Acquired immunity
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Acquired immunity is the resistance acquired by an individual during life and can be active or passive. Active immunity develops after natural infection or vaccination and stimulates both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity, resulting in long-lasting protection. Passive immunity is induced by transferring preformed antibodies through maternal transfer to fetus/infant or injection of antiserum, providing immediate but short-term protection until the recipient can develop their own active immunity. Vaccines provide artificial active immunity and are prepared from live attenuated or killed microorganisms or their antigens.
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2) Type II mononuclear cells seen in infectious mononucleosis with irregular borders and pale cytoplasm.
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This document discusses drug-induced hemolytic anemia (DIIHA). DIIHA can be immune-mediated or non-immune mediated. Immune-mediated DIIHA can be drug-dependent or drug-independent. Diagnosis involves identifying signs of hemolysis and a temporal relationship to drug exposure. Testing includes a direct Coombs test and drug-treated red blood cell testing to identify drug antibodies. Common causes of DIIHA include antibiotics, NSAIDs, and anti-neoplastics. Ceftriaxone is a known cause and testing showed the patient's plasma reacted with ceftriaxone-coated red blood cells, indicating ceftriaxone-induced immune hemolytic anemia.
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Acquired Immunity. lecture 4 chapter 3.pptx
This document discusses different types of immunity, including active and passive immunity. It provides details on active immunity, such as how it is acquired through exposure to antigens and produces a lasting immune response. Passive immunity is described as obtaining resistance through introduction of ready-made antibodies rather than active immune response. Local immunity focuses on mucosal surfaces and secretory IgA. Examples of natural and artificial acquisition of both active and passive immunity are also outlined.
Vaccine
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
Vaccine
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
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More from Dr.Dhananjay Singh
DENTAL PULP (QUICK REVESION).docx
PULP
• FUNCTIONS OF THE PULP
• Formative: Elaboration of dentin to form the tooth
• Protective: Protection against and repairing of the effectsof noxious stimuli
• Nutritive: Preserving the vitality of all the cellular elements
• Sensory: Perception of stimuli
• ZONES OF PULP
• Starting at the periphery, the pulp is divided into four zones:
• Odontoblastic zone, which surrounds the periphery of
• the pulp
• Cell-free zone
• Cell-rich zone
• Central zone
ODONTOBLASTIC ZONE
• The primary function of the odontoblasts throughout the life of the pulp is the production and deposition of dentin.
• The crowded arrangement of the coronal odontoblasts is due to the rapid reduction of the pulp chamber by the deposition of dentin, which compresses the existing cells to a stratified layer.
• This crowding of odontoblasts produces more cells per unit area and, therefore, more dentinal tubules (45,000/mm2) in the pulpal side than in the enamel side (20,000/mm2).
• The unmyelinated nerves for sensory perception are also found in the pulpal end of the periodontoblastic space of the dentinal tubules
• The incremental lines represent rest periods in dentinogenesis, whereas the interglobular dentin and the granular layer of Tomes probably represent a defect in matrix formation.
• The accentuated incremental line that occurs at birth is called the neonatal line.
• In some areas in the mature dentin, the matrix has not calcified or is hypocalcified. These areas are called interglobular dentin.
• One also sees spaces in the root dentin near the cementodentinal junction called the granular layer of Tomes.
• The dentinal tubules extend from the predentin border to the dentinoenamel and the dentinocemental junctions.
• Dentinal Tubules are conical in shape, with a 2.5 μm mean diameter in the pulpal wall and a 0.9 μm mean diameter in the dentinoenamel or dentinocemental junctions because of the deposition of the peritubular dentin.
• The continuous deposition of peritubular dentinformation of the sclerotic dentin, which has a glassy appearance under transmitted light.
• Primary dentin is elaborated before the teeth erupt and is divided into mantle and circumpulpal dentin.
• Mantle dentin, the first calcified layer of the dentin deposited against the enamel, forms the dentinal side of the dentinoenamel junction.
• Circumpulpal dentin is the dentin formed after the layer of mantle dentin.
• Secondary dentin is elaborated after eruption of the teeth. It can be differentiated from primary dentin by the sharpbending of the tubules producing a line of demarcation.
• secondary dentin is deposited in greater quantities in the floor and roof of the pulp chamber than on the walls.
• Tertiary Dentin
• Two types of tertiary dentin are recognized:
• Tertiary dentin formed by primary odontoblasts following a mild stimulus is called reactionary dentin.
• Tertiary dentin formed by newly differentiated or secondary odontoblasts is termed reparative dentin.
• Reparative dentin,
Cementum.docx (Quick revision)
• Cementum is deposited in a thin layer at the cementoenamel junction to form one of the following three configurations:
A butt joint (30%)
An overlap joint (60%)
A gap between cementum and enamel (10%) (this gap may produce cervical sensitivity or may predispose the tooth to cervical caries)
• The continued incremental deposition of cementum in the apical third maintains the length of the tooth, constricts the apical foramen, and deviates the apical foramen from the center of the apex.
• The surface of the bony crypt becomes known as the lamina dura radiographically.
• The sensory nerve fibers traverse the dental papilla and, on reaching the coronal pulp, they branch toward the periphery to form a plexus of nerves called the plexus of Raschkow.
• This plexus of Raschkow is located in the subodontoblastic zone of the coronal pulp.
• These sensory nerve fibers are myelinated; therefore, they are enclosed in a sheath made of Schwann’s cells.
• Human premolars receive almost 2300 axons at the root apex, of which about 13% are myelinated and 87% are nonmyelinated fibers.
• Most apical myelinated axons are fast-conducting Aδ fibers.
• These fibers are probably activated by a hydrodynamic mechanism and conduct impulses that are perceived as a short, well-localized, sharp pain.
• Most C fibers are slow conducting and fine sensory afferents
EMBRYOLOGY.docx (Quick revesion)
• TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (EMBRYOLOGY)
• . The initiation of tooth development-6th week of IUL
• . The oral stratified squamous epithelium covers the primordia of the future maxillary and mandibular processes in a horseshoe-shaped pattern.
• . Tooth development starts when stratified squamous epithelium begins to thicken and forms the dental lamina.
• . The stratified squamous oral epithelium covers an embryonic connective tissue that is called the ectomesenchyme because of its derivation from the neural crest cells. condensed area of ectomesenchyme forms the future dental papilla and subsequently the pulp.
• . BUD STAGE (FORMATION OF ENAMEL ORGAN)
• . CAP STAGE (OUTER AND INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM)
• The convex surface consists of the cuboidal epithelial cells and is called the outer enamel epithelium. The concave surface, called the inner enamel epithelium, consists of elongated epithelial cells with polarized nuclei that later differentiate into ameloblasts.
• . The inner and the outer enamel epithelium, the cells begin to separate due to the deposition of intercellular mucoid fluid rich in glycogen that forms a branch reticular arrangement called the stellate reticulum.
• . The ectomesenchyme surrounding the dental papilla and the enamel organ condenses and becomes more fibrous, it is called the dental follicle or the dental sac—the precursor of the cementum, the periodontal ligament (PDL), and the alveolar bone.
• . BELL STAGE (CERVICAL LOOP)
• . The junction of the outer and the inner enamel epithelium at the rim of the enamel organ becomes a distinct zone called the cervical loop.
• . The buds of the permanent molars, which have no primary predecessors.
• . The squamous cells between the stellate reticulum and the inner enamel epithelium form the stratum intermedium.
• . Stratum intermedium → Enamel
• Ectomesenchyme → Dentin
• Dental papilla → Pulp
• Dental follicle or dental sac → Cementum, the periodontal ligament(PDL), and the alveolar bone.
• Primary dentin is formed in increments of 4–8 μm per day and is continually deposited until the end of tooth development.
• . large-diameter collagen fibers known as von Korff fibers are deposited at right angles to the basement membrane in the extracellular matrix of the acellular zone. This process creates the organic matrixof the first-formed dentin or mantle dentin.
• The organic matrix or predentin is deposited around the odontoblastic processes. The predentin later calcifies and thereby forms the dentinal tubules.
• Primary dentin differs from the mantle dentin in which the matrix originates solely(only) in the odontoblasts.
• The mineralization of primary dentin originates from the previous mineralized dentin.
PERITUBULAR DENTIN
As the incremental deposition of dentin continues toward the center of the pulp, the diameter of the odontoblastic processes is reduced peripherally.
more mineralized and it is harder than primary dentin, is called peritubular dentin.70% inorganic material
• Dentin consist
AMELOGENESIS.docx (Quick revesion)
tooth development, formation of enamel root formation, hertwing epithelial root sheath
development of the enamel ,dentin, pulp ,root .
preparation of NEET MDS
• AMELOGENESIS
• The preameloblasts differentiate into tall columnar epithelial cells with their nuclei polarized toward the stratum intermedium –Ameloblast
• The inner enamelepithelium is being resorbed and dentin is being deposited to follow the contour established by the basement membrane. This process forms the future dentinoenamel junction
• The deposition of enamel matrix causes the ameloblasts to migrate peripherally and form conic projections – Tomes process
• This maturation process begins in the dentinoenamel junction and progresses peripherally to the enamel surface.
• During the final phase of the maturation process, the ameloblasts join the stratified epithelium to form the reduced enamel epithelium and to cover and protect the enamel until eruption of the tooth.
• DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROOT
• Outer and inner enamel epithelia proliferate to form the HERS(Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath)
• Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath- which determines the size and shape of the root of the tooth.
• the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath proliferateshorizontally between the dentinal papilla and the dentalfollicle; this process partially encloses the dental papilla anddelineates the apical foramen or foramina. This proliferationis called the epithelial diaphragm.
• In multirooted teeth, the epithelial diaphragm guides the formation of the furca, roots, root canals, and apical foramina.
• CEMENTOBLAST
• These mesenchymal cells differentiate into cementoblasts, which are round, plump cells that have basophilic cytoplasm.
• The cell rests of Malassez remain dormant in the mature PDL and have the potential of proliferating into periradicular cysts if stimulated by chronic inflammation.
• Accessory canals are more prevalent in the apical third of the root.
Dental caries.pptx
Dental caries, or tooth decay, is a common chronic disease caused by bacteria in dental plaque that leads to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. It typically affects the maxillary first molars and mandibular incisors. Caries can be classified based on location, speed of progression, age of patient, and number of surfaces involved. The Miller theory posits that acid produced during bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in dental plaque causes demineralization, while various other theories explore roles of proteolysis, chelation, and phosphorylation. Treatment involves prevention through fluorides, restorative procedures like fillings or crowns, and root canals in cases involving pulp exposure.
Biodegradable wastage PHD.pptx
Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.
ameloblastoma FOR PRESENTATION.ppt
Dept of Oral Medicine & Radiology
Ameloblastoma A case report
Dhananjay Singh
CHIEF COMPLAINT
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
dental history
medical history
diagnosis
investigation
final diagnosis
treatment
clinical features
oral medicine
radiology
xray
oral diagnosis
Eruption sequence of primary teeth
The document summarizes the sequence of eruption of primary teeth. It begins by defining tooth eruption as the movement of a tooth from development within the jaws to its functional position in the oral cavity. It then outlines the order of eruption of primary teeth as central incisors, lateral incisors, first molars, canines, and second molars. Finally, it briefly discusses the importance of primary teeth for functions like chewing, speech development, and guiding permanent teeth into place.
Processing of x ray film in oral radiology
This document discusses the processing of x-ray films. It describes how film processing converts a latent image to a visible one through chemical reactions. The key steps are development using developer solution, fixing with fixer solution, rinsing, washing and drying. Films can be processed manually or automatically. Manual processing follows five steps while automatic processing automates the entire process. Various types of processing solutions, methods and darkroom equipment used are also outlined.
Introduction to orthodontics
This document provides an introduction to orthodontics, including:
- A definition of orthodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with preventing and correcting malocclusions and abnormalities of the dentofacial region.
- An overview of the historical background of orthodontics, noting contributions from figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Fauchard, and Angle.
- The aims and objectives of orthodontic treatment, including functional efficiency, structural balance, and esthetic harmony.
- The scope of orthodontic treatment, which includes altering tooth position, skeletal patterns, and soft tissue patterns.
- The main branches of orthodontics: preventive,
Growth and development Orthodontic
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including definitions, factors that affect growth, concepts of growth, and methods of studying growth. Some key points include:
- Growth refers to an increase in size over time, while development is progress towards maturity. Differentiation is the change from a generalized to more specialized cell or tissue.
- Factors that affect physical growth include heredity, nutrition, illness, race, socioeconomics, and psychology. Growth occurs in spurts and at different rates for different parts of the body.
- Methods of gathering growth data include longitudinal studies, which track the same individuals over time, and cross-sectional studies, which observe different samples at different times. Growth
Anatomical landmark in oral radiology
This document provides information on anatomical landmarks that are visible on dental radiographs. It begins by defining radiopaque and radiolucent structures and describing how x-rays interact with tissue to form medical images. Specific anatomical landmarks of the maxilla are then outlined, including the anterior nasal spine, nasal septum, zygomatic process, and maxillary tuberosity. Common mandibular landmarks like the mental foramen and mandibular canal are also reviewed. The document concludes by describing common radiographic features of teeth such as the lamina dura and periodontal ligament space.
Dental cements part 3
Glass ionomer cement (GIC)
Metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement
High viscosity glass ionomer cement
Resin modified glass ionomer cement
Calcium aluminate Glass ionomer cement
Compomer
Resin cement
Mineral trioxide aggregate cement
Root canal sealer
Conclusion
Dental cements part 2
Cements for restoratives
Copper Cements
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical manipulation
Mechanical and Biological properties
Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical manipulation of Polycarboxylate Cement
Mechanical and biological properties
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical Manipulation
Modified Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cements
EBA-Alumina modified Cements
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical manipulation
Mechanical and Biological Properties
Polymer reinforced
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical Manipulation
Mechanical and Biological Properties
Dental cements part 1
All details about the dental cements
Introduction
Definitions
Ideal properties
Classification
Based on Ingredients & Application(craig)
Based on Bonding mechanism(william O’Brien)
Based on setting reaction (Anusavice)
Silicate cement
Zinc phosphate cement
Cell junction
cell junction between two adjacent cells
tight junction
gap junction,desmosomes
occluding junction
adhesion junction
communicating junction
anchoring junction
Dental polymer part 2
all details about the chemistry of polymerization
Addition polymerization
Chemical Stages of polymerization
induction
propagation
chain transfer
termination
Inhibition of polymerization
Ring-opening polymerization,
Step growth/Condensation polymerization
Copolymerization
Acrylic resins
Methylmethacrylate
Polymethylmethacrylate{PMMA}
Multifunctional Methacrylate and Acrylate resins
Dental polymer part 1
All details about the dental polymer
Components and Composition
Molecular Weight
Polydispersity
Structure Of Polymer
Mechanical And Physical Properties Of Polymer,
Rheometric Properties
Solvation and dissolution Properties
Thermal Properties
Requirement Of Dental Resins
Dental Use Of Resins
Cavity liners
Cavity liners are thin protective barriers applied to dentin that protect the pulp from irritants in restorative materials and reduce sensitivity. They are supplied as solutions, powders mixed with liquid, or pastes in tubes. Cavity liners are composed of calcium hydroxide suspended in an organic liquid and provide a protective film but no mechanical strength or thermal insulation. They are easily applied by flowing or painting over dentin and the solvent evaporates, leaving a thin protective residue on the dentin.
Biotransformation or metabolism of drugs
Biotransformation, or metabolism, refers to the chemical alteration of drugs in the body. The primary site of drug metabolism is the liver, though other organs like the kidneys, intestines, lungs and plasma also play a role. Biotransformation can inactivate drugs, produce active metabolites from prodrugs, or activate inactive drugs. Reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and synthetic conjugation pathways like glucuronidation and sulfation that produce inactive metabolites that are more easily excreted. First pass metabolism refers to biotransformation that occurs during absorption in the intestines and liver, before a drug reaches systemic circulation.
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Acquired immunity
- 1. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY The resistance acquired by an individual during life is known as acquired immunity. It is of two types, active and passive. A. Active Immunity Active immunity is subdivided into two types : Natural and Artificial. Natural- Through clinical or subclinical infection Artificial- Induced by vaccination. It is the resistance developed by an individual as a result of contact with an antigen. This contact may be in the form of natural infection or by vaccination. It leads to stimulate the immune apparatus to form antibodies and the production of immunologically active cells. Active immunity develops after a latent period which is required for immune system to act but once developed, The active immunity is long lasting. Mechanism Active immune response stimulates both humoral and cell mediated immunity usually in parallel. (i) Humoral immunity It is antibody mediated immunity. It depends on the synthesis of antibodies by plasma cells. These cellsproduce specific circulating antibody which combines specifically with the antigens and modify their activity. (ii) Cell mediated immunity (CMI) It depends on T-lymphocytes developed against certain antigens. Antibody synthesis also occurs in response to these antigens, but their role is limited.
- 2. Types (i) Natural active immunity It is acquired by natural subclinical or clinical infections. Such immunity is long lastin (ii) Artificial active immunity It is produced by vaccination. The vaccines are prepared from live, attenuated or killed microorganisms, or their antigens or toxoids. VACCINES . (a) Live vaccines BCG for tuberculosis Ty 21a for typhoid Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis MMR vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella 17D vaccine for yellow fever (b) Killed vaccines TAB for enteric fever Killed cholera vaccine Salk vaccine for poliomyelitis Neural and non-neural vaccines for rabies Hepatitis B vaccine B. Passive Immunity Passive immunity is subdivided into two types : Natural and Artificial. Natural- Through transplacental maternal IgG antibodies. Artificial-Through antiserum injection. Passive immunity is induced in an individual by preformed antibodies (generally in the form of antiserum)against infective agent or toxin. Natural It is transferred from the mother to foetus or infant. Transfer of maternal antibodies to foetus transplacentally and to infant through milk (colostrum) protects them till their own immune system matures to function. Artificial It is through parenteral administration of antibodies. The agents used for artificial passive immunity are hyperimmune sera of animal or human origin. Uses of Passive Immunisation (i) To provide immediate short term protection in a nonimmune host,faced with the threat of a serious infection. (ii) For suppression ofactive immunity which may be injurious. (iii) For treatment of serious infections. III. MISCELLANEOUS A. Combined Immunisation
- 3. A combination of active and passive immunisation is employed simultaneously which is known as combined immunisation. B. Adoptive Immunity Injection of immunologically competent lymphocytesis known as adoptive immunity. C. Local Immunity Natural infection or the live viral vaccine administered orally or intranasally provides local immunity at the site of entry such as gut mucosa and nasal mucosa respectively. IgA called secretory IgA is produced locally by plasma cells. D. Herd Immunity It refers to the overall resistance in a community. When herd immunity is low, chances of epidemics increase on introduction of a suitable pathogen. THANK YOU DHANANJAY SINGH