This document proposes a novel methodology to detect tampering and forgery in images submitted for authenticity verification in security systems. The method reconstructs the test image from its gradients by solving a Poisson equation, forming a model. It then compares the original and reconstructed images using absolute difference and histogram matching to determine if tampering occurred. Experimental results demonstrate the technique can accurately verify authentic versus forged images, securing information and detecting fraud. The gradient-based reconstruction approach is a unique mechanism for digital image forensics and authenticity verification in security systems.
The document discusses a gradient-based image reconstruction technique for detecting fraud and tampering in authenticity verification systems. It involves a two-phase approach: 1) A modeling phase where the original image is reconstructed from its gradients by solving a Poisson equation to form a knowledge base model. 2) A simulation phase where the absolute difference between an original and test image is used along with histogram matching to determine if tampering occurred. Experimental results on original and reconstructed images demonstrate the technique can verify authentic image authenticity and detect tampering or forgeries aimed at gaining false authentication.
Digital Image Forgery Detection Using Improved Illumination Detection ModelEditor IJMTER
Image processing methods are widely used in advertisement, magazines, blogs, website,
television and more. When the digital images took their role, Happening of crimes and escaping from
the crimes happened becomes easier. To be with lawful, No one should be punished for not
commencing a crime, to help them this application can be used. The identification using color edge
method will give a exact detection of the crime and the forgeries that has been done in the digital
image.
Image composition or splicing methods are used to discover the image forgeries. The approach is
machine-learning- based and requires minimal user interaction and this technique is applicable to
images containing two or more people and requires no expert interaction for the tampering decision.
The obtained result by the classification performance using an SVM (Super Vector Machine) metafusion classifier and It yields detection rates of 86% on a new benchmark dataset consisting of 200
images, and 83% on 50 images that were collected from the Internet.
The further improvements can be achieved when more advanced illuminant color estimators become
available. Bianco and Schettini has proposed a machine-learning based illuminant estimator
particularly for faces which would help us in this for more accurate prediction. Effective skin
detection methods have been developed in the computer vision literature and this method also helps
us, in detecting pornography compositions which, according to forensic practitioners, have become
increasingly common nowadays.
AUTOMATED IMAGE MOSAICING SYSTEM WITH ANALYSIS OVER VARIOUS IMAGE NOISEijcsa
Mosaicing is blending together of several arbitrarily shaped images to form one large balanced image such
that boundaries between the original images are not seen. Image mosaicing creates a large field of view
using of scene and the result image can be used for texture mapping of a 3D environment too. Blended
image has become a wide necessity in images captured from real time sensor devices, bio-medical
equipment, satellite images from space, aerospace, security systems, brain mapping, genetics etc. Idea
behind this work is to automate the Image Mosaicing System so that blending may be fast, easy and
efficient even if large number of images are considered. This work also provides an analysis of blending
over images containing different kinds of distortion and noise which further enhances the quality of the
system and make the system more reliable and robust.
Statistical Feature based Blind Classifier for JPEG Image Splice Detectionrahulmonikasharma
Digital imaging, image forgery and its forensics have become an established field of research now days. Digital imaging is used to enhance and restore images to make them more meaningful while image forgery is done to produce fake facts by tampering images. Digital forensics is then required to examine the questioned images and classify them as authentic or tampered. This paper aims to design and implement a blind classifier to classify original and spliced Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Classifier is based on statistical features obtained by exploiting image compression artifacts which are extracted as Blocking Artifact Characteristics Matrix. The experimental results have shown that the proposed classifier outperforms the existing one. It gives improved performance in terms of accuracy and area under curve while classifying images. It supports .bmp and .tiff file formats and is fairly robust to noise.
Comparative Study and Analysis of Image Inpainting TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Image inpainting is a technique to fill missing region or reconstruct damage area from an image.It
removes an undesirable object from an image in visually plausible way.For filling the part of image, it use
information from the neighboring area. In this dissertation work, we present a Examplar based method for
filling in the missing information in an image, which takes structure synthesis and texture sysnthesis together.
In exemplar based approach it used local information from an image to patch propagation.We have also
implement Nonlocal Mean approach for exemplar based image inpainting.In Nonlocal mean approach it find
multiple samples of best exemplar patches for patch propagation and weight their contribution according to
their similarity to the neighborhood under evaluation. We have further extended this algorithm by considering
collaborative filtering method to synthesize and propagate with multiple samples of best exemplar patches. We
have to preformed experiment on many images and found that our algorithm successfully inpaint the target
region.We have tested the accuracy of our algorithm by finding parameter like PSNR and compared PSNR
value for all three different approaches.
Keywords: Texture Synthesis, Structure Synthesis, Patch Propagation ,imageinpainting ,nonlocal approach,
collabrative filtering.
COMPUTER VISION PERFORMANCE AND IMAGE QUALITY METRICS: A RECIPROCAL RELATION csandit
Computer vision algorithms are essential components of many systems in operation today. Predicting the robustness of such algorithms for different visual distortions is a task which can
be approached with known image quality measures. We evaluate the impact of several image distortions on object segmentation, tracking and detection, and analyze the predictability of this impact given by image statistics, error parameters and image quality metrics. We observe that
existing image quality metrics have shortcomings when predicting the visual quality of virtual or augmented reality scenarios. These shortcomings can be overcome by integrating computer vision approaches into image quality metrics. We thus show that image quality metrics can be
used to predict the success of computer vision approaches, and computer vision can be employed to enhance the prediction capability of image quality metrics – a reciprocal relation.
Perceptual Weights Based On Local Energy For Image Quality AssessmentCSCJournals
This paper proposes an image quality metric that can effectively measure the quality of an image that correlates well with human judgment on the appearance of the image. The present work adds a new dimension to the structural approach based full-reference image quality assessment for gray scale images. The proposed method assigns more weight to the distortions present in the visual regions of interest of the reference (original) image than to the distortions present in the other regions of the image, referred to as perceptual weights. The perceptual features and their weights are computed based on the local energy modeling of the original image. The proposed model is validated using the image database provided by LIVE (Laboratory for Image & Video Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin) based on the evaluation metrics as suggested in the video quality experts group (VQEG) Phase I FR-TV test.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses a gradient-based image reconstruction technique for detecting fraud and tampering in authenticity verification systems. It involves a two-phase approach: 1) A modeling phase where the original image is reconstructed from its gradients by solving a Poisson equation to form a knowledge base model. 2) A simulation phase where the absolute difference between an original and test image is used along with histogram matching to determine if tampering occurred. Experimental results on original and reconstructed images demonstrate the technique can verify authentic image authenticity and detect tampering or forgeries aimed at gaining false authentication.
Digital Image Forgery Detection Using Improved Illumination Detection ModelEditor IJMTER
Image processing methods are widely used in advertisement, magazines, blogs, website,
television and more. When the digital images took their role, Happening of crimes and escaping from
the crimes happened becomes easier. To be with lawful, No one should be punished for not
commencing a crime, to help them this application can be used. The identification using color edge
method will give a exact detection of the crime and the forgeries that has been done in the digital
image.
Image composition or splicing methods are used to discover the image forgeries. The approach is
machine-learning- based and requires minimal user interaction and this technique is applicable to
images containing two or more people and requires no expert interaction for the tampering decision.
The obtained result by the classification performance using an SVM (Super Vector Machine) metafusion classifier and It yields detection rates of 86% on a new benchmark dataset consisting of 200
images, and 83% on 50 images that were collected from the Internet.
The further improvements can be achieved when more advanced illuminant color estimators become
available. Bianco and Schettini has proposed a machine-learning based illuminant estimator
particularly for faces which would help us in this for more accurate prediction. Effective skin
detection methods have been developed in the computer vision literature and this method also helps
us, in detecting pornography compositions which, according to forensic practitioners, have become
increasingly common nowadays.
AUTOMATED IMAGE MOSAICING SYSTEM WITH ANALYSIS OVER VARIOUS IMAGE NOISEijcsa
Mosaicing is blending together of several arbitrarily shaped images to form one large balanced image such
that boundaries between the original images are not seen. Image mosaicing creates a large field of view
using of scene and the result image can be used for texture mapping of a 3D environment too. Blended
image has become a wide necessity in images captured from real time sensor devices, bio-medical
equipment, satellite images from space, aerospace, security systems, brain mapping, genetics etc. Idea
behind this work is to automate the Image Mosaicing System so that blending may be fast, easy and
efficient even if large number of images are considered. This work also provides an analysis of blending
over images containing different kinds of distortion and noise which further enhances the quality of the
system and make the system more reliable and robust.
Statistical Feature based Blind Classifier for JPEG Image Splice Detectionrahulmonikasharma
Digital imaging, image forgery and its forensics have become an established field of research now days. Digital imaging is used to enhance and restore images to make them more meaningful while image forgery is done to produce fake facts by tampering images. Digital forensics is then required to examine the questioned images and classify them as authentic or tampered. This paper aims to design and implement a blind classifier to classify original and spliced Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Classifier is based on statistical features obtained by exploiting image compression artifacts which are extracted as Blocking Artifact Characteristics Matrix. The experimental results have shown that the proposed classifier outperforms the existing one. It gives improved performance in terms of accuracy and area under curve while classifying images. It supports .bmp and .tiff file formats and is fairly robust to noise.
Comparative Study and Analysis of Image Inpainting TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Image inpainting is a technique to fill missing region or reconstruct damage area from an image.It
removes an undesirable object from an image in visually plausible way.For filling the part of image, it use
information from the neighboring area. In this dissertation work, we present a Examplar based method for
filling in the missing information in an image, which takes structure synthesis and texture sysnthesis together.
In exemplar based approach it used local information from an image to patch propagation.We have also
implement Nonlocal Mean approach for exemplar based image inpainting.In Nonlocal mean approach it find
multiple samples of best exemplar patches for patch propagation and weight their contribution according to
their similarity to the neighborhood under evaluation. We have further extended this algorithm by considering
collaborative filtering method to synthesize and propagate with multiple samples of best exemplar patches. We
have to preformed experiment on many images and found that our algorithm successfully inpaint the target
region.We have tested the accuracy of our algorithm by finding parameter like PSNR and compared PSNR
value for all three different approaches.
Keywords: Texture Synthesis, Structure Synthesis, Patch Propagation ,imageinpainting ,nonlocal approach,
collabrative filtering.
COMPUTER VISION PERFORMANCE AND IMAGE QUALITY METRICS: A RECIPROCAL RELATION csandit
Computer vision algorithms are essential components of many systems in operation today. Predicting the robustness of such algorithms for different visual distortions is a task which can
be approached with known image quality measures. We evaluate the impact of several image distortions on object segmentation, tracking and detection, and analyze the predictability of this impact given by image statistics, error parameters and image quality metrics. We observe that
existing image quality metrics have shortcomings when predicting the visual quality of virtual or augmented reality scenarios. These shortcomings can be overcome by integrating computer vision approaches into image quality metrics. We thus show that image quality metrics can be
used to predict the success of computer vision approaches, and computer vision can be employed to enhance the prediction capability of image quality metrics – a reciprocal relation.
Perceptual Weights Based On Local Energy For Image Quality AssessmentCSCJournals
This paper proposes an image quality metric that can effectively measure the quality of an image that correlates well with human judgment on the appearance of the image. The present work adds a new dimension to the structural approach based full-reference image quality assessment for gray scale images. The proposed method assigns more weight to the distortions present in the visual regions of interest of the reference (original) image than to the distortions present in the other regions of the image, referred to as perceptual weights. The perceptual features and their weights are computed based on the local energy modeling of the original image. The proposed model is validated using the image database provided by LIVE (Laboratory for Image & Video Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin) based on the evaluation metrics as suggested in the video quality experts group (VQEG) Phase I FR-TV test.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
RECOGNIZING AND TRACKING OUTDOOR OBJECTS BY USING ARTOOLKIT MARKERSijcsit
We created an augmented reality platform for spatial exploration that recognizes buildings facades and displays various multimedia for different time points. In order to provide the user with the best user experience fast recognition and stable tracking are the key elements of any augmented reality app. In an outdoor environment, lighting, reflective surfaces and occlusion can drastically affect the user experience. In a setup where these conditions are similar, marker creation methodology and the app parameters are key. In this paper we focus on resizing the photo prior marker creating and the importance of camera calibration and resolution and their effect on the recognition speed and quality of tracking outdoor objects.
A Robust Method for Moving Object Detection Using Modified Statistical Mean M...ijait
Moving object detection is low-level, important task for any visual surveillance system. One of the aim of this paper is to, to describe various approaches of moving object detection such as background subtraction, temporal difference, as well as pros and cons of these techniques. A statistical mean technique [10] has been used to overcome the problem in previous techniques. Even statistical mean method also suffers with the problem of superfluous effects of foreground objects. In this paper, the presented method tries to overcome this effect as well as reduces the computational complexity up to some extent. In this paper, a robust algorithm for automatic, noise detection and removal from moving objects in video sequences is presented. The algorithm considers static camera parameters.
Disparity Estimation by a Real Time Approximation AlgorithmCSCJournals
This document summarizes an approximation algorithm for real-time disparity estimation of stereo images. The algorithm shrinks the left and right images 3 times to reduce computational time and search area. Disparity is estimated from the shrunk images and then extrapolated to reconstruct the original disparity image. Experimental results on standard stereo images show the algorithm reduces computational time by 76.34% compared to traditional window-based methods, with acceptable accuracy. Some accuracy is lost due to pixel quantization during shrinking and extrapolation, but the fast estimation of dense disparity makes the algorithm useful for applications requiring real-time performance.
Secret-Fragment Visible Mosaic Images by Genetic AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document proposes a new secure image transmission method that transforms a secret image into a secret fragment-visible mosaic image using genetic algorithms. The secret image and target image are divided into tiles of equal size, and the secret tiles are fitted into the target image tiles according to a mapping sequence generated by a genetic algorithm. Color transformations are applied to the secret tiles to make the mosaic image similar in color to the target image. The secret tiles are also rotated to minimize color differences from the corresponding target tiles. The mosaic image allows hidden transmission of the secret image, which can be recovered using the same genetic algorithm and mapping sequence. Simulation results demonstrate the method can effectively hide a secret image in a mosaic image and recover it with good quality.
Paper 58 disparity-of_stereo_images_by_self_adaptive_algorithmMDABDULMANNANMONDAL
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new stereo matching algorithm called Self Adaptive Algorithm (SAA) to efficiently compute stereo correspondence or disparity maps from stereo images. SAA aims to improve matching speed by reducing the search zone and avoiding false matches through an adaptive search approach. It dynamically selects the search range based on previous matching results, reducing the range by 50% with each iteration. Experimental results on standard stereo datasets show that SAA outperforms other methods in terms of speed while maintaining accuracy, with processing speeds of 535 fps and 377 fps for different image pairs. SAA reduces computational time by 70.53-99.93% compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
Image Quality Feature Based Detection Algorithm for Forgery in Images ijcga
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an algorithm to detect image forgeries using image quality features and moment-based features. The algorithm extracts 18 image quality metrics related to mean errors, correlations, spectral errors, and HSV norms from image regions. It also applies discrete wavelet transforms and calculates moments from the characteristic functions of histogram sub-bands. Discrete cosine transforms are applied and the coefficients are used to extract additional features. The features are then used to train an SVM classifier to detect forged and authentic images. The algorithm was tested on over 1800 images and achieved accuracy rates over 90% depending on the percentage of images used for training.
Issues in Image Registration and Image similarity based on mutual informationDarshana Mistry
This is my 2nd Doctorate progresses committee presentation in image registration which is explained how do you find image similarity based on Entropy and mutual information
A Fuzzy Set Approach for Edge DetectionCSCJournals
Image segmentation is one of the most studied problems in image analysis, computer vision, pattern recognition etc. Edge detection is a discontinuity based approach used for image segmentation. In this paper, an edge detection using fuzzy set is proposed, where an image is considered as a fuzzy set and pixels are taken as elements of fuzzy set. The fuzzy approach converts the color image to a partially segmented image; finally an edge detector is convolved over the partially segmented image to obtain an edged image. The approach is implemented using MATLAB 7.11. (R2010b). For qualitative and quantitative comparison, BSD (Berkeley Segmentation Database) images are used for experimentation. Performance parameters used are PSNR (dB) and Performance ratio (PR) of true to false edges. It has been shown that the proposed approach performs better than Canny’s edge detection algorithm under almost all scenarios. The proposed approach reduces false edge detection and double edges.
A UGMENT R EALITY IN V OLUMETRIC M EDICAL I MAGING U SING S TEREOSCOPIC...ijcga
This document discusses using stereoscopic 3D displays to view volumetric medical imaging data in augmented reality. It summarizes an experiment that tested how three factors - convergence, accommodation, and relative size - affect depth perception when viewing 3D medical images on a stereoscopic display. The experiment found that convergence and accommodation significantly impacted depth perception, while relative size had a negligible effect. Viewing images between 227-291mm in front of the screen provided the most effective depth perception.
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking moving objects and determining their distance and velocity using background subtraction algorithms. It first describes background subtraction as a process to extract foreground objects from video by comparing each frame to a background model. It then discusses several algorithms used in the research, including median filtering for noise removal, morphological operations to smooth object regions, and connected component analysis to detect large foreground regions representing objects. The document evaluates these techniques on video to track a single object, determine the distance and velocity of that object between frames, and identify multiple moving objects.
This document summarizes and reviews several techniques for image mining, including feature extraction, image clustering, and object recognition algorithms. It discusses color, texture, and edge feature extraction techniques and evaluates their precision and recall. It also describes the block truncation algorithm for image recognition and the cascade feature extraction approach. The key techniques - color moments, block truncation coding, and cascade classifiers - are evaluated based on experimental recall and precision results. Overall, the document provides an overview of different image mining techniques and evaluates their effectiveness.
Edge detection of herbal plants is a set of mathematical methods which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply and has discontinuities. They are defined as the set of curved line segments termed edges. Effective edge detection for microscopic image of herbal plant is proposed through this paper which compares the edge detected images and then performs further segmentation. Comparison between Sobel operator, Prewitt, Canny and Robert cross operators is performed. Our method after efficient edge detection performs Gabor filter and K-means clustering to procure a better image. It is then subjected to further segmentation. Experimental methods in our proposed algorithm show that our method achieves a better edge detection as compared to other edge detector operators. Our proposed algorithm provides the maximum PSNR value of 43.684 amongst the other commercial edge detection operators.
This document presents a novel edge detection algorithm proposed for mammographic images. It begins with an abstract summarizing the paper's focus on edge detection in mammograms and comparison to other common edge detection methods. It then provides background on edge detection and medical image analysis, describing common gradient and derivative-based edge detection methods. The main body introduces a new two-phase edge detection process called Binary Homogeneity Enhancement Algorithm (BHEA) that homogenizes the mammogram and detects edges by traversing the image horizontally and vertically. Results from the new method are then compared to other common edge detection filters.
An efficient method for recognizing the low quality fingerprint verification ...IJCI JOURNAL
In this paper, we propose an efficient method to provide personal identification using fingerprint to get better accuracy even in noisy condition. The fingerprint matching based on the number of corresponding minutia pairings, has been in use for a long time, which is not very efficient for recognizing the low quality fingerprints. To overcome this problem, correlation technique is used. The correlation-based fingerprint verification system is capable of dealing with low quality images from which no minutiae can be extracted reliably and with fingerprints that suffer from non-uniform shape distortions, also in case of damaged and partial images. Orientation Field Methodology (OFM) has been used as a preprocessing module, and it converts the images into a field pattern based on the direction of the ridges, loops and bifurcations in the image of a fingerprint. The input image is then Cross Correlated (CC) with all the images in the cluster and the highest correlated image is taken as the output. The result gives a good recognition rate, as the proposed scheme uses Cross Correlation of Field Orientation (CCFO = OFM + CC) for fingerprint identification.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
MINIMIZING DISTORTION IN STEGANOG-RAPHY BASED ON IMAGE FEATUREijcsit
There are two defects in WOW. One is image feature is not considered when hiding information through minimal distortion path and it leads to high total distortion. Another is total distortion grows too rapidly with hidden capacity increasing and it leads to poor anti-detection when hidden capacity is large. To solve these two problems, a new algorithm named MDIS was proposed. MDIS is also based on the minimizing additive distortion framework of STC and has the same distortion function with WOW. The feature that there are a large number of pixels, having the same value with one of their eight neighbour pixels and the mechanism of secret sharing are used in MDIS, which can reduce the total distortion, improve the antidetection and increase the value of PNSR. Experimental results showed that MDIS has better invisibility, smaller distortion and stronger anti-detection than WOW.
Study of Image Inpainting Technique Based on TV Modelijsrd.com
This paper is related with an image inpainting method by which we can reconstruct a damaged or missing portion of an image. A fast image inpainting algorithm based on TV (Total variational) model is proposed on the basis of analysis of local characteristics, which shows the more information around damaged pixels appears, the faster the information diffuses. The algorithm first stratifies and filters the pixels around damaged region according to priority, and then iteratively inpaint the damaged pixels from outside to inside on the grounds of priority again. By using this algorithm inpainting speed of the algorithm is faster and greater impact.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
City Puzzle as an interactive simulation that visualizes future urban planning approaches. It builds on the mixed reality environment "Gulliver's World" to allow collaborative design of virtual cities.
This document discusses techniques to improve the performance of data retrieval from customized data warehouses. It presents a comparison of data retrieval times for queries on relational databases with and without indexing. Indexing techniques like bitmap indexing and data partitioning are shown to improve data retrieval times. Data retrieval times are measured for different sizes of data stored in relational databases and data warehouses, both with and without indexing. The results show that data warehouses with indexing techniques like bitmap indexing provide faster data retrieval times compared to relational databases or data warehouses without indexing, especially as data sizes increase.
Introducing a Gennext Banking with a Direct Banking SolutionIOSR Journals
This document introduces a proposed direct banking solution as a next generation banking model. It begins with an overview of the increasing demands from digital customers and the need for banks to optimize services and minimize costs. It then discusses current banking technologies like ATMs, internet banking, and core banking solutions. However, it notes that existing solutions are still employee-centric rather than customer-centric. The proposed direct banking solution aims to provide personalized, anytime/anywhere banking through various delivery channels including ATMs, telebanking, online/mobile banking, social media, smartphones, and television. It outlines the key components of the direct banking architecture including business processes, services, and integration with core banking. Benefits of this branchless banking model include increased
RECOGNIZING AND TRACKING OUTDOOR OBJECTS BY USING ARTOOLKIT MARKERSijcsit
We created an augmented reality platform for spatial exploration that recognizes buildings facades and displays various multimedia for different time points. In order to provide the user with the best user experience fast recognition and stable tracking are the key elements of any augmented reality app. In an outdoor environment, lighting, reflective surfaces and occlusion can drastically affect the user experience. In a setup where these conditions are similar, marker creation methodology and the app parameters are key. In this paper we focus on resizing the photo prior marker creating and the importance of camera calibration and resolution and their effect on the recognition speed and quality of tracking outdoor objects.
A Robust Method for Moving Object Detection Using Modified Statistical Mean M...ijait
Moving object detection is low-level, important task for any visual surveillance system. One of the aim of this paper is to, to describe various approaches of moving object detection such as background subtraction, temporal difference, as well as pros and cons of these techniques. A statistical mean technique [10] has been used to overcome the problem in previous techniques. Even statistical mean method also suffers with the problem of superfluous effects of foreground objects. In this paper, the presented method tries to overcome this effect as well as reduces the computational complexity up to some extent. In this paper, a robust algorithm for automatic, noise detection and removal from moving objects in video sequences is presented. The algorithm considers static camera parameters.
Disparity Estimation by a Real Time Approximation AlgorithmCSCJournals
This document summarizes an approximation algorithm for real-time disparity estimation of stereo images. The algorithm shrinks the left and right images 3 times to reduce computational time and search area. Disparity is estimated from the shrunk images and then extrapolated to reconstruct the original disparity image. Experimental results on standard stereo images show the algorithm reduces computational time by 76.34% compared to traditional window-based methods, with acceptable accuracy. Some accuracy is lost due to pixel quantization during shrinking and extrapolation, but the fast estimation of dense disparity makes the algorithm useful for applications requiring real-time performance.
Secret-Fragment Visible Mosaic Images by Genetic AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document proposes a new secure image transmission method that transforms a secret image into a secret fragment-visible mosaic image using genetic algorithms. The secret image and target image are divided into tiles of equal size, and the secret tiles are fitted into the target image tiles according to a mapping sequence generated by a genetic algorithm. Color transformations are applied to the secret tiles to make the mosaic image similar in color to the target image. The secret tiles are also rotated to minimize color differences from the corresponding target tiles. The mosaic image allows hidden transmission of the secret image, which can be recovered using the same genetic algorithm and mapping sequence. Simulation results demonstrate the method can effectively hide a secret image in a mosaic image and recover it with good quality.
Paper 58 disparity-of_stereo_images_by_self_adaptive_algorithmMDABDULMANNANMONDAL
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new stereo matching algorithm called Self Adaptive Algorithm (SAA) to efficiently compute stereo correspondence or disparity maps from stereo images. SAA aims to improve matching speed by reducing the search zone and avoiding false matches through an adaptive search approach. It dynamically selects the search range based on previous matching results, reducing the range by 50% with each iteration. Experimental results on standard stereo datasets show that SAA outperforms other methods in terms of speed while maintaining accuracy, with processing speeds of 535 fps and 377 fps for different image pairs. SAA reduces computational time by 70.53-99.93% compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
Image Quality Feature Based Detection Algorithm for Forgery in Images ijcga
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an algorithm to detect image forgeries using image quality features and moment-based features. The algorithm extracts 18 image quality metrics related to mean errors, correlations, spectral errors, and HSV norms from image regions. It also applies discrete wavelet transforms and calculates moments from the characteristic functions of histogram sub-bands. Discrete cosine transforms are applied and the coefficients are used to extract additional features. The features are then used to train an SVM classifier to detect forged and authentic images. The algorithm was tested on over 1800 images and achieved accuracy rates over 90% depending on the percentage of images used for training.
Issues in Image Registration and Image similarity based on mutual informationDarshana Mistry
This is my 2nd Doctorate progresses committee presentation in image registration which is explained how do you find image similarity based on Entropy and mutual information
A Fuzzy Set Approach for Edge DetectionCSCJournals
Image segmentation is one of the most studied problems in image analysis, computer vision, pattern recognition etc. Edge detection is a discontinuity based approach used for image segmentation. In this paper, an edge detection using fuzzy set is proposed, where an image is considered as a fuzzy set and pixels are taken as elements of fuzzy set. The fuzzy approach converts the color image to a partially segmented image; finally an edge detector is convolved over the partially segmented image to obtain an edged image. The approach is implemented using MATLAB 7.11. (R2010b). For qualitative and quantitative comparison, BSD (Berkeley Segmentation Database) images are used for experimentation. Performance parameters used are PSNR (dB) and Performance ratio (PR) of true to false edges. It has been shown that the proposed approach performs better than Canny’s edge detection algorithm under almost all scenarios. The proposed approach reduces false edge detection and double edges.
A UGMENT R EALITY IN V OLUMETRIC M EDICAL I MAGING U SING S TEREOSCOPIC...ijcga
This document discusses using stereoscopic 3D displays to view volumetric medical imaging data in augmented reality. It summarizes an experiment that tested how three factors - convergence, accommodation, and relative size - affect depth perception when viewing 3D medical images on a stereoscopic display. The experiment found that convergence and accommodation significantly impacted depth perception, while relative size had a negligible effect. Viewing images between 227-291mm in front of the screen provided the most effective depth perception.
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking moving objects and determining their distance and velocity using background subtraction algorithms. It first describes background subtraction as a process to extract foreground objects from video by comparing each frame to a background model. It then discusses several algorithms used in the research, including median filtering for noise removal, morphological operations to smooth object regions, and connected component analysis to detect large foreground regions representing objects. The document evaluates these techniques on video to track a single object, determine the distance and velocity of that object between frames, and identify multiple moving objects.
This document summarizes and reviews several techniques for image mining, including feature extraction, image clustering, and object recognition algorithms. It discusses color, texture, and edge feature extraction techniques and evaluates their precision and recall. It also describes the block truncation algorithm for image recognition and the cascade feature extraction approach. The key techniques - color moments, block truncation coding, and cascade classifiers - are evaluated based on experimental recall and precision results. Overall, the document provides an overview of different image mining techniques and evaluates their effectiveness.
Edge detection of herbal plants is a set of mathematical methods which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply and has discontinuities. They are defined as the set of curved line segments termed edges. Effective edge detection for microscopic image of herbal plant is proposed through this paper which compares the edge detected images and then performs further segmentation. Comparison between Sobel operator, Prewitt, Canny and Robert cross operators is performed. Our method after efficient edge detection performs Gabor filter and K-means clustering to procure a better image. It is then subjected to further segmentation. Experimental methods in our proposed algorithm show that our method achieves a better edge detection as compared to other edge detector operators. Our proposed algorithm provides the maximum PSNR value of 43.684 amongst the other commercial edge detection operators.
This document presents a novel edge detection algorithm proposed for mammographic images. It begins with an abstract summarizing the paper's focus on edge detection in mammograms and comparison to other common edge detection methods. It then provides background on edge detection and medical image analysis, describing common gradient and derivative-based edge detection methods. The main body introduces a new two-phase edge detection process called Binary Homogeneity Enhancement Algorithm (BHEA) that homogenizes the mammogram and detects edges by traversing the image horizontally and vertically. Results from the new method are then compared to other common edge detection filters.
An efficient method for recognizing the low quality fingerprint verification ...IJCI JOURNAL
In this paper, we propose an efficient method to provide personal identification using fingerprint to get better accuracy even in noisy condition. The fingerprint matching based on the number of corresponding minutia pairings, has been in use for a long time, which is not very efficient for recognizing the low quality fingerprints. To overcome this problem, correlation technique is used. The correlation-based fingerprint verification system is capable of dealing with low quality images from which no minutiae can be extracted reliably and with fingerprints that suffer from non-uniform shape distortions, also in case of damaged and partial images. Orientation Field Methodology (OFM) has been used as a preprocessing module, and it converts the images into a field pattern based on the direction of the ridges, loops and bifurcations in the image of a fingerprint. The input image is then Cross Correlated (CC) with all the images in the cluster and the highest correlated image is taken as the output. The result gives a good recognition rate, as the proposed scheme uses Cross Correlation of Field Orientation (CCFO = OFM + CC) for fingerprint identification.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
MINIMIZING DISTORTION IN STEGANOG-RAPHY BASED ON IMAGE FEATUREijcsit
There are two defects in WOW. One is image feature is not considered when hiding information through minimal distortion path and it leads to high total distortion. Another is total distortion grows too rapidly with hidden capacity increasing and it leads to poor anti-detection when hidden capacity is large. To solve these two problems, a new algorithm named MDIS was proposed. MDIS is also based on the minimizing additive distortion framework of STC and has the same distortion function with WOW. The feature that there are a large number of pixels, having the same value with one of their eight neighbour pixels and the mechanism of secret sharing are used in MDIS, which can reduce the total distortion, improve the antidetection and increase the value of PNSR. Experimental results showed that MDIS has better invisibility, smaller distortion and stronger anti-detection than WOW.
Study of Image Inpainting Technique Based on TV Modelijsrd.com
This paper is related with an image inpainting method by which we can reconstruct a damaged or missing portion of an image. A fast image inpainting algorithm based on TV (Total variational) model is proposed on the basis of analysis of local characteristics, which shows the more information around damaged pixels appears, the faster the information diffuses. The algorithm first stratifies and filters the pixels around damaged region according to priority, and then iteratively inpaint the damaged pixels from outside to inside on the grounds of priority again. By using this algorithm inpainting speed of the algorithm is faster and greater impact.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
City Puzzle as an interactive simulation that visualizes future urban planning approaches. It builds on the mixed reality environment "Gulliver's World" to allow collaborative design of virtual cities.
This document discusses techniques to improve the performance of data retrieval from customized data warehouses. It presents a comparison of data retrieval times for queries on relational databases with and without indexing. Indexing techniques like bitmap indexing and data partitioning are shown to improve data retrieval times. Data retrieval times are measured for different sizes of data stored in relational databases and data warehouses, both with and without indexing. The results show that data warehouses with indexing techniques like bitmap indexing provide faster data retrieval times compared to relational databases or data warehouses without indexing, especially as data sizes increase.
Introducing a Gennext Banking with a Direct Banking SolutionIOSR Journals
This document introduces a proposed direct banking solution as a next generation banking model. It begins with an overview of the increasing demands from digital customers and the need for banks to optimize services and minimize costs. It then discusses current banking technologies like ATMs, internet banking, and core banking solutions. However, it notes that existing solutions are still employee-centric rather than customer-centric. The proposed direct banking solution aims to provide personalized, anytime/anywhere banking through various delivery channels including ATMs, telebanking, online/mobile banking, social media, smartphones, and television. It outlines the key components of the direct banking architecture including business processes, services, and integration with core banking. Benefits of this branchless banking model include increased
Quality of Service Optimization in Realm of Green Monitoring using Broad Area...IOSR Journals
This document discusses optimizing quality of service in wireless sensor networks using broad area sensor networks (BASN). It describes how BASN allows for real-time communication between sensor nodes and a base station, avoiding delays from routing through multiple nodes. The document provides an overview of typical mesh network topology in wireless sensor networks and its limitations. It then introduces the concept of BASN, which uses long-range wireless transceivers to allow sensor nodes to transmit directly to a base station kilometers away. This enables applications requiring low node density over a large area or real-time data transmission. The feasibility of a BASN is evaluated through a case study comparing energy generation from solar cells and storage in supercapacitors to transmission energy needs for long
Credit Card Duplication and Crime Prevention Using BiometricsIOSR Journals
1. The document proposes using iris recognition and palm vein technology for credit card authentication as a way to improve security over existing methods.
2. Current authentication methods like PINs, signatures, and fingerprints have vulnerabilities like being observable and reproducible.
3. The proposed system uses iris recognition followed by palm vein scanning, comparing the biometric data to stored templates to authenticate the user. If both comparisons match, the transaction would be allowed.
4. Iris patterns and palm vein patterns are unique to each individual and difficult to reproduce, providing improved security over existing authentication methods.
International Medical Careers Forum Oct 15 2016 Sharing My Own Trip Dr Ameed ...Odyssey Recruitment
Dr Ameed Hamid, International Dentist of the Year 2011 and Director of the Saudi British Medical Forum, shares his trip from Iraq to UK to Saudi Arabia and the brilliant career he has built between these countries. He shares tips for making your career a success in the Gulf states, the advantages the Gulf has to offer and how to make the best of the opportunities which are available.
1) Shock results from inadequate blood flow (perfusion) to tissues, depriving cells of oxygen and energy. Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and psychogenic shock can all cause this.
2) Signs of shock include restlessness, decreased consciousness, rapid breathing, pale skin, and a weak pulse. Internal bleeding can also cause shock and is suggested by pain at injury sites or bleeding from body openings.
3) Treatment for shock controls external bleeding, provides oxygen, and in some cases raises the legs; nothing is given by mouth. Internal bleeding requires rapid transport to a hospital.
This document presents a framework for securely selecting the best distributor among multiple options in a business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce scenario. It proposes using a decision tree classification model to evaluate distributors based on attributes like forecast of purchase, marketing knowledge, payment history, manufacturer relationships, and advertising support. The framework involves distributors registering for bids, and the manufacturer running the bid process and selection using the decision tree model. The goal is to facilitate an informed and secure decision for choosing a distributor in B2B e-commerce.
De-virtualizing virtual Function Calls using various Type Analysis Technique...IOSR Journals
This document discusses techniques for optimizing virtual function calls in object-oriented programming languages. Virtual function calls are indirect calls that involve lookup through a virtual function table (VFT) at runtime, which has performance overhead compared to direct calls. Various static analysis techniques like Class Hierarchy Analysis (CHA) and Rapid Type Analysis (RTA) aim to resolve some virtual calls by determining the possible target types and replacing indirect calls with direct calls if a single target is possible. CHA uses the class hierarchy and declared types to determine possible target types, while RTA also considers instantiated types in the program to further reduce possible targets. The document analyzes examples to demonstrate how CHA and RTA can optimize some virtual calls.
Este documento presenta las secciones clave para desarrollar un proyecto de investigación, incluyendo la identificación del problema, la formulación de objetivos generales y específicos, el marco teórico, la hipótesis o supuesto, las variables, la población o muestra, las técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos, y los procedimientos y análisis de datos.
This very short document contains 4 names: Charlie, Harry, Charlie, and Thabo. It lists these 4 names but does not provide any other context or information about the individuals named.
Design and Implementation of Single Leg Reduce Switch Count Dual Output Inver...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed three-switch single-leg inverter topology that can independently supply two AC loads using reduced semiconductor switches compared to conventional six-switch topologies. The three-switch inverter uses three semiconductor switches and three parallel capacitors to generate independent outputs of varying frequency and amplitude. Simulation and experimental results show that the three-switch inverter can successfully drive two AC loads independently while reducing components, cost, size and weight compared to traditional designs.
Are you interested in increasing your Google PageRank?believe52
Google PageRank is an algorithm that determines where a website ranks in Google search results. It is based on the number and quality of inbound links to a site, with more popular sites that link to a page resulting in a higher PageRank. Improving a site's PageRank is important because it leads to more traffic and visibility in Google searches. Website owners can boost their PageRank through link campaigns that aim to get links from relevant, popular sites.
Portal del Sol is a hotel located in the city with large, comfortable rooms that have cable TV, private bathrooms, Wi-Fi, and beautiful views of the landscape. The rooms have many amenities and the facility has a pool, BBQ area, sports area, ballroom, gym, and green spaces. The hotel offers packages to visit the city's top sights. Contact information is provided.
The document describes a new wavelet-based support vector machine (WSVM) classifier for wildfire detection using a decision fusion framework in video. The proposed system uses five subalgorithms: 1) slow moving object detection 2) smoke-colored region detection 3) region smoothness detection 4) shadow detection and elimination 5) covariance-matrix-based classification. Decision values from the subalgorithms are combined using an adaptive decision fusion method. A new wavelet kernel is also proposed to improve the generalization ability of the SVM classifier. The WSVM model utilizes wavelet analysis to extract nonlinear characteristics from image data for classification.
Combining both Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy Resources for Unit Commi...IOSR Journals
This document presents a study that combines plug-in electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G), renewable energy resources like wind and solar, and existing power plants, to optimize unit commitment in smart grids. The goal is to minimize total costs and emissions. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize scheduling of generation units, V2G vehicles providing spinning reserves, and time-varying renewable sources over a 24-hour period to meet load demand at lowest cost while satisfying constraints. Simulation results validate that integrating V2G and renewable energy sources can effectively reduce costs and emissions for the smart grid.
This document provides information about transportation in Lübeck, Germany. It discusses how students travel to school, including data showing most use bicycles. It also addresses air and noise pollution levels in Lübeck. Specifically, it notes that particulate limits were exceeded on some days in 2011-2012. The document outlines plans to expand transportation infrastructure and makes comparisons between sustainable and unsustainable transportation modes in the region.
The document presents a compartmental model for characterizing the spread of malware in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks like Gnutella. The model partitions peers into compartments based on their state - those wishing to download (S), currently downloading (E), having downloaded (I), and no longer interested (R). Differential equations track changes between compartments over time. Simulation results show the model effectively captures the impact of parameters like peer online/offline switching rates and quarantine strategies on malware intensity. The model improves on prior work by incorporating user behavior dynamics and limiting malware spread to a node's time-to-live range.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
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Passive Image Forensic Method to Detect Resampling Forgery in Digital Imagesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a proposed passive image forensic method to detect resampling forgery in digital images. Resampling is a common operation used in image forgeries to resize or rotate image regions. The proposed method detects periodic correlations introduced during resampling. It uses a k-nearest neighbors algorithm and support vector machine classifier to identify periodicity maps of resampled images. Experimental results on test images show the method achieves high recall and precision rates when detecting resampled regions, outperforming conventional techniques. The method provides a way to detect image manipulations involving resampling without requiring pre-embedded signatures in images.
This document discusses a technique for detecting copy-paste or cut-paste digital image forgeries. The technique uses wavelet decomposition to decompose the input image into sub-bands, including low-low, low-high, high-low, and high-high. Edge detection is then performed to extract edges. The cut-paste or copy-paste region is identified by examining edge pixels in the wavelet domain, as this region is normally rectangular or square. Parameters like entropy, power energy, and standard deviation are compared between the input image and suspected forged images to detect forgeries. The technique was tested on images with copy-pasted areas and could accurately identify the forged regions.
EXPLOITING REFERENCE IMAGES IN EXPOSING GEOMETRICAL DISTORTIONSijma
Nowadays, image alteration in the mainstream media has become common. The degree of manipulation is
facilitated by image editing software. In the past two decades the number indicating manipulation of
images rapidly grows. Hence, there are many outstanding images which have no provenance information
or certainty of authenticity. Therefore, constructing a scientific and automatic way for evaluating image
authenticity is an important task, which is the aim of this paper. In spite of having outstanding
performance, all the image forensics schemes developed so far have not provided verifiable information
about source of tampering. This paper aims to propose a different kind of scheme, by exploiting a group of
similar images, to verify the source of tampering. First, we define our definition with regard to tampered
image. The distinctive features are obtained by exploiting Scale- Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)
technique. We then proposed clustering technique to identify the tampered region based on distinctive
keypoints. In contrast to k-means algorithm, our technique does not require the initialization of k value. The
experimental results over and beyond the dataset indicate the efficacy of our proposed scheme
Analysis and Detection of Image Forgery Methodologiesijsrd.com
"Forgery" is a subjective word. An image can become a forgery based upon the context in which it is used. An image altered for fun or someone who has taken a bad photo, but has been altered to improve its appearance cannot be considered a forgery even though it has been altered from its original capture. The other side of forgery are those who perpetuate a forgery for gain and prestige. They create an image in which to dupe the recipient into believing the image is real and from this they are able to gain payment and fame. Detecting these types of forgeries has become serious problem at present. To determine whether a digital image is original or doctored is a big challenge. To find the marks of tampering in a digital image is a challenging task. Now these marks of tampering can be done by various operations such as rotation, scaling, JPEG compression, Gaussian noise etc. called as attacks. There are various methods proposed in this field in recent years to detect above mentioned attacks. This paper provides a detailed analysis of different approaches and methodologies used to detect image forgery. It is also analysed that block-based features methods are robust to Gaussian noise and JPEG compression and the key point-based feature methods are robust to rotation and scaling.
IMAGE RECOGNITION USING MATLAB SIMULINK BLOCKSETIJCSEA Journal
The world over, image recognition are essential players in promoting quality object recognition especially in emergency and search-rescue operation. In this paper precise image recognition system using Matlab Simulink Blockset to detect selected object from crowd is presented. The process involves extracting object
features and then recognizes it considering illumination, direction and pose. A Simulink model has been developed to eliminate the tiny elements from the image, then creating segments for precise object recognition. Furthermore, the simulation explores image recognition from the coloured and gray-scale images through image processing techniques in Simulink environment. The tool employed for computation
and simulation is the Matlab image processing blockset. The process comprises morphological operation method which is effective for captured images and video. The results of extensive simulations indicate that this method is suitable for application identifying a person from a crow. The model can be used in emergency and search-rescue operation as well as in medicine, information security, access control, law enforcement, surveillance system, microscopy etc.
This document discusses techniques for detecting digital image forgeries. It begins by defining different types of forgeries such as image retouching, splicing, and cloning. It then discusses mechanisms for forgery detection, distinguishing between active methods that embed hidden information in images and passive methods that analyze image traces. A key technique presented is using rotation angle estimation to detect cloned regions, with details on calculating variance to determine the rotation angle. The document concludes by presenting an algorithm for region duplication detection using hybrid wavelet transforms like DCT, Walsh, and Hadamard transforms.
General Review Of Algorithms Presented For Image SegmentationMelissa Moore
This paper proposes a system for recognizing human facial actions from images using image processing and machine learning techniques. The system first detects faces in images using a pretrained detector. Facial landmarks are then extracted to locate features like eyes, nose, mouth etc. Features extracted from the landmarks are used to recognize six basic facial expressions (happy, sad, angry, surprised, disgusted and neutral). The system is trained on a facial expression dataset to learn the patterns associated with each expression. The trained model can then be used to automatically recognize the expression in new input images. The proposed system has applications in areas like human-computer interaction, lie detection, sentiment analysis etc.
General Purpose Image Tampering Detection using Convolutional Neural Network ...sipij
Digital image tampering detection has been an active area of research in recent times due to the ease with
which digital image can be modified to convey false or misleading information. To address this problem,
several studies have proposed forensics algorithms for digital image tampering detection. While these
approaches have shown remarkable improvement, most of them only focused on detecting a specific type of
image tampering. The limitation of these approaches is that new forensic method must be designed for
each new manipulation approach that is developed. Consequently, there is a need to develop methods
capable of detecting multiple tampering operations. In this paper, we proposed a novel general purpose
image tampering scheme based on CNNs and Local Optimal Oriented Pattern (LOOP) which is capable of
detecting five types of image tampering in both binary and multiclass scenarios. Unlike the existing deep
learning techniques which used constrained pre-processing layers to suppress the effect of image content
in order to capture image tampering traces, our method uses LOOP features, which can effectively subdue
the effect image content, thus, allowing the proposed CNNs to capture the needed features to distinguish
among different types of image tampering. Through a number of detailed experiments, our results
demonstrate that the proposed general purpose image tampering method can achieve high detection
accuracies in individual and multiclass image tampering detections respectively and a comparative
analysis of our results with the existing state of the arts reveals that the proposed model is more robust
than most of the exiting methods.
General Purpose Image Tampering Detection using Convolutional Neural Network ...sipij
Digital image tampering detection has been an active area of research in recent times due to the ease with
which digital image can be modified to convey false or misleading information. To address this problem,
several studies have proposed forensics algorithms for digital image tampering detection. While these
approaches have shown remarkable improvement, most of them only focused on detecting a specific type of
image tampering. The limitation of these approaches is that new forensic method must be designed for
each new manipulation approach that is developed. Consequently, there is a need to develop methods
capable of detecting multiple tampering operations. In this paper, we proposed a novel general purpose
image tampering scheme based on CNNs and Local Optimal Oriented Pattern (LOOP) which is capable of
detecting five types of image tampering in both binary and multiclass scenarios. Unlike the existing deep
learning techniques which used constrained pre-processing layers to suppress the effect of image content
in order to capture image tampering traces, our method uses LOOP features, which can effectively subdue
the effect image content, thus, allowing the proposed CNNs to capture the needed features to distinguish
among different types of image tampering. Through a number of detailed experiments, our results
demonstrate that the proposed general purpose image tampering method can achieve high detection
accuracies in individual and multiclass image tampering detections respectively and a comparative
analysis of our results with the existing state of the arts reveals that the proposed model is more robust
than most of the exiting methods.
Novel framework for optimized digital forensic for mitigating complex image ...IJECEIAES
Digital Image Forensic is significantly becoming popular owing to the increasing usage of the images as a media of information propagation. However, owing to the presence of various image editing tools and software, there is also an increasing threat to image content security. Reviewing the existing approaches to identify the traces or artifacts states that there is a large scope of optimization to be implemented to enhance the processing further. Therefore, this paper presents a novel framework that performs cost-effective optimization of digital forensic technique with an idea of accurately localizing the area of tampering as well as offers a capability to mitigate the attacks of various forms. The study outcome shows that the proposed system offers better outcomes in contrast to the existing system to a significant scale to prove that minor novelty in design attributes could induce better improvement with respect to accuracy as well as resilience toward all potential image threats.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL BASED FEATURES FOR RECOGNITION OF RECAPTURED IMAGESijcsit
It is very simple and easier to recapture a high quality images from LCD screens with the development of multimedia technology and digital devices. In authentication, the use of such recaptured images can be very dangerous. So, it is very important to recognize the recaptured images in order to increase authenticity. Even though, there are a number of features that have been proposed in various state-of-theart
visual recognition tasks, but it is still difficult to decide which feature or combination of features have more significant impact on this task. In this paper an image recapture detection method based on set of physical based features including texture, HSV colour and blurriness is proposed. Also, this paper evaluates the performance of different distinctive featuresin the context of recognition of recaptured
images. Several experimental setups have been conducted in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. In all these experimental results, the proposed method is efficient with good recognition rate. Among the combination of low-level features, CS-LBP detection is to operator which is used to extract the texture feature is the most robust feature.
Image forgery detection using error level analysis and deep learningTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many images are spread in the virtual world of social media. With the many editing software that allows so there is no doubt that many forgery images. By forensic the image using Error Level Analysis to find out the compression ratio between the original image and the fake image, because the original image compression and fake images are different. In addition to knowing whether the image is genuine or fake can analyze the metadata of the image, but the possibility of metadata can be changed. In this case the authors apply Deep Learning to recognize images of manipulations through the dataset of a fake image and original images via Error Level Analysis on each image and supporting parameters for error rate analysis. The result of our experiment is that we get the best accuracy of training 92.2% and 88.46% validation by going through 100 epoch.
An Approach for Copy-Move Attack Detection and Transformation RecoveryIRJET Journal
This document presents an approach for detecting copy-move forgery and recovering transformations in digital images. It uses the SIFT algorithm to extract features from images and detect similar features that indicate a copy-move forgery. The RANSAC algorithm is then used to detect any geometric transformations, such as rotation or scaling, that were applied to the copied region. The proposed methodology extracts SIFT features, performs keypoint matching to detect potential forgeries, clusters matched keypoints, and then uses RANSAC to estimate any transformations between the original and copied areas. This process aims to both detect copy-move forgeries and recover images to their original state before transformations were applied.
1) The document discusses copy-move forgery detection using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method. Copy-move forgery involves copying and pasting a part of an image within the same image to conceal information.
2) Previous work has used the PCA algorithm to detect incompatible pixels, but this study proposes using the DWT and GLCM algorithms instead. The proposed algorithm is tested in MATLAB and evaluated based on PSNR and MSE values.
3) The study finds that the proposed DWT and GLCM algorithm performs better than the previous PCA-only approach, providing more accurate forgery detection while maintaining good performance metrics.
Image stitching detects several images of the same
scene and then merges those images to generate a single
panoramic image. This paper presents a framework to compare
different kind of panorama-creation process, such as correlationbased
method and feature-based method with a view to develop
an optimum panorama. The evaluations are done by comparing
the outputs with respect to the original ground truth along with
computation time. We have done simulations by applying these
two approaches to draw a satisfactory resolution.
The document discusses various techniques for detecting tampering in digital images, including passive and active methods. Passive methods analyze underlying pixel statistics and properties to detect inconsistencies introduced during tampering, without requiring embedded watermarks. Specific passive techniques discussed are splicing detection, copy-move detection, and statistical-based detection. The document also briefly covers active techniques like digital watermarking and signatures that require embedded signals but can authenticate images. Overall, the document provides an overview of prominent frameworks for passive image tampering detection and localization.
An Efficient Image Forensic Mechanism using Super Pixel by SIFT and LFP Algor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an efficient image forensic mechanism using super pixels, scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), and local fingerprint (LFP) algorithm to detect copy-move forgery. The mechanism applies wavelet decomposition to compute super pixel sizes for segmentation, extracts features using SIFT, and performs region growing to detect forged regions. Experimental results showed increased performance in precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score measures for forgery detection compared to existing techniques. The document also reviews several related works on image forgery detection techniques.
This document proposes a method for change detection in images that combines Change Vector Analysis, K-Means clustering, Otsu thresholding, and mathematical morphology. It involves detecting intensity changes using CVA, segmenting the difference image using K-Means, calculating a threshold with Otsu's method, applying the threshold and morphological operations, and comparing results to other change detection techniques. Experimental results on medical and other images show the proposed method achieves satisfactory change detection with fewer errors compared to other methods.
Similar to Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image Reconstruction Technique for Security Systems (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
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Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image Reconstruction Technique for Security Systems
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE)
ISSN: 2278-0661 Volume 3, Issue 4 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 01-06
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through
Gradient Based Image Reconstruction Technique for Security
Systems
1
Sonal Sharma, 2
Preeti Tuli
1, 2
(Computer Science & Engineering, DIMAT,India)
Abstract : Authenticity verification for security systems is a very important research problem with respect to
information security. One of the principal problems in image forensics is determining if a particular image is
authentic or not. This can be a crucial task when images are used as basic evidence to influence judgment like,
for example, in a court of law. Image editing software like Adobe Photoshop, Maya etc. and technically
advanced digital photography are used to edit, manipulate or tamper the images easily without living obvious
visual clues. The abusive use of digital forgeries has become a serious problem in various fields like authenticity
verification, medical imaging, digital forensic, journalism, scientific publications etc. To carry out such forensic
analysis, various technological instruments have been developed in the literature. In this paper the problem of
detecting if an image has been forged is investigated. To detect tampering and forging, a novel methodology
based on gradient based image reconstruction is proposed. Our method verifies the authenticity of image in two
phases- modeling phase; where the image is reconstructed from its gradients by solving a poisson equation and
forming a knowledge based model and simulation phase; where the absolute difference method and histogram
matching criterion between the original and test image is used. Such a method allows concluding that if a
tampering has occurred. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the performance of our gradient-
based image reconstruction approach and confirm that the technique is able to verify whether a forged image is
presented to a security system for authenticity verification. Through this unique mechanism, one can secure the
most reliable information and forging or tampering of images for gaining false authentication and hence fraud
can be detected.
Keywords: Gradient, Poisson equation, Region of interest (ROI), Digital image forensics, Authenticity
verification.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent times most of the researchers are working on mechanisms adopted for information security,
because it is always of great concern for human kind. Digital crime and increasing fraud in security systems
along with constantly emerging software technologies, is growing at a very faster rate. By observing a digital
content as a digital clue, multimedia forensics aims to introduce novel methodologies to support clue analysis
and to provide an aid for making a decision about a crime. Multimedia forensics [1], [2], [3] deals with
developing technological instruments operating in the absence of watermarks [4], [5] or signatures inserted in
the image. In fact, different from digital watermarking, forensics means are defined as “passive” because they
can formulate an assessment on a digital document by resorting only to the digital asset itself. These techniques
basically allow the user to determine if particular content has been tampered with [6], [7] or which was the
acquisition device used [8], [9]. In particular, by focusing on the task of acquisition device identification, two
main aspects must be studied: the first is to understand which kind of device has generated a digital image (e.g.
a scanner, a digital camera or is a computer graphics product) [10], [11], while the second is to determine which
specific camera or scanner (by recognizing model and brand) acquired that specific content [8], [9].
The other main multimedia forensics topic is image tampering detection [6] that is assessing the
authenticity of a digital image. Information integrity is fundamental in a trial, but it is clear that the advent of
digital pictures and relative ease of digital image processing today makes this authenticity uncertain. Modifying
a digital image to change the meaning of what is represented in it can be crucial when used in a court of law
where images are presented as basic evidence to influence the judgment. Furthermore, it is interesting, once
established that something has been manipulated, to understand exactly what happened: if an object or a person
has been covered, if a part of the image has been cloned, if something has been copied from another image, or if
a combination of these processes has been carried out. In this paper, this issue is investigated, and the proposed
method is able to detect that whether tampering has taken place.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the problem formulation and solution
methodology. Section 3 presents the experimental results and outcomes. Section 4 deals with the conclusion and
future work.
2. Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
The problem of fraud detection has been faced by proposing different approaches each of these based
on the same concept: a forgery introduces a correlation between the original image and the tampered one.
Several methods search for this dependence by analyzing the image and then applying a feature extraction
process. Reconstruction of the original test image has not been so far used for tamper detection.
In [12] grayscale reconstruction has been formally defined for discrete images. Its authors have
underscored relations to binary reconstruction and morphological geodesic transformations. In [13] another
approach for image reconstruction from local phase vectors in the monogenic scale space is presented. In [14]
fan-beam image reconstruction algorithm is presented by the authors who reconstruct an image via filtering a
back projection image of differentiated projection data. In [15] a new method for the exact image reconstruction
from projections is proposed. The original image is projected into several view angles and the projection
samples are stored in an accumulator array. In [16] another novel approach is presented which consists first in
using an off-the-shelf image database to find patches visually similar to each region of interest of the unknown
input image, according to associated local descriptors which are then warped into input image domain according
to interest region geometry and seamlessly stitched together. Final completion of still missing texture-free
regions is obtained by smooth interpolation.
None of these approaches [12, 13, 14, 15, and 16] conducts gradient maps in the image reconstruction.
The approach presented in this paper verifies the authentication in two phases: in phase one (modeling phase),
the image is reconstructed from the image gradients by solving a Poisson equation and in the phase two
(simulation phase) absolute difference method and histogram matching criterion between the original and test
image is used.
1.1 Poisson Image Reconstruction Using Image Gradients
Image reconstruction from gradient fields is a very active research area. The gradient-based image
processing techniques and the poisson equation solving techniques have been addressed in several related areas
such as high dynamic range compression [17], Poisson image editing [18], image fusion for context
enhancement [19], interactive photomontage [20], Poisson image matting [21] and photography artifacts
removal [22].
In our approach, a new criterion is developed, where the image is reconstructed from its gradients by
solving a poisson equation and hence used for authenticity verification.
In 2D, a modified gradient vector field:
G’ = [G’x, G’y] (1)
may not be integrable.
Let I’ denote the image reconstructed from G’, we employ one of the direct methods recently proposed in [17]
to minimize:
||∇I’ – G || (2)
so that:
G ≈ ∇I’ (3)
By introducing a Laplacian and a divergence operator, I’ can be obtained by solving the Poisson differential
equation: [24, 25]
∇2
I’ = div([G’x,G’y]) (4)
Since both the Laplacian and div are linear operators, approximating those using standard finite
differences yields a large system of linear equations. We use the full multigrid method [23] to solve the
Laplacian equation with Gaussian-Seidel smoothing iterations [25]. For solving the Poisson equation more
efficiently, an alternative is to use a rapid Poisson solver [25], which uses a sine transform based on the method
[24] to invert the Laplacian operator. However, the complexity with the rapid Poisson solver will be
O(n(log(n))). Therefore, the full multigrid method [23] is employed in our implementation. The image is zero-
padded on all sides to reconstruct the image
.
1.2 Absolute Difference
In the present work our approach is to find the absolute difference between the original and the
reconstructed image. Subtraction gives the difference between the two images, but the result may have a
negative sign and can be lost. The function that finds how different the two images are- regardless of the
arithmetic sign- is the absolute difference:
N(x, y) = |O1(x, y) – O2(x, y)| (5)
where, O1 (x, y) and O2(x, y) are pixels in the original images, |x| is the absolute difference operator, and N(x,
y) is the resultant new pixel. The absolute difference operator returns +x whether the argument is –x or +x.
3. Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
1.3 Histogram Normalization
Histogram is a graphical representation of the intensity distribution of an image. It quantifies the
number of pixels for each intensity value considered. Histogram Equalization is a method that improves the
contrast in an image, in order to stretch out the intensity range. Equalization implies mapping one distribution
(the given histogram) to another distribution (a wider and more uniform distribution of intensity values) so that
the intensity values are spread over the whole range.
To accomplish the equalization effect, the remapping should be the cumulative distribution function (CDF)
For the histogram H(i), its cumulative distribution H’(i) is:
H’(i) = Σ H(j), where 0 ≤ j < i (6)
To use this as a remapping function, we have to normalize H’(i) such that the maximum value is 255
or the maximum value for the intensity of the image ). Finally, we use a simple remapping procedure to obtain
the intensity values of the equalized image:
equalized(x, y) = H’(src(x,y)) (7)
In our work first we perform the histogram normalization and then the histogram equalization criteria is
used where the normalized histogram values of the original and test image are utilized for matching the two
images. The proposed research work has two different phases: modeling phase and simulation phase. The
schematic workflow diagram for the modeling phase has been shown in the Fig. 1.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram for Modeling and Simulation Phase
In the modeling phase, first an input image (IO) is enhanced and scaled for the removal of distortion
with loss-less information, and then the poisson image reconstruction from image gradients technique is applied
to obtain the reconstructed image(IO’). Now the absolute difference (AO) of the image and reconstructed image
is obtained and the results are stored in corpus for matching the test data. In the simulation phase, the model has
been utilized for simulating trained and test patterns. To summarize this simulation process first a test image (IT)
is studied with proper enhancement. In the enhancement stage removal of noise from the image has been carried
out and then it is reconstructed using the proposed reconstruction technique to obtain reconstructed image (IT’)
and then the absolute difference between IT and IT’ is calculated to obtain AT. (For a particular subject AO is
stored in the corpus which is retrieved during simulation phase for the comparison). Finally, AT is compared
with AO and the results are obtained which may allow or reject the subject and hence his authenticity
verification is completed.
2.4 Algorithm used
The methodology adopted in the present paper has been depicted below:
Algorithm 1: Modeling and Simulation of original and reconstructed image
Modeling phase
Step 1: Read an image (IO).
Step 2: Convert into grayscale image, say R.
(Enhancement stage)
Step 3: Perform Scaling on the image.
Step 4: Enhance the image using median filtering and convolution theorem (IO).
Step 5: Reconstruct the image using proposed methodology (IO’).
Step 6: Find the absolute difference between original and reconstructed image (AO).
Step 7: Store the original image, reconstructed image and absolute difference (IO, IO’, AO)
Simulation phase
Step 8: Input a test image (IT)
Step 9: Reconstruct IT to obtain IT’ and find the absolute difference (AT) between IT and IT’
Step 10: Compare AT and AO to find a match and hence allow or reject the subject accordingly.
4. Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
A. Modeling and Simulating
In the modeling phase, let IO be the original image of a subject which has to be modeled for the
formation of knowledge based corpus. After enhancing and proper scaling of the original image IO, the image is
poisson reconstructed from its gradients as:
IO’ = Poisson_reconstruction (IO) (8)
Now the absolute difference between the original and reconstructed image is calculated as :
AO = Absolute_difference (IO, IO’) (9)
Now store the triplet (IO, IO’, AO) in the corpus so as to form the knowledge based model (corpus). The
equations (8) and (9) can be repeatedly used to register n number of subjects, and store their details for
authentication verification.
In the simulation phase, when the tampered or forged image will be presented to the security system for
authentication, the system will reconstruct the test image (IT) as:
IT’ = Poisson_reconstruction (IT) (10)
And then the absolute difference between the original test image (IT) and reconstructed test image (IT’) is
calculated as:
AT = Absolute_difference (IT, IT’) (11)
Now the resultant AT is compared with AO (the absolute difference stored in corpus of the original and
reconstructed original image in modeling phase)
If (AT == AO)
“Authenticity Verified as TRUE!”
Else
“Authenticity Verified as FALSE!”
Hence, the result will reject the subject due to a mismatch and the images obtained by forgery or tampering
for authenticity verification will be regarded as fake or invalid and any hidden data (for destroying the security
system or secret communication) will be clearly identified.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
The solution methodology for the above stated problem is implemented using soft computing tools and
the experimental outcomes are shown in Fig. 2.
As show in Fig. 2, the original image is passed through the modeling phase steps mentioned in
Algorithm 1 and the results are shown in Fig. 2 (2.1) to (2.6). Now the corpus contains the triplet (IO, IO’, AO)
for the registered subject’s original image.
Image
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(2.1) (2.2) (2.3)
Reconstructed
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Absolute Difference of the original image and reconstructed image
(2.4) (2.5)
5. Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Absolute Difference of the original image and reconstructed image
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
(2.6)
Figure 2: Results for modeling phase (Original Image): (2.1) Original Image (IO), (2.2) Grayscale Image, (2.3)
Enhanced and Scaled Image, (2.4) Reconstructed Image (IO’), (2.5) Absolute difference (AO) of IO and IO’,
(2.6) Normalized Histogram of absolute difference shown in (2.5).
Image
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(3.1) (3.2) (3.3)
Reconstructed
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(3.6)
Fig. 3: Results for simulation phase [Test (tampered) Image]: (3.1) Original Image (IT), (3.2) Grayscale Image,
(3.3) Enhanced and Scaled Image, (3.4) Reconstructed Image (IT’), (3.5) Absolute difference of IT and IT’,
(3.6) Normalized Histogram of absolute difference shown in (3.5).
As shown in Fig. 3, the test image (tampered) is passed through the steps of simulation phase
mentioned in Algorithm 1and the results are shown in Fig. 3 (3.1) to (3.6). Next the histogram of absolute
difference obtained in Fig. 3 (3.6) is normalized and compared with the normalized histogram of original image
shown in Fig. 2 (2.6), and the so obtained result is inequality, since, the value of the difference is not zero and
6. Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification through Gradient Based Image
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
comes to be 0.0049, and hence the image is declared as tampered and finally rejected. If the image was not
tampered then, the so obtained difference (between the normalized histogram of absolute difference of the test
image and reconstructed test image (Fig. 3.6) and the normalized histogram of absolute difference of the
original image and reconstructed original image (Fig. 2.6) would be 0.00
In this manner the authenticity of the individual’s can be verified and the test images can be classified
as tampered (or forged) or original, and hence the tampering can be detected.
IV. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK
A novel gradient-based image reconstruction algorithm by solving poisson equation for detecting
image tampering in authenticity verification has been proposed in this paper. Our authenticity verification
approach is conducted in two phases. At first, the image is reconstructed from the gradients by solving a poisson
equation, and next normalized histogram criterion and absolute difference method is used to match the original
and test image. Experimental results demonstrate both the feasibility and the efficiency of our algorithm.
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