1. Grignard reagents are prepared from haloalkanes and magnesium and can react with carbon dioxide, aldehydes, and ketones to form carboxylic acids, primary and secondary alcohols, and tertiary alcohols respectively. 2. Carboxylic acids can be prepared from primary alcohols or nitriles and undergo reactions with bases to form salts, with alcohols to form esters, and with reagents like PCl5 to form acid chlorides. 3. Acid chlorides are prepared from carboxylic acids and PCl5 and can react with water, alcohols, ammonia, and amines to form carboxy

1. A2 Organic Reactions / Reagents & Conditions
1. GRIGNARD REAGENTS
 Preparation:
i. HALOALKANE + Mg → GRIGNARD
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under reflux
2) Dry Ether
3) Single Crystal of Iodine catalyst if needed
 Reactions:
i. GRIGNARD + CO2(cold/solid) → (+1C)CARBOXYLIC ACID + MgBrCl
(+1C = the addition of one Carbon molecule to the chain)
ii. GRIGNARD + METHANAL → (+1C) 1º ALCOHOL + MgBrCl
iii. GRIGNARD + Other ALDEHYDES → (+1C) 2º ALCOHOL +MgBrCl
iv. GRIGNARD + KETONE → (+1C)3º ALCOHOL + MgBrCl
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Dry Reagents
2) With HCl
2. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
 Preparation:
i. 1º ALCOHOLS + 2[O] → CARBOXYLIC ACID + WATER
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under Reflux
2) Potassium Dichromate / H2SO4
ii. Hydrolysis of Nitriles
NITRILE + 2H2O + HCl → CARBOXYLIC ACID + NH4Cl
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under reflux
2) With dilute HCl
 Reactions:
i. CARBOXYLIC ACID + NaOH → CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O
ii. CARBOXYLIC ACID + Na2CO3/NaHCO3 → CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O + CO2
iii. CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL ↔ ESTER + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Warmed under reflux
2) With concentrated H2SO4
iv. CARBOXYLIC ACID + PCl5 → ACID CHLORIDE + POCl3 + HCl
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Dry / room temperature
v. CARBOXYLIC ACID + 4[H] → ALCOHOL + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) LiAlH4 in dry ether
2) With HCl
3. ACID CHLORIDES:
 Preparation:
i. CARBOXYLIC ACID + PCl5 → ACID CHLORIDE + HCl + POCl3
 Reactions:
i. ACID CHLORIDE + H2O → CARBOXYLIC ACID + HCl
ii. ACID CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL → ESTER + HCl
iii. ACID CHLORIDE + (concentrated)AMMONIA → AMIDE + NH4Cl
iv. ACID CHLORIDE + AMINE → SUBSTITUTED AMIDE + HCl
1 of 3

2. 4. ESTERS:
 Preparation:
i. CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL ↔ ESTER + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Warmed under reflux
2) With concentrated H2SO4
ii. ACID CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL → ESTER + HCl
 Reactions:
i. ESTER + NaOH → ALCOHOL + CARBOXYLATE SALT
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under reflux
ii. ESTER + H2O ↔ CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Warmed under reflux
2) With concentrated H2SO4
5. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS:
 Preparation – Aldehydes:
i. 1º ALCOHOL + [O] → ALDEHYDE + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under DISTILLATION
2) Potassium Dichromate / H2SO4
 Preparation – Ketones:
i. 2º ALCOHOL + [O] → KETONE + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under reflux
2) Potassium Dichromate / H2SO4
 Reactions – Both Aldehydes and Ketones:
i. CARBONYL + 2,4-DNPH → YELLOW/ORANGE PPT. + H2O
ii. Aldehyde + HCN → n-HYDROXY ALKYLNITRILE
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) HCN / KCN in pH 8 buffer solution
iii. Ketone + HCN → n-HYDROXY-n-METHYL ALKYLNITRILE
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) HCN / KCN in pH 8 buffer solution
iv. CARBONYL + 2[H] → ALCOHOL (Aldehyde = 1º / Ketone = 2º)
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) LiAlH4 in dry ether
v. CARBONYL + GRIGNARD → ALCOHOL (Methanal=1ºAld=2º/Ket=3º) + MgBrCl
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) In dry ether
2) HCl
 Iodoform of Ethanal and Methyl Ketones (-COCH3):
i. ETHANAL + 3I2 + 4NaOH → CHI3 + 3NaI + SODIUM METHANOATE + 3H2O
ii. METHYL KETONE + 3I2 + 4NaOH → CHI3 + 3NaI + SODIUM CARBOXYLATE + 3H2O
 Reactions – Aldehydes ONLY:
i. Aldehyde + [O] + OH- → RED PPT. + CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Warmed with Fehling’s Solution
ii. Aldehyde + [O] + OH- → SILVER MIRROR + CARBOXYLATE SALT + H2O
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Warmed
2) With Silver Nitrate in dilute Ammonia
2 of 3

3. 6. 1º AMINES
 Preparation:
i. NITRILE + 4[H] → AMINE
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) LiAlH4 in dry ether
ii. HALOALKANE + NH3 → AMINE + HX
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heated in a sealed tube
2) Concentrated NH3
 Reactions – With ACIDS
i. AMINE + HCl → ALKYL AMMONIUM+CHLORIDE-
ii. AMINE + CH3COOH → ALKYL AMMONIUM ETHANOATE
 Reactions – With ACID CHLORIDES
i. AMINE + ACID CHLORIDE → SUBSTITUTED AMIDE + HCl
7. NITRILES
 Preparation:
i. HALOALKANE + KCN → (+1C)NITRILE + KX
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under reflux
2) Aqueous Ethanol
ii. CARBONYL + HCN → HYDROXY NITRILE
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) HCN / KCN in pH 8 buffer solution
 Reactions:
i. NITRILE + H+ + 2H2O → CARBOXYLIC ACID + AMMONIUM+ (hydrolysis)
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Heat under reflux
2) With acid / HCl
ii. NITRILE + 4[H] → 1º AMINE
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) LiAlH4 in dry ether
8. AMIDES:
 Preparation:
i. ACID CHLORIDE + NH3 → AMIDE + HCl
ii. ACID CHLORIDE + AMINE → AMIDE– R + HCl
 Reactions:
i. Dehydration:
6AMIDE + P4O10 → 6NITRILE + 4H3PO4
Simplified: AMIDE - H2O → NITRILE
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) With warm P4O10
ii. Hoffman’s Degradation:
AMIDE + Br2 + 4NaOH → (-1C) AMINE + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O
Simplified: RCONH2 → RNH2
• Reagents and Conditions:
1) Warmed under DISTILLATION
2) Br2 / NaOH
9. AMINO ACIDS:
 Reactions:
i. With Acids:
NH2CH2COOH + H+ → NH3+CH2COOH
3 of 3

4. ii. With Bases:
NH2CH2COOH + OH- → NH2CH2COO- + H2O
4 of 3