Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.

1. BIODEGRADABLE
WASTAGE
Dhananjay
singh

2. CONTENT
1.Introduction
2.Definition
3.Classification
a) based on source or origin
b) based on nature of waste
# Non hazardous or solid waste
# Hazardous waste
4. Health hazards of accumulated solid waste

3. 5.Non- hazardous or solid waste management
# The waste management hierarchy
# segregation
# storage
# waste collection and transport
#Disposal
# controlled tippng (sanitary landfill)
# composting

4. #incineration
#Manure pits
#Burial
6.Health care waste
7.Hazardous waste management
8. Biomedical waste management in India
9.Conclusion
10.Reference

5. INTRODUCTION
• Waste management is the collection transport,
processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials.
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their
effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive substances, with different methods of each. ¹

6. • Biodegradable wastes (BW) are generated from many
diverse sources and their composition is rarely
homogeneous. The efficacy of the processes that allow
their safe disposal or recycling as ‘added-value’ products
and as energy depends on their physical properties, such
as bulk density, mechanical deformability, porosity, pore
tortuosity, air- and water-filled pores, air and gas perme-
ability, hydraulic conductivity, moisture content, water
holding capacity, matric potential and thermal conductivity
(Agnew and Leonard, 2003).

7. • The treatment of biodegradable wastes may include the
use of both heat and chemicals, and it can depend on the
predictability of their transport across the treated material.
This material can be considered as a solid matrix with
spaces filled with heterogeneous gaseous and liquid
fluids. The flow of these fluids can be considered
essentially as a transport processes in the porous
medium.²

8. DEFINITION
• Waste: Waste is a product or substance which is no
longer suited for its intended use. ‘Waste’ is defined as
“any substance or object which the holder discards or
intends or is required to discard”.
• Generally, waste is defined as at the end of the product
life cycle and is disposed of in landfills.5

9. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE
1. Based on source or origin
a) Household: solid waste, electronics
b) wastewater treatment : sewage, solid waste,
chemicals .
c) Health care or medical waste: medicines, bandages,
gloves, body fluids and body parts.

10. d) Agricultural / forestry: pesticides
and fertilizfers, manure, Slaughter
waste.
e) Industry: Textile, plastic,
chemicals.
f) construction :Concrete, metal,
glass, wood.
g) mining: Waste Rock, mine water,
chemicals.

11. 2. Based on nature of waste
a) Non hazardous or solide Waste:
Is always which has not been
classified as hazardous.
* Organic waste
* Paper
* Plastics
* metal
* glass

12. b) Hazardous waste: is waste that has been
identified as potentially causing harm to the
environment and human health and therefore needs
special, separate treatment and handling.

13. • “Healthcare or medical waste”: Originates from the human
and animal Healthcare systems and usually consist of
medicines, chemical, bandage, used medical
equipments, body Fluids and body parts.
Medical Waste can be infectious, toxic or radioactive or
contain bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

14. * Radioactive waste: contain
radioactive materials.
* E- waste: or electronic waste is
waste from electric and electronic
equipments such as end- of- life
computers, phones and Home
appliances.

15. HEALTH HAZARDS OF ACCUMULATED SOLID
WASTE
# Solid waste is a large source of Methane, a powerful Greenhouse
gas (GHG) that is particularly impactful in the short term.
# Locally, uncollected solid waste contributes to flooding, air and
water pollution, and Public Health impacts such as respiratory
ailments, diarrhoea and dengue fever.
# It is also unesthetic and produces bad odours.
Therefore, early managed waste has an enormous impact on.
Environment, health and economy.

16. NON HAZARDOUS OR SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT: BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
• The waste management hierarchy
( WHO 2014 )
Solid waste management is based
on the heracry of waste
management: reduce, reuse,
recycle often adding a fourth“R”for
recovery.

17. • The preferred approach is to avoid generating waste and
thus minimise the quantity entering the waste stream.
• Where practicable and safe, those waste items that can
be recovered for secondary use is the next most
preferable method. The key advantage of recycling and
recovery and reduce quantities of disposed waste and the
return of materials to the economy.
• Waste that cannot be recovered must then be dealt with
by the least harmful option, such as treatment or land
disposal to reduce their health and environmental
impacts.

18. Segregation
segregation of waste is advantageous.
Waste can be broken down into recyclables,
biodegradable waste and non recyclables,
portions. If these are mixed at the point of
generatio, it may prevent recyclables from
being recovered.

19. Storage
The next consideration to be given is to the proper storage of waste, while
awaiting collection. The dustbin should be large enough to cater to the
requirements and should have a closed fitting cover.
Waste collection and transport
Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from point of production
(residential, industrial commercial, institutional) to the point of treatment or
disposal.

20. Municipal solid waste MSW is selected is several ways:
1.House to house: Waste collectors visit each individual house to
collect garbage. The user generally pays for this service.
2.Community bins: users bring their garbage to community beans
that are placed at fixed point in a neighborhood or locality. MSW is
picked up by the Municipality, or its designate, according to a set
schedule.
3.Curbside pick up: users leave their garbage directly outside their
homes according to a garbage pick up schedule set with the local
authorities.

21. DISPOSAL
If waste is left lying around or disposed in uncontrolled or
open dumps, the waste is exposed to flies and rodents
and is a source of nuisance because of the smell and
unsightly appearance.

22. • The loose refuse maybe dispersed by the action of wind and
the drainage from dumps may contribute to the pollution of
surface and ground water, putting public health and safety at
risk.
• There is no single method of refuse disposal, which is equally
suitable in all circumstances. And ideal waste management
system should satisfy three characteristic. It Controh
economical environmental and social sustainability.

23. The principal solid waste disposal methods are,
1.Controlled tipping or sanitary land fill
2.Compositing
3.Incineration
4. Manure pits
5. Burial

24. Controlled tipping (sanitary landfill)
Landfills are an important part of any urban waste management system, regardless
of other waste disposal solution used. Event cities that recycle much of their waste
are heavily reliant on incineration need to landfill residual ash, waste that cannot be
recycled or combusted, and waste from other waste facilities when other disposal
systems are not operating.
Three methods are used in this operation:
1.the trench method, 2.the ramp method and 3.the area method.

25. • The trench method: this method is used where level ground is
available. A long train is dug out 6-10ft. Deep and 12-36ft. Wide,
depending upon focal conditions. The refuse is compacted and
covered with excavated earth.
• The ramp method: this method is used where the Terrain is
moderately sloping. Some excavation is done to secure the
covering material.
• The area method: this method is used for filling land depression.
The refuse is deposited and sealed on its exposed surface with a
mud cover. This method has the disadvantage of requiring
supplemental Earth from outside sources.

26. Composting
• Composting is a process that optimizes the natural decomposition
of food, Garden, and Agriculture wastes into a fertilizer like product,
called compost. The volume of the organic waste can decrease by
60 to 90% as a result. It is a relatively low cost strategy for
converting the organic portion of the waste stream into a valuable
material that can enrich the soil on farms, in park and in household
Gardens.
• Various composting methods are available,
1.Mechanical composting
2.Bangalore method
3.Windrow composting

27. Incineration
• Incineration refers to the combustion of waste under controlled
conditions. When the process is done using highly advanced
Air Pollution Control equipment, in addition to reducing the
volume of municipal solid waste and destroying harmful
substances. that Technology also produces energy and heat.
Incireration aapplied with Energy recovery has the potential to
be a source of energy in addition to a waste management
solution.

28. Manure pits
• They are dug by individual householders to dump the garbag,
cattle dug, straw, and leaves. They are covered with earth
after each days dumping. In 5 to 6 months time, the refuse is
converted into manure which can be returned to the field. This
method of refuse disposal is effective and relatively simple in
rural communities.

29. Health care waste:
Healthcare waste is defined as all the waste generated by
Healthcare establishment, research facilities and
laboratories. In addition it includes the waste originating
from minor or scatter sources such as that produce in the
course of Healthcare undertaken in the home.

30. • Types of health care waste
• Infectious waste: infectious waste is material suspected to
contain pathogens in sufficient concentration or quantity to
cause disease in suspectible hosts.
• Pathological waste: pathological waste consists of tissues,
organs, body parts, blood, body fluids and other waste ftom
surgery abd autopsies on patients with infectious diseases.

31. • Sharps waste: sharps are items that could cause cuts or puncture wounds,
including needles, hypodermic needles, scalpes and other blades, knives,
infusion sets, saws, broken glass and pipettes.
• Chemical waste: chemical waste consist of discarded solid, liquid abd gaseous
chemicals.
• Pharmaceutical waste: pharmaceutical waste includes expired, unused, spilt and
contaminated pharmaceutical products.
• Cytotoxic waste: waste containg substances with genotoxic properties.

32. • Radioactive waste: products contaminated by
radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic material
or radiotherapeutic materials.
• Non hazardous waste: waste that had not been in
contact with infectious agents, hazardous chemicals or
radioactive substances and does not pose a sharps
hazard and plastics, discarded food, meatal, glass.

33. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
• The Purpose of treatment is to reduce the potential Hazard
posed by Health Care waste, while endeavouring to protect
with the environment.
The choice of treatment system involves consideration of waste
characteristic Technology capabilities and requirements
environmental and safety factors and cost many of which
depend on local conditions.

34. BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
• Biomedical Waste Management and handling rule 1998 describe by the Ministry
of environmental and forest, Government of India, came into force on 28 July
1998.
• The rule appliance to those who generate, collect, received, store, treat or
handle biomedical waste in any manner.
• the act is now superceded by Biomedical Waste Management rules 2016 which
came into force from 28th March 2016.³

35. CONCLUSION
• The key to mans health lies in his environment, much of man’s Heels can be
traced to adverse environmental factors such as water pollution, air pollution,
poor house condition and presence of vectors of diseases which pose of constant
threat to Man’s Health.
• Waste produced in the course of Health Care activities carries a higher potential
for infection and injury than any other type of waste.
• This management involves a process where why waste are collected, transmitted
and disposed of in the best possible way of limiting or illinating the harmful effect
of waste.4

36. Reference
1.Peter S. Essentials of public Health Dentistry 7th Edition Page no. 139-164 Arya
MEDI publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
2.Agostini F., Sundberg C., Navia R. (2012) Is biodegradable waste a porous
environment –Waste management and research…
3.Park D. K. Park’s Textbook of preventive and social Medicine “25” Edition page no.
852 Banarasidas Bhanot publication.

37. 4. Basu, R (2009) Solid Waste Management –A Model Study. Sies jounal
management, 6, 20-24.
5. Jms.ccsenet.org