2. DEFINITION
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the
period of viability which is considered to occur at 20th
week.
3. ETIOLOGY
OVO-FETAL FACTORS (60%)
(a)the ovo-fetal factors usually operate in early fetal
wastage.
(b)Interference with the circulation in the umbilical cord
(c)Low attachment of the placenta
(d)Twins or hydramnios
5. CONT
B)TRAUMA
-Direct trauma on the abdominal wall
-Psychic
-minor trauma
-Amniocentesis, chorion villus sampling or abdominal
surgery in early months may cause abortion.
6. CONT.
c) Toxic agents
-environmental toxins like lead, arsenic, anaesthetic
gases, tobacco, caffiene, alcohol, radiation in excess
amount increase the risk of abortion.
25. TREATMENT
• Bedrest
• administer rh immunoglobulins
• prescribe progesterone
• prescribe haemostatic drugs.
• Sedation and relief of pain may be ensured by phenobarbitone
30mg or diazepam 5 mg tablet twice daily.
• Mild laxatives 4 teaspoons at bedtime may be prescribed if
required. Enema should not be given.
28. INEVITABLEABORTION
It is the clinical type of abortion where the changes have
progressed to a state front where continuation of
pregnancy is impossible.
37. INCOMPLETEABORTION
when the entire products of conception are not
expelled, instead a part of it is left inside the
uterine cavity, it is called incomplete abortion
38. CLINICALFEATURES
(1)Continuation of pain in lower abdomen,
(2) Persistence of vaginal bleeding
(3) Internal examination reveals- (a) uterus smaller than the period of
amenorrhoea.
(b) patulous cervical os often admitting the tip of the finger and
(c) varying amount of bleeding.
(4) on examination the expelled mass is found incomplete.
39. MANAGEMENT:
In recent cases – the same principles are followed as that
of inevitable abortion.
Early abortion: dilatation and evacuation under general
anaesthesia is to be done.
Late abortion: the uterus is explored under general
anaesthesia by finger and the products left behind is either
removed by ovum forceps or by blunt curette.
40. MISSEDABORTION:
A missed abortion is a miscarriage in which your
foetus didn’t form or has died, but the placenta and
embryonic tissues are still in your uterus. It’s
known more commonly as a missed miscarriage.
It’s also sometimes called a silent miscarriage.
43. SEPTICABORTION
A septic abortion "is an infection of
the placenta and foetus (products of conception) of
a previable pregnancy. Infection is centered in the
placenta and there is risk of spreading to the uterus,
causing pelvic infection or becoming systemic to
cause sepsis and potential damage of distant vital organs”.
48. LEGALABORTIONS
Five possible degrees of restrictiveness of abortion laws can exist for
a given country.
1. Abortion is permitted without restriction as to reason
2. Abortion is permitted on socio-economic grounds (woman’s
economic resources, her age, her marital status, and number of her
living children.
3. It is permitted to protect a woman’s mental health, as well as her life
and physical health.
Abortion is permitted only to save a women’s life, or the procedure is
banned entirely
49. ILLEGALABORTION
An unsafe abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by
people lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment
lacking minimal medical standards, or both. An unsafe
abortion is a life threatening procedure.
