Absorption of digested products
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The document discusses absorption of digested products from the gastrointestinal tract. Maximum absorption occurs in the small intestine through both passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated transport, as well as active transport. Fatty acids and glycerol from fats are absorbed into the lymphatic system and transported to the blood via lymph vessels after being packaged into chylomicrons in the small intestine. Absorption can also occur in the mouth, stomach, and large intestine to a lesser extent.
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Homeostasis
The document discusses homeostasis and the roles of the liver and kidneys in maintaining it. The liver regulates blood composition, stores glucose as glycogen, and creates the nitrogenous waste urea. It will test blood vessels involved in digestion for glucose levels before and after eating, hypothesizing the hepatic portal vein will have higher levels after eating. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate water and salt levels through processes like filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in nephrons.
Urine formation and micturition
The document summarizes urine formation and micturition. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration in the kidneys where water and small molecules pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the renal tubules, with less than 1% excreted as urine. Micturition is the process of emptying the bladder through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
Excretion in humans
The document discusses excretion in humans. It describes the components of the human excretory system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and remove urea, water, and carbon dioxide. The main wastes removed are carbon dioxide, urea, and water. The kidneys are made up of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contain nephrons which filter the blood and remove waste via ultrafiltration and reabsorption.
Kidney function
The kidney has four main functions:
1. Excretory - forms and excretes urine through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
2. Homeostatic - regulates blood volume, pressure, pH and electrolyte concentrations
3. Endocrine - produces hormones like erythropoietin, renin, and prostaglandins
4. Metabolic - performs gluconeogenesis during starvation and metabolizes hormones
11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and osmoregulation. It begins by stating that all animals excrete nitrogenous waste products and some also balance water and solute concentrations. It then provides guidance on various understanding goals related to the kidney and osmoregulation, including how the kidney and Malpighian tubule system carry out these functions. It also includes diagrams of the nephron and descriptions of processes like ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
urine formation
The document discusses renal physiology and the urinary system. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood to form urine.
2. The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and remove waste. Nephrons contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered sodium, water, and other electrolytes using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose co-transport. This maintains electrolyte and fluid balance
Urine formation osmo regulation
Kidneys play an important role in urine formation through processes like ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. Ultrafiltration forces small molecules like water, glucose, and salts through the basement membrane into the nephron. Through selective reabsorption, the kidneys regulate the levels of water, salts, and other solutes in the blood to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the release of antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water in the blood. The kidneys also help control glucose and salt levels in the blood.
11.3 kidneys and osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and its role in osmoregulation. It describes how the kidney filters blood via nephrons, which contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule that allow for ultrafiltration. As fluid passes through the nephron, useful substances like water and ions are reabsorbed while waste like urea and salts are removed. The loop of Henle helps concentrate the medulla to promote water reabsorption. ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Kidney functions can be replaced by hemodialysis or transplant if failure occurs. Urine tests provide information on health conditions.
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The document discusses homeostasis and the roles of the liver and kidneys in maintaining it. The liver regulates blood composition, stores glucose as glycogen, and creates the nitrogenous waste urea. It will test blood vessels involved in digestion for glucose levels before and after eating, hypothesizing the hepatic portal vein will have higher levels after eating. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate water and salt levels through processes like filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in nephrons.
Urine formation and micturition
The document summarizes urine formation and micturition. Urine is formed through glomerular filtration in the kidneys where water and small molecules pass through the glomerular membrane into the filtrate. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the renal tubules, with less than 1% excreted as urine. Micturition is the process of emptying the bladder through contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
Excretion in humans
The document discusses excretion in humans. It describes the components of the human excretory system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and remove urea, water, and carbon dioxide. The main wastes removed are carbon dioxide, urea, and water. The kidneys are made up of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contain nephrons which filter the blood and remove waste via ultrafiltration and reabsorption.
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The kidney has four main functions:
1. Excretory - forms and excretes urine through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
2. Homeostatic - regulates blood volume, pressure, pH and electrolyte concentrations
3. Endocrine - produces hormones like erythropoietin, renin, and prostaglandins
4. Metabolic - performs gluconeogenesis during starvation and metabolizes hormones
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The document discusses the kidney and osmoregulation. It begins by stating that all animals excrete nitrogenous waste products and some also balance water and solute concentrations. It then provides guidance on various understanding goals related to the kidney and osmoregulation, including how the kidney and Malpighian tubule system carry out these functions. It also includes diagrams of the nephron and descriptions of processes like ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
urine formation
The document discusses renal physiology and the urinary system. It contains the following key points:
1. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood to form urine.
2. The kidneys regulate fluid volume, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and remove waste. Nephrons contain a renal corpuscle for filtration and a tubule for reabsorption and secretion.
3. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered sodium, water, and other electrolytes using active transport mechanisms like sodium-glucose co-transport. This maintains electrolyte and fluid balance
Urine formation osmo regulation
Kidneys play an important role in urine formation through processes like ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. Ultrafiltration forces small molecules like water, glucose, and salts through the basement membrane into the nephron. Through selective reabsorption, the kidneys regulate the levels of water, salts, and other solutes in the blood to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the release of antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the amount of water in the blood. The kidneys also help control glucose and salt levels in the blood.
11.3 kidneys and osmoregulation
The document discusses the kidney and its role in osmoregulation. It describes how the kidney filters blood via nephrons, which contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule that allow for ultrafiltration. As fluid passes through the nephron, useful substances like water and ions are reabsorbed while waste like urea and salts are removed. The loop of Henle helps concentrate the medulla to promote water reabsorption. ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Kidney functions can be replaced by hemodialysis or transplant if failure occurs. Urine tests provide information on health conditions.
role of kidney in osmoregulation
The kidney regulates water and salt balance in the body through osmoregulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is composed of a glomerulus and renal tubule. The tubule filters blood, reabsorbs necessary molecules and ions, and excretes waste through specialized transport properties along its sections. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone control water and salt balance by regulating permeability and reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
Powerpoint excretion and the kidneys
The kidneys remove waste from the blood in the form of urea and regulate water and electrolyte balance. Each nephron acts as the functional unit of the kidney, filtering blood in the cortex and reabsorbing useful substances along the tubule in the medulla. Urine is stored in the bladder and released through the urethra. Dialysis can temporarily perform the functions of damaged kidneys by filtering blood through a semipermeable membrane. A kidney transplant is the best long term treatment but requires immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection by the recipient's immune system.
Urine formation
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL
hi guys!
This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus.
These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive.
These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations.
Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind.
Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!!
or contact me:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
facebook: faiz abdullah
twitter: @fazzydoo
if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides.
All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to me
Excretory products
The kidneys are located in the lower back and filter blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomerulus and produce urine in the renal tubules. Urine passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage then excretion. The kidneys excrete metabolic waste like urea and salts to maintain homeostasis as well as regulating water balance and blood volume through urine production.
6. the gallbladder
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Presentation1
This document summarizes key concepts related to osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how animals regulate solute concentrations and water balance through osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous waste through excretion. Specific topics covered include osmosis, osmoconformers vs osmoregulators, adaptations in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial animals, countercurrent exchange, transport epithelia, nitrogenous waste, and excretory structures like nephrons.
Urine formation
The kidneys produce urine through three main processes:
1) Filtration of water and dissolved substances from the blood in the glomeruli into the Bowman's capsule.
2) Reabsorption of water, nutrients like glucose, and ions like sodium out of the kidney tubules and back into the bloodstream, preventing their loss in urine.
3) Secretion of substances like hydrogen and potassium ions, ammonia, and drugs from the blood into the kidney tubules to be eliminated in urine, which helps regulate acid-base balance.
Excretion in humans
1. Urea is produced in the liver from excess amino acids and is removed from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration and is removed from the body through exhalation in the lungs.
2. Egestion refers to the removal of undigested food from the body, while excretion is the removal of waste products from metabolic processes.
3. During deamination, amino acids are broken down in the liver into components, one of which is converted to urea while the other combines with carbon dioxide to form urea.
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The excretory system removes waste from cells and regulates water levels in the blood. The kidneys are responsible for cleaning the blood by removing urea and other metabolic wastes and excess water, and excreting them as urine. They receive around 500 gallons of blood per day to filter through and clean. The kidneys regulate water levels to maintain homeostasis and prevent blood from becoming too dilute or concentrated.
Urinary system+ formation of concentrated urine
The document discusses urine concentration and the urinary system. It describes how the kidney regulates water and electrolyte balance through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephron. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) allows the kidney to concentrate urine by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle also helps build up solute concentration. Disorders can occur if there are issues with ADH signaling or the countercurrent system that prevent proper urine concentration.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to remove wastes like urea, salts, and excess water, regulating homeostasis. They contain over 1 million nephrons that filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete wastes to form urine. The urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters for storage until excretion through the urethra. The excretory system is vital for removing metabolic waste and maintaining healthy fluid balance in the body.
Physiology of Urine Formation
This document provides an overview of urine formation (uropoeisis) through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephrons of the kidney. Key points include: ultrafiltration occurs due to differences in blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, allowing filtration through fenestrations into Bowman's capsule. Tubular reabsorption selectively reabsorbs substances like glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and water. Tubular secretion actively transports waste products from the blood into the urine. The normal characteristics, composition, and daily output of urine in humans is also summarized.
Renal structure and function physiology
The kidneys are paired organs located retroperitoneally that are responsible for filtering blood and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, and the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and secretion as it passes through the renal tubules. Urine is formed and collects in the renal pelvis before exiting through the ureters. Kidney function can be assessed through urinalysis and measurements of substances such as creatinine, BUN, and inulin clearance.
Urinary system of goat 1
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the goat urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to maintain homeostasis by filtering blood and producing urine, which removes waste and regulates water balance. Key functions of the nephrons within the kidneys include filtering blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbing nutrients and water at different points along the tubules to produce concentrated urine.
Urinary system
The urinary system is responsible for nitrogenous waste excretion. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea and uric acid, which are produced as byproducts of protein breakdown in the liver. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and produce urine, which travels through the ureters and stores in the bladder before being excreted. Diseases of the urinary system can occur if there is a blockage or infection present.
10th excretory system
The document summarizes the human excretory system. It describes that excretion removes nitrogenous waste from the body while defecation removes undigested waste. It then discusses the different forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by different organisms - ammonia, uric acid, and urea. The document outlines the major components of the human urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It provides details on kidney structure, nephron structure, and the processes of ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion involved in urine formation. Hormonal control of urine formation by ADH and aldosterone is also summarized.
URINE FORMATION
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
Chapter 11 Excretion Lesson 2 - The Mammalian Urinary System
The mammalian urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys remove urea and excess water from the blood while the ureters, bladder, and urethra transport and store urine. Urine formation involves ultrafiltration of small molecules through the kidney tubules and selective reabsorption of useful substances like glucose and amino acids back into the bloodstream. The final urine contains excess water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous waste products like urea.
EXCRETION Unit 2.pptx
The kidneys remove waste from the blood through three processes: ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. During ultrafiltration, small molecules are filtered from the blood into the nephron. Most of these filtered molecules, along with water, are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Additional molecules are secreted from the blood into the nephron. The kidneys regulate water balance and remove waste such as urea, maintaining homeostasis. When glucose or proteins appear in the urine, it can indicate issues with the pancreas or kidneys, respectively.
Physio git 9,10 plus mc qs.
Digestion involves breaking down nutrients into smaller fragments so they can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested by salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and intestinal enzymes into glucose, fructose, and galactose. Proteins are digested by pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and intestinal peptidases into amino acids. Fats are emulsified by bile and digested by pancreatic lipase into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are absorbed along with amino acids and sugars. Absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated diffusion, and micelle formation.
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role of kidney in osmoregulation
The kidney regulates water and salt balance in the body through osmoregulation. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which is composed of a glomerulus and renal tubule. The tubule filters blood, reabsorbs necessary molecules and ions, and excretes waste through specialized transport properties along its sections. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone control water and salt balance by regulating permeability and reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
Powerpoint excretion and the kidneys
The kidneys remove waste from the blood in the form of urea and regulate water and electrolyte balance. Each nephron acts as the functional unit of the kidney, filtering blood in the cortex and reabsorbing useful substances along the tubule in the medulla. Urine is stored in the bladder and released through the urethra. Dialysis can temporarily perform the functions of damaged kidneys by filtering blood through a semipermeable membrane. A kidney transplant is the best long term treatment but requires immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection by the recipient's immune system.
Urine formation
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Department of Zoology
Govt, Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt: A.P.
Phone: 9010705687
Excretion: BIOLOGY O LEVEL
hi guys!
This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus.
These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive.
These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations.
Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind.
Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!!
or contact me:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
facebook: faiz abdullah
twitter: @fazzydoo
if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides.
All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to me
Excretory products
The kidneys are located in the lower back and filter blood to produce urine. Each kidney contains nephrons, the functional units that filter blood in the glomerulus and produce urine in the renal tubules. Urine passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage then excretion. The kidneys excrete metabolic waste like urea and salts to maintain homeostasis as well as regulating water balance and blood volume through urine production.
6. the gallbladder
The liver produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released during digestion to emulsify fats. Bile is composed of bile acids, bilirubin, electrolytes, and other components. Bile acids are produced by hepatocytes and secreted into bile ducts, while other components are added by ductal cells. The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin stimulate gallbladder contraction and bile secretion. Most bile acids are reabsorbed and recirculated to the liver through the enterohepatic circulation.
Presentation1
This document summarizes key concepts related to osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how animals regulate solute concentrations and water balance through osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous waste through excretion. Specific topics covered include osmosis, osmoconformers vs osmoregulators, adaptations in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial animals, countercurrent exchange, transport epithelia, nitrogenous waste, and excretory structures like nephrons.
Urine formation
The kidneys produce urine through three main processes:
1) Filtration of water and dissolved substances from the blood in the glomeruli into the Bowman's capsule.
2) Reabsorption of water, nutrients like glucose, and ions like sodium out of the kidney tubules and back into the bloodstream, preventing their loss in urine.
3) Secretion of substances like hydrogen and potassium ions, ammonia, and drugs from the blood into the kidney tubules to be eliminated in urine, which helps regulate acid-base balance.
Excretion in humans
1. Urea is produced in the liver from excess amino acids and is removed from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration and is removed from the body through exhalation in the lungs.
2. Egestion refers to the removal of undigested food from the body, while excretion is the removal of waste products from metabolic processes.
3. During deamination, amino acids are broken down in the liver into components, one of which is converted to urea while the other combines with carbon dioxide to form urea.
5. acid base balance
The document discusses acid-base homeostasis and physiology. It explains that the body tightly regulates blood pH through bicarbonate buffering and the actions of the kidneys and lungs. The kidneys regulate bicarbonate levels over hours to days while the lungs regulate carbon dioxide levels over minutes to maintain pH. Metabolic acidosis occurs when bicarbonate is lost or protons are gained, and can be categorized as respiratory or non-respiratory based on the anion gap. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when acid is lost or base is gained. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis occur when carbon dioxide is retained or lost, respectively.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from cells and regulates water levels in the blood. The kidneys are responsible for cleaning the blood by removing urea and other metabolic wastes and excess water, and excreting them as urine. They receive around 500 gallons of blood per day to filter through and clean. The kidneys regulate water levels to maintain homeostasis and prevent blood from becoming too dilute or concentrated.
Urinary system+ formation of concentrated urine
The document discusses urine concentration and the urinary system. It describes how the kidney regulates water and electrolyte balance through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephron. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) allows the kidney to concentrate urine by promoting water reabsorption in the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle also helps build up solute concentration. Disorders can occur if there are issues with ADH signaling or the countercurrent system that prevent proper urine concentration.
Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to remove wastes like urea, salts, and excess water, regulating homeostasis. They contain over 1 million nephrons that filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and secrete wastes to form urine. The urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters for storage until excretion through the urethra. The excretory system is vital for removing metabolic waste and maintaining healthy fluid balance in the body.
Physiology of Urine Formation
This document provides an overview of urine formation (uropoeisis) through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion in the nephrons of the kidney. Key points include: ultrafiltration occurs due to differences in blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, allowing filtration through fenestrations into Bowman's capsule. Tubular reabsorption selectively reabsorbs substances like glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and water. Tubular secretion actively transports waste products from the blood into the urine. The normal characteristics, composition, and daily output of urine in humans is also summarized.
Renal structure and function physiology
The kidneys are paired organs located retroperitoneally that are responsible for filtering blood and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Blood enters nephrons via the glomerulus and is filtered, and the filtrate undergoes reabsorption and secretion as it passes through the renal tubules. Urine is formed and collects in the renal pelvis before exiting through the ureters. Kidney function can be assessed through urinalysis and measurements of substances such as creatinine, BUN, and inulin clearance.
Urinary system of goat 1
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the goat urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to maintain homeostasis by filtering blood and producing urine, which removes waste and regulates water balance. Key functions of the nephrons within the kidneys include filtering blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbing nutrients and water at different points along the tubules to produce concentrated urine.
Urinary system
The urinary system is responsible for nitrogenous waste excretion. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea and uric acid, which are produced as byproducts of protein breakdown in the liver. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and produce urine, which travels through the ureters and stores in the bladder before being excreted. Diseases of the urinary system can occur if there is a blockage or infection present.
10th excretory system
The document summarizes the human excretory system. It describes that excretion removes nitrogenous waste from the body while defecation removes undigested waste. It then discusses the different forms of nitrogenous waste excreted by different organisms - ammonia, uric acid, and urea. The document outlines the major components of the human urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It provides details on kidney structure, nephron structure, and the processes of ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion involved in urine formation. Hormonal control of urine formation by ADH and aldosterone is also summarized.
URINE FORMATION
Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
Chapter 11 Excretion Lesson 2 - The Mammalian Urinary System
The mammalian urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys remove urea and excess water from the blood while the ureters, bladder, and urethra transport and store urine. Urine formation involves ultrafiltration of small molecules through the kidney tubules and selective reabsorption of useful substances like glucose and amino acids back into the bloodstream. The final urine contains excess water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous waste products like urea.
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Chapter 11 Excretion Lesson 2 - The Mammalian Urinary System
Chapter 11 Excretion Lesson 2 - The Mammalian Urinary System
Similar to Absorption of digested products
EXCRETION Unit 2.pptx
The kidneys remove waste from the blood through three processes: ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and secretion. During ultrafiltration, small molecules are filtered from the blood into the nephron. Most of these filtered molecules, along with water, are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Additional molecules are secreted from the blood into the nephron. The kidneys regulate water balance and remove waste such as urea, maintaining homeostasis. When glucose or proteins appear in the urine, it can indicate issues with the pancreas or kidneys, respectively.
Physio git 9,10 plus mc qs.
Digestion involves breaking down nutrients into smaller fragments so they can be absorbed. Carbohydrates are digested by salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and intestinal enzymes into glucose, fructose, and galactose. Proteins are digested by pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and intestinal peptidases into amino acids. Fats are emulsified by bile and digested by pancreatic lipase into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are absorbed along with amino acids and sugars. Absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine through active transport, facilitated diffusion, and micelle formation.
Physio git 9,10 plus mc qs.
The document summarizes gastrointestinal physiology, focusing on digestion and absorption. It describes how carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into smaller fragments by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The fragments are then absorbed in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Proteins become amino acids. Fats are converted into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are absorbed with the help of bile and form micelles. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine through active transport or diffusion.
Digestion and absorption.pptx
The document summarizes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It discusses:
- Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth by amylase and continues in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and intestinal enzymes, breaking starches down into monosaccharides like glucose that are then absorbed.
- Protein digestion occurs through proteases in the stomach and pancreas that break proteins into peptides and amino acids, which are then absorbed actively or through secondary transport.
- Lipid digestion requires emulsification by bile and lipolysis by pancreatic lipase to break triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed via micelles. Conditions like lactose intolerance and malabsorption syndrome can
Lect 6. (digestion and absorption in git)
The document discusses digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It covers:
- How folds, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine increase the absorptive surface area by nearly 1000 times.
- The breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats through hydrolysis by enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
- How monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol are absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport mechanisms like sodium co-transport or passive diffusion using micelles.
- Water and electrolytes like sodium are also absorbed through diffusion or active transport processes.
Digestion
Digestion is the process by which nutrients are broken down into molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. There are two types of digestion: physical and chemical. Physical digestion involves no new substances being formed through processes like chewing and churning. Chemical digestion involves enzymes forming new substances, such as starch being broken down into sugar by the enzyme salivary amylase and proteins broken down into amino acids. The digestive system, made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, uses physical and chemical digestion to break down food and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream to be used by cells.
Lver metabolism.pptx
The liver performs numerous vital metabolic functions:
- It regulates blood glucose levels through glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.
- It breaks down amino acids from proteins and converts excess amounts into glucose, fatty acids, and urea.
- It synthesizes, modifies, and excretes lipids like cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
The liver receives a dual blood supply and is composed of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids that facilitate exchange of materials. It plays a key role in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, as well as other processes like detoxification.
Physiology of digestion_10_01_2019_physiology (1)
Digestion breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption is the transport of these smaller molecules across the intestinal epithelium. In the small intestine, both chemical digestion by enzymes and mechanical digestion break down food. Absorption occurs through active transport, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis and other processes. Disorders can occur if any part of the digestion or absorption process is disrupted, such as with pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, or celiac disease.
Liver metabolism.pptx
The document summarizes key aspects of mammalian liver metabolism. It discusses how the liver receives blood from two sources - the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein. It is composed of lobules containing hepatocytes arranged around a central vein. The liver plays major roles in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. For carbohydrates, it regulates blood glucose levels through glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. For proteins, it breaks down amino acids and converts them to glucose or urea. For lipids, it synthesizes, modifies, and eliminates cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Approach to chronic diarrhoea
This document discusses the evaluation and causes of chronic diarrhea. It begins by defining chronic diarrhea and outlining the normal stool production process. It then describes the main mechanisms that can cause diarrhea - osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, and dysmotility. Specific causes are discussed under each mechanism, including diseases, medications, toxins, and dietary factors. The document outlines the evaluation of a patient with chronic diarrhea, including history, physical exam, stool tests, imaging, and other lab tests. It provides guidance on testing for malabsorption and evaluating postsurgical causes of chronic diarrhea.
Digestive System
The document discusses the key structures and processes of the human digestive system. It begins by outlining the main stages of digestion: ingestion, digestion, and egestion. It then describes the structures involved in ingestion like the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Next, it details the small intestine and how villi and microvilli increase absorption surface area. The document also discusses the roles of the liver, pancreas and large intestine in digestion and nutrient processing.
Digestive System of Non-Ruminant animals.pptx
The document summarizes digestion and absorption in non-ruminants. It describes how carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides in the small intestine through enzymes like amylase and absorbed into the bloodstream. Proteins are broken into oligopeptides and amino acids by stomach and pancreatic enzymes and absorbed across the intestinal wall. Lipids are emulsified and broken into fatty acids and glycerol by pancreatic lipase in the small intestine and absorbed via chylomicrons. Vitamins and minerals are also absorbed in the small intestine through various mechanisms.
Unit 1 human nutrition(2)
The document summarizes the key structures and processes involved in human digestion. It describes the major organs that make up the human digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. It then explains the five main stages of digestion - ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, stomach and small intestine, absorption in the small intestine, and excretion from the large intestine and anus. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder are also discussed.
Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal runs from the mouth to the anus and contains structures like the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Enzymes and acids in saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic juice chemically break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed in the small intestine and used by the body.
Chapter-6 Nutrition in Mammals. for grade 9ade
The document summarizes the key stages in mammalian digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It describes the roles of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, and large intestine. It explains that food is broken down mechanically and chemically by enzymes. Carbohydrates are broken into sugars, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These nutrients are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells to be used or stored. Excess amino acids are broken down by the liver into urea to be removed from the body.
Gastrointestinal absorption
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose), amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and water are absorbed in the small intestine.
The absorbed nutrients passes
from the lumen of the small
intestine into the bloodstream
Digestion & absorption of carbohydrate.pptx
The goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down all disaccharides and complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides for absorption, although not all are completely absorbed in the small intestine (e.g., fiber). Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase released during the process of chewing.
digestionandabsorptionofcarbohydrates-120714091201-phpapp01 (1).pdf
This document provides information on the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates with clinical significance. It discusses the digestion of carbohydrates starting in the mouth by salivary amylase and continuing in the stomach and small intestine by pancreatic amylase. Disaccharides in the small intestine are broken down by disaccharidases into absorbable monosaccharides. Clinical points discussed include lactose intolerance caused by lactase deficiency and its diagnosis and management. Absorption of monosaccharides occurs primarily by sodium-dependent and sodium-independent glucose transporters in the intestine and peripheral tissues.
Unit 1 human nutrition
The document discusses the human digestive system. It begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. The major organs are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Accessory organs include the liver, salivary glands, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive process involves ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion. Food is broken down and nutrients are absorbed and transported to cells to be used for energy and growth.
Absorption of digested food
Digested food molecules are absorbed in the small intestine through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. There are several mechanisms of absorption including simple diffusion, active transport, and facilitated transport. Simple diffusion allows for molecules like glucose and amino acids to passively move from higher to lower concentrations. Active transport uses energy to move molecules like sodium ions against their concentration gradient. Facilitated transport utilizes carrier proteins to move molecules like amino acids and glucose. Once absorbed, the nutrients are carried through the bloodstream to tissues and cells where they are needed.
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Absorption of digested products
- 2. • Absorption= The process by which the end products of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood/Lymph. • Absorption takes place in different parts of the alimentary canal; Mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine • Maximum absorption occurs in small intestine.
- 3. • Absorption is carried out by; Passive transport Active transport
- 5. • SIMPLE DIFFUSION Eg: GLUCOSE, AMINO ACIDS, ELECTROLYTE(Cl- ions)
- 7. • FACILITATED TRANSPORT Eg: Fructose, some amino acids
- 8. • OSMOSIS Transport of water depends on osmotic gradient
- 9. • ACTIVE TRANSPORT Glucose, amino acids , electrolytes (Na+) absorbed into blood
- 11. ABSORPTION OF FATTY ACID& GLYCEROL Fatty acids& glycerol can’t be absorbed into blood Micelle formation Reformation into very small protein coated fat globules= Chylomicrons Which are transported into the lymph vessels( Lacteals) in the villi These lymph vessels release the absorbed substance into the blood stream.
- 13. MOUTH Certain drugs coming in contact with mucosa of mouth are absorbed into blood capillaries. STOMACH Directly absorbs certain foods including simple sugars& alcohol LARGE INTESTINE Water, some minerals(K, Na) & drugs are absorbed.
- 15. • ASSIMILATION • The absorbed substance finally reach the tissues which utilize them for their activities.This process is called assimilation