This document discusses various types of abortion including spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed, recurrent, septic, induced, and illegal abortions. It defines each type, describes their signs and symptoms, and outlines recommended management and treatment approaches. Complications of abortion are also reviewed along with methods for termination of pregnancy in the first and second trimesters.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
Cord prolapse is a frightening and life-threatening event that occurs in labor. Rapid identification and immediate appropriate response may well save the life of a neonate. Therefore, clinicians should be knowledgeable in its recognition and management.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Covers the basic information about abortions that you need to know with in depth discussion of the different types of abortions and their characteristics
Cord prolapse is a frightening and life-threatening event that occurs in labor. Rapid identification and immediate appropriate response may well save the life of a neonate. Therefore, clinicians should be knowledgeable in its recognition and management.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
Definition-
The destructive operations are designed to diminish the bulk of the fetus so as to facilitate easy delivery through the birth canal
types
Craniotomy
Eviceration
Decapitation
Cleidotomy
CRANIOTOMY
Definition
It is an operation to make a perforation on the fetal head to evacuate the contents followed by extraction of the fetus
DECAPITATION
Definition
It is a destructive operation whereby the fetal head is severed from the trunk and the delivery is completed with the extraction of the trunk and that of the decapitated head per vaginam
CLEIDOTOMY
Definition
The operation consist of reduction in the bulk of the shoulder girdle by division of one or both the clavicles
Indications
Dead fetus with shoulder dystocia
Procedure
The clavicles are divided by the embryotomy scissors or long straight scissors introduced under the guidance of left two fingers placed inside the vagina
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Covers the basic information about abortions that you need to know with in depth discussion of the different types of abortions and their characteristics
A miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is an event that results in the loss of a fetus before 20 weeks of pregnancy. It typically happens during the first trimester, or first three months, of the pregnancy. Miscarriages can happen for a variety of medical reasons, many of which aren't within a person's control.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. INTRODUCTION
• Any bleeding in pregnancyis abnormal .Vaginal blood loss in early
pregnancy should be thought of as a threatened micarriage until
shown otherwise.About 20% of all pregnancies end in abortion .since
many pregnancies end at or around the time of implantation ie
before the first menstural period,they got unnoticed.About 80% of all
recognized abortions occur during 2nd and 3rd trimester.
3. DEFINITION:
Abortion is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo
or fetus weighing 500gm or less when it is not capable of independent
survival.
- WHO
Abortion is the process of partial or complete separation of the
products of conception from the uterine wall with or without partial or
complete expulsion from the uterine cavity before the age of viability.
5. SPONTANEOUS ABORTION:
• Spontaneous abortion is defined as the involuntary loss of the
products of conception proir to 28 weeks of gestation,when the fetal
weighs approximately 1000gm or less.
• occurs once in every 15 pregnancies.
• In India 2millions are spontaneous abortion takes place in every year.
6. THREATENED ABORTION:
This type of abortion starts with pain that occurs as a result of
abnormal uterine activity.The embryo is usually alive.
The woman will have crampy pain that gradually increase in severity.
A mild bleeding or blood stained vaginal discharge can occur.
The cervix of the uterus remains closed.
There is possibility of continuation of pregnancy on proper and timely
management.
7. MANAGEMENT:
• General and systemic examination.
• investigations include hb,ABO grouping and RH,urine routine,throid
dysfunction,plasma progestrone estimation if corpsluteum insuffiency
is suspected.
• complete bed rest.
• treatment according to the results.
8. TREATMENT:
• The aim is to try and conserve the pregnancy by decreasing uterine
contraction.
• Complete bed rest.
• Uterine relaxant like ISOXSPURINE HYDROCHLORIDE OR RITODRINE
and sedating the patient to prevent uterine contraction.
• PROGESTRONE supplement for progestrone deficiency.
• HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN injections.
9. INEVITABLE ABORTION:
• If the treatment of threatened abortion is not adequately or timely
,the abortion may become inevitable.
• In this type besides pain and bleeding there is dilatation of the
cervix.And products of expulsion cannot be stopped.
• on examination products may be seen in vagina.
• uterus may be smaller than expected.
10. MANAGEMENT:
• The aim of treatment is to prevent further pain and bleeding .
• If bleeding is already severe spportive treatment like iv fluids and
blood transfusion bocome necessary.
• INJ.syntocin or inj ergometrin.
• analgesics.
• D&C will be done.
11. INCOMPLETE ABORTION:
• Occasionally some part of the gestational tissue may be retained
within the uterus during the process of the abortionwhile other parts
may be expelled .
12. MANAGEMENT:
• Evacuate the uterus completely by D&C to prevent infection.
• Intramuscular ergometrine is given to control the bleeding.
13. COMPLETE ABORTION:
• When embyonic and placental components have been expelled
completely ,it is called a complete abortion.
• Normally ,once complete abortion occurs ,there is complete sessation
of pain and bleeding.
• contracted uterus
15. MISSED ABORTION /EARLY FETAL DEMISE:
• Tis is a type of abortion where the product is dead ,but retained
inside the uterus before 8 weeks of gestation.
• There may be mild brown or dirty vaginal discharge.
• Frank bleeding is rare.
• Some times there will be no pain or bleeding.
• Release of thromboplastin from placental bed to maternal circulation
will cause disseminated intravascular coagulaton usually about 5
weeks after death.
16. MANAGEMENT:
• Remove the dead products as soon as possible.
• coagulation profile is done because of risk of hypofibrinogenemia
• in second trimester administration of prostoglandin
intramuscularly.
17. RECURRENT ABORTION:
• When three or more abortions occur consecutively and
spontaneously,the process is termed as recurrent or habitual
abortion.
• Occur at same gestational age.
• leads to cervical incompetence.
18. MANAGEMENT:
• Blood test for hormonal level and for infection.
• Blood glucose level.
• USG for uterine causes.
• HSG to identify cervical incompetence.
• If the cervical incompetence is the cause ,the cervical opening is
sutured untill the 37th week of gestation.
19. SEPTIC ABORTION:
• This is a type of abortion where there is sepsis or infection of the
uterus.
• The underlying abortion is usually incomplete but sometimes
inevitable or threatened.
• patient suffer from highfever and looks toxic.
• foul smelling vaginal discharge which may or may not be blood
stained.
20. TREATMENT:
• high grade antibiotics and anti-inflamatory drugs.
• evacuation of the uterus under anesthesia.
21.
22. INDUCED ABORTION:
• Induced abortion is deliberately interruption of an intact pregnancy.
induced abortions are performed legally in india since the medical
termination of pregnancy act of 1971.
23. LEGAL:
THERAPEUTIC ABORTION:
• The deliberate induction of abortion on grounds of safety for the
maternal life and health is termed as medical termination of
pregnancy.
36. SEPTIC ABORTION; COMMON
• It is an abortion characterized by infection of the products of the
conception and the uterus.
• this condition is most commonly a complication of induced or
incomplete abortion.
• illegal abortion carried out in non sterile conditions often leads to
septic abortion.
37. CAUSES:
• inexpert attempt at termination of pregnancy by passing sticks
catheters,pastes or soap solution in to intrauterine cavity.
• inevitable abortion with infection.
• MTP with infection.
38. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:
• Pyrexia
• headache
• nausea
• foul smelling discharge per vagina
• anexal masses -USG
• uterine and tubes infection
• septecemia with peritonitis
• septic shock
• gas gangrene of the uterus.
39. TREATMENT:
• Intravenous antibiotic
• plvic abscess if present will be drained.
• uterine evacuation by gentel curettage
• heparinization to prevent intravascular coagulation
• exchange transfusion.
50. CONCLUSION
Abortion is any bleeding in pregnancy is abnormal.The term
miscaaiage and abortion are synonymous.There are various types
in abortion.Treatment has to be given accordind to the types and
time of abortion occurs.