These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
These PowerPoint presentations are intended for use by crime prevention practitioners who bring their experience and expertise to each topic. The presentations are not intended for public use or by individuals with no training or expertise in crime prevention. Each presentation is intended to educate, increase awareness, and teach prevention strategies. Presenters must discern whether their audiences require a more basic or advanced level of information.
NCPC welcomes your input and would like your assistance in tracking the use of these topical presentations. Please email NCPC at trainings@ncpc.org with information about when and how the presentations were used. If you like, we will also place you in a database to receive updates of the PowerPoint presentations and additional training information. We encourage you to visit www.ncpc.org to find additional information on these topics. We also invite you to send in your own trainer notes, handouts, pictures, and anecdotes to share with others on www.ncpc.org.
Together with my team we have developed the concept of police network combating domestic violence.
Currently we are selecting candidates from the police units and soon will start the trainings.
We believe that domestic violence is a big and serious issue in Ukraine. Istambul convention hasn't been ratified yet. But we do not have time to wait. We have to act now,
Together with my team we have developed the concept of police network combating domestic violence.
Currently we are selecting candidates from the police units and soon will start the trainings.
We believe that domestic violence is a big and serious issue in Ukraine. Istambul convention hasn't been ratified yet. But we do not have time to wait. We have to act now,
This is a presentation on the Student Police Cadet project, developed for viewing by the Prime Minister of India Dr Manmohan Singh during his visit to Kochi in September 2012
Speakers: яВз Mark Fedderson, Lieutenant, Tacoma Police Department
яВз Frank Krause, Sergeant, Tacoma Police Department
Birney Elementary тАУ Teacher Homicide occurred on February 26, 2010 in Tacoma, Washington. This
presentation discusses the dispatch, intervention, investigation, and partnerships at work.
Top 10 police community support officer interview questions and answerssanchezthomas54
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In this file, you can ref interview materials for police community support officer such as types of interview questions, police community support officer situational interview, police community support officer behavioral interviewтАж
:Why Occupational safety,Important factors of Occupational safety in Agriculture.causes and common types of accidents.Occupational safety is very important and it is the joint responsibility of all: the government,the employer and the worker.
These 14 Health Benefits of Corn can Fight Against Cancer, Diabetes, Anemia, ...Fitness for Life
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Corn is said to be a vegetable, but actually, it is a food grain, come from Mexico and Central America. Corn has wonderful taste and high in nutrients. Lots of people like consuming this diet. Baby corns are sold in the supermarkets by storing in cans. Sweet corn can be used in cooking or making different salad dishes. Normally, this grains are harvested in the summer period. There are several reasons for including corn in your daily diet. Here, we will reveal 14 health benefits of corn.
Using procedural justice as an orienting framework, a "contact-based policing" paradigm is supported by the findings of this original qualitative case study that examines police officer interpretations of officer-initiated contacts.
In this assignment, you will expound on one of the topics you selected by conducting a literature review. Use the literature you developed for references to prepare an analysis of the topic, and identify required changes, revocation, or additions to the issue, problem, or policy you selected for study. Here, you will provide research analysis to defend your position on the selected topic.
Community Policing Essay examples
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Community PolicingDefinedThe Primary Elements of ComJeniceStuckeyoo
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Community Policing
Defined
The Primary Elements of Community Policing
Nonprof its / Service Providers
Using the Crime Triangle
1
Com
m
unity Policing Defined
Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support
the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address
the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder,
and fear of crime.
Community policing
comprises three
key components:
Community Partnerships
Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the
individuals and organizations they serve to develop solutions to problems and
increase trust in police
Organizational Transformation
The alignment of organizational management, structure, personnel, and
information systems to support community partnerships and proactive
problem solving
Problem Solving
The process of engaging in the proactive and
systematic examination of identified problems
to develop and evaluate
effective responses
2
Community
Partnerships
Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the
individuals and organizations they serve to develop solutions to problems
and increase trust in police
Community policing, recognizing that police rarely can solve public
safety problems alone, encourages interactive partnerships with relevant
stakeholders. The range of potential partners is large, and these partnerships
can be used to accomplish the two interrelated goals of developing solutions
to problems through collaborative problem solving and improving public trust.
The public should play a role in prioritizing and addressing public
safety problems.
Other Government Agencies
Law enforcement organizations can partner with a number of other
government agencies to identify community concerns and offer alternative
solutions. Examples of agencies include legislative bodies, prosecutors,
probation and parole, public works departments, neighboring law enforcement
agencies, health and human services, child support services, ordinance
enforcement, and schools.
3
Com
m
unity Policing Defined
Community Members/Groups
Individuals who live, work, or otherwise have an interest in the communityтАФ
volunteers, activists, formal and informal community leaders, residents,
visitors and tourists, and commutersтАФare a valuable resource for identifying
community concerns. These factions of the community can be engaged in
achieving specific goals at town hall meetings, neighborhood association
meetings, decentralized offices/storefronts in the community, and team beat
assignments.
Nonprofits / Service Providers
Advocacy and community-based organizations that provide services to the
community and advocate on its behalf can be powerful partners. These groups
often work with or are composed of individuals who share common interests
and can include such entit ...
Coomunity policing vs traditional policingNayana Mohanan
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Community policing puts society and quality of living as a priority, which can target the real issues of society whereas traditional law enforcement focuses on arrest and investigation.
Civilian review of policeтАЩs internal disciplinary and procedural mechanisms to address complaints are examined in this paper. Civilian oversight is a prominent feature of modern police efforts to improve community relations. The organizational theme of civilian oversight is characterized by terms used to critique police practices. Cultural competence, community policing, and mediation are key elements in reforming police practices and criminal justice goals. Modern theologians such as Christine Hayes and John Dominic Crossan offer insights about sociological concepts of biblical justice. Through the lens of restorative and distributive justice this paper examines complaint intake and criminal justice goals of San Diego's Civilian Review Board on Police Practices. Community policiing initiatives offer a holistic application of a socially just, transparent, and accountable process for building and restoring lawful communities. The views of prominent sociologists, active and retired police officers, and researchers are solicted in this exhaustive paper. Ultimately, this research will examine impacts and priorities for civilians to review police practices and develop and restore collaborative networks between police and their communities.
This presentation discusses lessons learnt in the implementation of community policing in Nigeria and what steps should be taken in institutionalising the programmes.
The Pros And Cons Of Community Policing
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Conduct an analysis of community policing/tutorialoutletWoodardz
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FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
тАв Introduction
Policing has evolved over the last century to encompass not only crime┬мfighting methodologies, but also an
increase in services to the community.
Describe the four dimensions of community policing doc 19.docxintel-writers.com
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Community policing is an approach to law enforcement that focuses on building strong relationships between the police and the community they serve. It emphasizes collaboration, problem-solving, and proactive strategies to address crime and maintain public safety. The concept of community policing encompasses four key dimensions: community partnerships, problem-solving, organizational transformation, and proactive policing.
The first dimension of community policing is community partnerships. This dimension emphasizes the importance of establishing and nurturing strong relationships between law enforcement agencies and the community. It involves active engagement with community members, organizations, and stakeholders to identify and address local crime concerns. By fostering trust and collaboration, community partnerships facilitate effective crime prevention and response efforts.
The second dimension is problem-solving. Community policing recognizes that addressing crime requires more than just reactive responses. It involves a proactive approach to identify and analyze specific crime issues within the community. Police officers work closely with community members to identify the root causes of crime and develop tailored strategies to address them. Problem-solving techniques, such as data analysis, community surveys, and community policing forums, are used to gather information and develop evidence-based interventions.
Organizational transformation is the third dimension of community policing. This dimension acknowledges that implementing community policing requires a shift in the organizational culture and structure of law enforcement agencies. It involves creating an environment that supports and encourages community-oriented policing practices. This may include training and educating police officers in problem-solving techniques, communication skills, cultural sensitivity, and conflict resolution. Additionally, policies and procedures are modified to emphasize community engagement, accountability, and transparency.
Describe the four dimensions of community policing doc 19 doc 4.docxintel-writers.com
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The infertility
assessment process is a comprehensive evaluation conducted to identify the underlying causes of infertility in individuals or couples who are having difficulty conceiving. It involves a series of medical, physical, and laboratory tests to gather information and diagnose potential fertility issues. Here is a detailed discussion of the infertility assessment process:
Initial Consultation: The process typically begins with an initial consultation with a fertility specialist or reproductive endocrinologist. During this consultation, the medical history of both partners is reviewed, including any previous pregnancies, medical conditions, surgeries, or treatments that could impact fertility. The doctor may also discuss lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise habits, which can affect fertility.
Physical Examination: A physical examination is performed to assess the reproductive organs and identify any abnormalities. This may involve a pelvic examination for women to evaluate the uterus, cervix, and ovaries. For men, a physical examination may involve checking the testicles, scrotum, and assessing the presence of any anatomical or structural issues.
Hormonal Assessment: Hormonal tests are conducted to evaluate the levels of various hormones involved in the reproductive process. These tests can help identify hormonal imbalances, irregularities in ovulation, or issues with sperm production. Common hormone tests include measuring levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone.
Semen Analysis: For male partners, a semen analysis is performed to assess the quantity, quality, and motility of sperm. The sample is collected through ejaculation and analyzed in a laboratory to determine sperm count, morphology (shape), and motility. This test helps identify any male factor infertility issues.
Ovulation Assessment: Ovulation assessment involves tracking the menstrual cycle and confirming the release of an egg from the ovaries. Methods used for ovulation assessment include tracking basal body temperature, monitoring changes in cervical mucus, and using ovulation predictor kits. These methods can help determine if ovulation is occurring regularly.
Imaging Tests: Imaging tests, such as transvaginal ultrasound or hysterosalpingography (HSG), may be performed to assess the structure of the reproductive organs. Ultrasound provides detailed images of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, while an HSG is an X-ray procedure that examines the fallopian tubes and checks for any blockages or abnormalities.
Genetic Testing: In some cases, genetic testing may be recommended to identify any inherited genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities that could affect fertility or increase the risk of certain conditions in offspring. This testing is particularly relevant for individuals or couples with a family history of genetic disorders.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
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Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. тАЬLinguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,тАЭ they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
21. Selected Comparisons Between Problem-Oriented Policing and Community Policing Principles Principle Problem-Oriented Policing Community-Oriented Policing Primary emphasis Substantive social problems within police mandate Engaging the community in the policing process When police and community collaborate Determined on a problem by problem basis Always or nearly always Emphasis on problem analysis Highest priority given to thorough analysis Encouraged, but less important than community collaboration Preference for responses Strong preference that alternatives to criminal law enforcement be explored Preference for collaborative responses with community Role for police in organizing and mobilizing community Advocated only if warranted within the context of the specific problem being addressed Emphasizes strong role for police Importance of geographic decentralization of police and continuity of officer assignment to community Preferred, but not essential Essential Degree to which police share decision-making authority with community Strongly encourages input from community while preserving ultimate decision-making authority to police Emphasizes sharing decision-making authority with community Emphasis on officer skills Emphasizes intellectual and analytical skills Emphasizes interpersonal skills View of the role or mandate of police Encourages broad, but not unlimited role for police, stresses limited capacities of police and guards against creating unrealistic expectations of police Encourages expansive role for police to achieve ambitious social objectives
22.
Editor's Notes
Various crime commissions discovered that most crimes were not reported to police. The first use of victimization studies in the early 1970s indicated that there were significant levels of crime that were not reported to police. Fear of crime was also a significant concern for both police and citizens.
Kansas City Patrol Experiment тАУ Around 1971, law enforcement agencies started to question the value of routine patrol. Kansas City (MO) designed an experiment to assess the effects of different levels of patrol on public attitudes, reported crime, victimization, traffic accidents, response time, etc. Conclusion тАУ Overwhelming evidence is that decreasing or increasing routine preventive patrol within the range tested had no effect on crime, citizen fear, community attitudes toward police, response time, accidents. Rand Investigation Experiment - 150 large agencies surveyed and site visits occurred in 25 cities. The study questioned the traditional assumptions about the importance and worth of detective units. Important findings: Detectives solved only a small percentage of cases that were assigned to them. Detectives spent most of their time on tasks unrelated to crime solving (trial preparation, reports, interviews, etc.). Most important determinant of case clearance was information obtained by the patrol officer. Task forces did appear to result in more cleared cases. Rapid Response Studies тАУ There is some discussion of response time studies in the first chapter of Problem Oriented Policing and Crime Prevention. In summary, police response time was not as important because 1) there was often a delay between the commission of a crime and the discovery of the crime; and 2) a delay often resulted between discover of the crime and notification to police.
Foot patrol often decreases fear of crime, although the impact of foot patrol on actual crime is less certain. See Police Foundation (1981). The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment . Washington D.C.
Source: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36
There are different ways of defining and operationalizing community policing. Some suggest itтАЩs a philosophy, others think itтАЩs a tactic, and still others consider it a process. As such, some different conceptualizations of community policing are important discussion points.
Organizational Elements Philosophy adopted organization-wide: Department-wide adoption of community policing is evidenced by the integration of the philosophy into mission statements, policies and procedures, performance evaluations and hiring and promotional practices, training programs and other systems and activities that define organizational culture and activities. Organizational systems support and value a service orientation, and stress the importance of different units within the agency working cooperatively in support of community policing. Implementation of the community policing philosophy may occur incrementally and within specialized units at first, but a defined path leads towards full, department-wide implementation. Decentralized decision-making and accountability: In community policing, individual line officers are given the authority to solve problems and make operational decisions suitable to their roles, both individually and collectively. Leadership is required and rewarded at every level, with managers, supervisors, and officers held accountable for decisions and the effects of their efforts at solving problems and reducing crime and disorder with the community. Fixed geographic accountability and generalist responsibilities : In community policing, the majority of staffing, command, deployment, and tactical decision-making are geographically based. Appropriate personnel are assigned to fixed geographic areas for extended periods of time in order to foster communication and partnerships between individual officers and their community, and are accountable for reducing crime and disorder within their assigned area. The geographic boundaries are naturally determined based more on communities rather than statistical divisions. Utilization of Volunteer Resources: Community policing encourages the use of non-law enforcement resources within a law enforcement agency. Volunteerism involves active citizen participation with their law enforcement agency. The law enforcement organization educates the public about ways that they can partner with the organization and its members to further community policing, and provides an effective means for citizen input. Volunteer efforts can help to free up officer time, and allow sworn personnel to be more proactive and prevention oriented. Examples of such resources might include police reserves, volunteers,┬а Explorer Scouts, service organizations, and citizen or youth police academies. Enhancers: There are a number of enhancers and facilitators that may assist departments in their transition to community policing. For example, updated technology and information systems can facilitate community policing by providing officers access to crime and incident data which supports problem analysis or increases uncommitted officer time by reducing time spent on administrative duties. This results in enabling officers to spend more time in the community. In addition, enhanced technological and analytical capabilities allow the agency to gather timely information about crime problems, which supports better resource and personnel deployment while providing officers a better understanding of the problems within their beat. In addition, information must be made accessible not only to police officers, but also to the community. If officers are to be responsible for problems in their beat, and if the community is to be an equal partner in combating crime and disorder, both must have access to timely and complete information. Finally, community policing training for all sworn and civilian personnel can serve as a facilitator to successful implementation of the philosophy. Training opportunities support community policing through alternative means of enforcing the law and impacting crime and disorder problems. Community policing training must be incorporated into all facets of training, and required for all department personnel and available to the community, and expanded well beyond the definition and basic elements. Source: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36
Tactical Elements Enforcement of laws: Community policing complements the use of proven and established enforcement strategies, becoming one of many tools available to officers that can be collectively employed to prevent and combat crime. As the philosophical foundation, emphasis is placed on the quality of individual and group efforts. In addition, police departments should be active partners in identifying laws that need to be amended or enacted, then working with lawmakers and organizing citizen support efforts to change them. Collectively, these activities allow police agencies to address underlying conditions that lead to crime while strongly enforcing breaches in the law. Proactive, crime prevention-oriented: Departments became highly reactive under the traditional model of policing. Law enforcement responded to calls for service from citizens and focused primarily on arresting offenders after crimes had been committed. Under community policing, law enforcement focuses not only on enforcement, but also on crime prevention and proactively addressing the root causes of crime and disorder. The community actively engages in collaborating on prevention and problem-solving activities with a goal of reducing victimization and fear of crime. Problem-solving: Describes the process of attempting to solve problems. Police, community members, and other public and private entities work together to address the underlying problems that contribute to crime and disorder by identifying and analyzing problems, developing suitable responses, and assessing the effectiveness of these responses. While enforcement is an integral part of policing, problem-solving relies less heavily on use of the traditional criminal justice system components and enforcement methods and more on preventing crime through deterring offenders, protecting likely victims, and making crime locations less conducive to problems. Source: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36
External Elements Public Involvement and Community Partnerships: In community policing, citizens are viewed by the police as partners who share responsibility for identifying priorities, and developing and implementing responses. Accurate surveying of customer needs and priorities is required under community policing to determine the problems that drive police services, and give the public ownership of the problem-solving process. Government, other agency partnerships: The police are only one of the many local government agencies responsible for responding to community problems. Under community policing, other government agencies are called upon and recognized for their abilities to respond to and address crime and social disorder issues. Community-based organizations are also brought into crime prevention and problem-solving partnerships with the police. The support and leadership of elected officials, as well as the coordination of the police department at all levels, are vital to the success of these efforts. Source: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=36
Citizen Input Examples тАУ neighborhood meetings, citizen surveys, citizen police academies, etc. Broad Function тАУ Remember, the primary functions of policing include law enforcement, service, and order maintenance. So the function of police expands well beyond enforcing laws. Personal Service тАУ Historically, the тАЬbeat copтАЭ knew his neighborhood and the citizens. The introduction of vehicles limited this тАЬclosenessтАЭ between police and citizens. Community policing restores that тАЬintimacyтАЭ between an officer and a neighborhood such that personalized services are more likely to occur. Source: Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University - http://dcj.state.co.us/crcpi/elements.htm
Sources: Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University http://dcj.state.co.us/crcpi/elements.htm
Sources: Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University http://dcj.state.co.us/crcpi/elements.htm
Sources: Gary Cordner, Eastern Kentucky University http://dcj.state.co.us/crcpi/elements.htm
Variations in CP тАУ Every city cannot effectively utilize foot patrol, hire crime analysts, or organized community meetings. So, community policing will take different forms depending on this context and involvement of the community. For example, foot patrol is commonly used in New York City but rarely considered in rural county law enforcement agencies. Recommended Reading on CP variations тАУ Maguire, Edward, R., Kuhns, Joseph B., Uchida, Craig & Cox, Stephen. (1997). Patterns of Community Policing in Non-Urban America . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 34(3) : 368-394.
Community policing started to take root following the passing of the 1994 Crime Act and the creation of the COPS Office. COPS-funded training helps advance community policing at all levels of law enforcement - from line officers to law enforcement executives - as well as others in the criminal justice field. Source: www.cops.usdoj.gov
The next module will discuss POP in detail. However, this slide introduces the concept of POP within the discussion of COP and draws comparisons between the two.
Instructor Note: This chart could be used as a handout. According to Goldstein, problem-oriented policing primarily emphasizes the substantive societal problems the police are held principally responsible for addressing; community policing primarily emphasizes having the police engage the community in the policing process. Under problem-oriented policing, how the police and the community engage one another will and should depend on the specific problem they are trying to address, rather than being defined in a broad and abstract sense. Community policing implies that responses to problems will involve some sort of collaborative or cooperative working relationship between the police and the community. Problem-oriented policing allows for this possibility, but does not imply that such arrangements are always necessary or appropriate for addressing every problem. Carefully analyzing problems before developing new response strategies is given greater weight and importance under problem-oriented policing than under community policing. Problem-oriented policing specifically promotes using alternatives to the formal criminal justice system, redefining the nature of the policeтАЩs relationship to this and other systems; community policing does not explicitly address this relationship. Community policing strongly emphasizes organizing and mobilizing the community, almost to the point that doing so becomes a central function of the police; problem-oriented policing advocates such efforts only if they are warranted in the specific context of addressing a particular problem. Under community policing, certain features of police organizational structure and policy, like geographic decentralization and continuity in officer assignments to neighborhoods, are deemed essential; under problem-oriented policing, many of these features are seen as helpful, but not essentialтАФproblem-oriented policing can be done under a variety of organizational arrangements. Community policing emphasizes that the police share more decision-making authority with the community; problem-oriented policing seeks to preserve more ultimate decision-making authority for the police, even while encouraging the police to solicit input from outside the department. Problem-oriented policing emphasizes officersтАЩ intellectual and analytical skills; community policing emphasizes their interpersonal skills. Finally, community policing expands the policeтАЩs role to advance large and ambitious social objectives, like promoting peaceful coexistence, enhancing neighborhood quality of life, promoting racial and ethnic harmony, and strengthening democratic community governance; problem-oriented policing is more cautious, emphasizing that the police are more limited in their capacity to achieve these goals than many people imagine, and guards against unrealistic expectations of the police. Some scholars and observers who have merged the concepts of community and problem-oriented policing erroneously ascribe the more ambitious goals of community policing to problem-oriented policing, as well. Source: Scott, Michael (2000). Problem-Oriented Policing: Reflections on the First 20 Years . Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services