a
significant link between keeping the identity of informants’
secret and achieving the objectives of communitypolicing in
the study area.
Hypothesis 2:
The more police fail to communicateeffectivelywiththehost
community which they serve, the more community policing
fails to achieve its objectives.
Table 6.2.1: Inadequate communication with
communities by the Police will undermine community
policing objectives
Respondents Yes No No Response TOTAL
Police 30 5 5 40
Residents 240 77 3 320
TOTAL 270 82 8 360
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Table 6.2.1 above provides data that the factthatinadequate
communication between the police and community
members will go a long way to undermine the achievement
of the objectives of community policing. From thedata inthe
table, it is easy to see that 270 of the respondents said yes to
this, 82 of them said no, while 8 of the respondents were
undecided. This goes a long way to show that
communication betweenthe keystakeholdersinthepractice
of community policing must maintain a healthy
communication for the system to function appropriately.
This information is further subjected to a chi square test in
Table 6.2.2 below.
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Table 6.2.2: Chi Square Computation for Hypothesis 2
Category of
Respondents
O E O-E (O-E)2 (o-e/e)2
Police
30 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 9.11 -4.11 16.90 1.86
5 0.89 4.11 16.90 19.01
Residents
240 240.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
77 72.89 4.11 16.90 0.23
3 7.11 -4.11 16.90 2.38
Chi-Square = 23.48
Source: Data derived from Table 6.2.2 above and
computed using Microsoft excel 2013
From the table above, the chi-square 2 calculated value for
hypothesis 2 is as follows:
Chi-Square=
Where o= observed frequency
e= expected frequency
Note that expected value iscalculatedbymultiplyingthe row
total by column total for each response and dividing by total
number of respondents. After this, chi-square calculated
value is compared with chi-square table value based on the
calculated degree of freedom (df). Hence, to ascertain the
degree of freedom the following formula applies.
DF = (R-1) (C-1)
= (2-1) (3-1)
= 1x2
Therefore, DF =2
At 2 DF, the table value of at 0.05 level of significance is
=5.99
Decision rule: The general accepted decision rule for the
application of chi-square test states that: Accept null
hypothesis if calculated value is less than the table valueand
reject hypothesis if the calculated value is greater than table
value. In this study, since calculatedvaluefor is23.48and
table value is 5.99, the hypothesis which states that “The
more police fail to communicate effectively with the host
community which they serve, the more community policing
fails to achieve its objectives” is hereby accepted, and the
result of this study agrees with the summation of Aristotle
(2019); Okafor and Anichie (2018); Olawale (2017);Samuel
(2012), and Kasali and Odetola (2004) that “if the officialsof
the Nigerian police do not communicateeffectivelywithhost
community, communitypolicingobjectivecan’t beachieved”.
Based on the obvious fact that the chi square calculated
value of 23.48 is significantly higher than the table value of
5.99, it is therefore, easy to submit that there is a significant
relationship between effective communication by the
stakeholders and the achievement of the objectives of
community policing in the study area.
Hypothesis3:
The more community policing philosophy is neglected the
more national security of Nigeria will fail.
Table 6.3.1: Neglecting community policing
philosophy will lead to failure of national security
Respondents Yes No No Response TOTAL
Police 32 2 6 40
Residents 230 88 2 320
TOTAL 262 90 8 360
Source: Field Survey, 2019
Table 6.3.1 above provides data that the link between
community policing philosophy and national security.Based
on the data in the table, it be seen that 270 of the
respondents said yes to the fact that neglecting community
policing philosophy will lead to a failure of national security,
90 of them said no, while 8 of the respondents were
undecided. This information is further subjected to a chi
square test in Table 6.3.2 below.
Table 6.3.2: Chi Square Computation for Hypothesis 3
Category of
Respondents
O E O-E (O-E)2 (o-e/e)2
Police
32 29.11 2.89 8.35 0.29
2 10.00 -8.00 64.00 6.40
6 0.89 5.11 26.12 29.39
Residents
230 232.89 -2.89 8.35 0.04
88 80.00 8.00 64.00 0.80
2 7.11 -5.11 26.12 3.67
Chi-Square 2= 40.59
Source: Data derived from Table 4.8 above and
computed using Microsoft excel 2013
From the table above, the chi-square 2 calculated value for
hypothesis 3 is as follows:
Chi-Square=
Where o= observed frequency
e= expected frequency
Note that expected value iscalculatedbymultiplyingthe row
total by column total for each response and dividing by total
number of respondents. After this, chi-square calculated
value is compared with chi-square table value based on the
calculated degree of freedom (df).
Hence, to ascertain the degree of freedom the following
formula applies.
DF = (R-1) (C-1)
= (2-1) (3-1)
= 1x2
Therefore, DF =2
At 2 DF, the table value of at 0.05 level of significance is
=5.99
Decision rule: The general accepted decision rule for the
application of chi-square test states that: Accept null
hypothesis if calculated value is less than the table valueand
reject hypothesis if the calculated value is greater than table
value. In this study, since calculatedvaluefor is40.59and
table value is 5.99, the hypothesis which states that “The
more community policing philosophy is neglected the more
national security of Nigeria will fail” is hereby accepted and
11. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38204 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 1585
the result of this study agrees withthesummationof(Okafor
and Anichie, 2018; Adamu Bakri and Shamsuddin, 2018;
Maikano and Mustapha, 2013; Zumve, 2012). Hence, since
the chi square computed value for the hypothesis is
obviously higher than the table value of 5.99, it is therefore,
easy to make the submission here that there is a significant
relationship between the neglect of community policing
philosophy and the failure of national security in the study
area.
7. Findings and Discussion
Based on the analysis, the findings of the study are
summarized as follows: That the relationship between the
community policing and national security has not been very
effective. In fact, respondents believe that it has been less
effective with regard to how community policing has
addressed the issue of national security in the study area.
Also, the study found that poor community police
relationship is at the heart of the increasing rate of national
security problems in the study area. This goes to show that
the current interface between the police and the
communities is weak and need to be scaled up. In addition,
the study found that this low community police relationship
is hinged on poor communication between the communities
and the Nigerian Police Force. This goes a long way to reveal
that communication is a major tool that can enable the fight
against crime under the community policing framework.
Again, the study also found that community policing
stakeholders especiallythosefromcommunitiesare worried
about the ability of the police to keep the identity of
informants’ secret. Hence, when community membersknow
that their identity is not safe, they tend to stay away from
providing any meaningful information that may aid the
police in terms of crime fighting. Lastly, it was found that
while the police believe that effective communication
between the force and community members is important to
the community policing framework, the residents believe
that paying for their services is the best way to achieve this.
8. Conclusion
There is every need to believe that community policing as a
framework to address multidimensional security and crime
problems in Nigeria would be an ideal framework.However,
this study has proven that although the model is a welcome
development in all ramifications, some specific and peculiar
indicators have largely undermined its progress in terms of
crime prevention and fighting in a place like Bayelsa State.
Much as this is the case, it is necessary to point out that
despite these shortcomings, improvements can be made to
raise the capacity of the framework to address insecurity
and crime in the study area and in Nigeria at large.
Therefore, based on the findings, it is the conclusion of this
study that the current relationship between the community
members and the police is particularly poor and this is
hinged on the distrusts for the police in so many ways.
Similarly, community policing structure is strained mostly
because of the absenceofa healthycommunicationstructure
between the police and community members. This is in
addition to the widespread fear amongst members of the
communities that the police will not be able to keep the
identities of informants’ secret and this may adverselyaffect
people who provide information to the police.
9. Recommendations
Following the findings and the conclusion reached in this
study, the following recommendations have been proffered
to improve the community policing framework in the study
area:
A. Ensure Secrecy of Informants: It is important that the
Nigerian police force ensures that informant from
communities are protected. This can be done by making
all information anonymous to the public.
B. Scale up communication outlets: In addition to
community police relationship discussed above, it is
necessary to increase the nature of communication
between the police and the public. For instance, in
communities where reading and writing is low, the
police can employ traditional modes of communication
to educate people on the importance of community
policing to their security.
C. Strengthen Community-PoliceRelations:Thereisthe
urgent need to improve on the community police
relations in the study area. This can be done through
periodic interface with not just communityleaders buta
large section of the community as a way of building
confidence. This is necessary because the community
members seem to have lost confidence in the police
especially because of their mode of operation.
D. Reward System: The police should put in place a
healthy reward system for those members that are bold
enough to provide information that would lead to
addressing the security and criminal issues in the
society or their various communities. This maynotbein
the form of cash but rewards that show recognition for
their complementary works. However, this should be
done discretely to avoid exposing informants.
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