Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a given wind speed range. Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator, load management.
Hybrid solar wind power generation systemHemanth Duru
A simple introduction to Hybrid solar wind power generation System.In this system we use both wind and solar power generation devices.Here wind turbine is inter connected with solar panel.so that it can generate power in both ways.It gives power in night time and works efficiently.As per availability of sun rise and wind it can generate power.The power generated is given to the load.Its efficiency is high and eco-friendly.
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
Hybrid solar wind power generation systemHemanth Duru
A simple introduction to Hybrid solar wind power generation System.In this system we use both wind and solar power generation devices.Here wind turbine is inter connected with solar panel.so that it can generate power in both ways.It gives power in night time and works efficiently.As per availability of sun rise and wind it can generate power.The power generated is given to the load.Its efficiency is high and eco-friendly.
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Role of Virtual Machine Live Migration in Cloud Load BalancingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cloud computing has touched almost every field of the life. Hence number of cloud application
consumers is increasing every day and so as the number of application request to the cloud provider. This leads
increment of workload in many of the cloud nodes. The motive to use load balancing concepts in cloud
environment is to efficiently utilize available resources keeping in mind that no any single system is heavily
loaded or not a single system is idle during the active phase of the request completion. Even though cloud
computing being a software facility most often, how does it actually performs well in heavily loaded
environment at processor level, is discussed in the paper. This paper aims to throw some light on what is cloud
load balancing and what is the role of Virtual machine migration in improving it.
Keywords: Cloud load balancing, Live Migration, Migration, Virtualization, Virtual machine.
Natural Radioactivity Measurements of Basalt Rocks in Aden governorate, South...IOSR Journals
The amounts of radioactivity in the igneous rocks have been investigated; 63 basalt rock samples were collected from Aden governorate, South of Yemen. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured using NaI (TI) detector. Along the study area the radium equivalent activities Raeq in Bq/Kg of samples under investigation were found in the range of 51.60to 809.26Bq/Kg with an average value of 237.01Bq/Kg, this value is below the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq/Kg. To estimate the health effects of this natural radioactive composition, the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate D (55 nGyh-1), Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates Eied (0.11 mSvy-1), and Eoed (0.03 mSvy-1), External hazard index Hex(0.138) and internal hazard index Hin (0.154), and representative level index Iγr(0.386) have been calculated and found to be higher than the worldwide average values.
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Role of Virtual Machine Live Migration in Cloud Load BalancingIOSR Journals
Abstract: Cloud computing has touched almost every field of the life. Hence number of cloud application
consumers is increasing every day and so as the number of application request to the cloud provider. This leads
increment of workload in many of the cloud nodes. The motive to use load balancing concepts in cloud
environment is to efficiently utilize available resources keeping in mind that no any single system is heavily
loaded or not a single system is idle during the active phase of the request completion. Even though cloud
computing being a software facility most often, how does it actually performs well in heavily loaded
environment at processor level, is discussed in the paper. This paper aims to throw some light on what is cloud
load balancing and what is the role of Virtual machine migration in improving it.
Keywords: Cloud load balancing, Live Migration, Migration, Virtualization, Virtual machine.
Natural Radioactivity Measurements of Basalt Rocks in Aden governorate, South...IOSR Journals
The amounts of radioactivity in the igneous rocks have been investigated; 63 basalt rock samples were collected from Aden governorate, South of Yemen. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured using NaI (TI) detector. Along the study area the radium equivalent activities Raeq in Bq/Kg of samples under investigation were found in the range of 51.60to 809.26Bq/Kg with an average value of 237.01Bq/Kg, this value is below the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq/Kg. To estimate the health effects of this natural radioactive composition, the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate D (55 nGyh-1), Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rates Eied (0.11 mSvy-1), and Eoed (0.03 mSvy-1), External hazard index Hex(0.138) and internal hazard index Hin (0.154), and representative level index Iγr(0.386) have been calculated and found to be higher than the worldwide average values.
“An analytical study on medal tally of top ten countries in 2012 Olympic Game...IOSR Journals
The origin of the ancient Olympic Games is lost the midst of pre-history, but for many centuries they
were only a festival of the Greek people. The Games were first held in honour of the Greek God, Zeus in 776
BC in the plain of kingdom of Elis, nestled in lush valley between the Alpheus River and Mount Kronion, 15
km from the Ionian Sea. The Olympiad celebrated that year was considered as the first and was used to date
subsequent historic events.
Design of Adjustable Reconfigurable Wireless Single Core CORDIC based Rake Re...IOSR Journals
In wireless communication system transmitted signals are subjected to multiple reflections,
diffractions and attenuation caused by obstacles such as buildings and hills, etc. At the receiver end, multiple
copies of the transmitted signal are received that arrive at clearly distinguishable time instants and are faded by
signal cancellation. Rake receiver is a technique to combine these so called multi-paths [2] by utilizing multiple
correlation receivers allocated to those delay positions on which the significant energy arrives which achieves a
significant improvement in the SNR of the output signal. This paper shows how the rake, including dispreading
and descrambling could be replaced by a receiver that can be implemented on a CORDIC based hardware
architecture. The performance in conjunction with the computational requirements of the receiver is widely
adjustable which is significantly better than that of the conventional rake receiver
Sustaining Value Creation through Knowledge of Customer ExpectationsIOSR Journals
As the pursuit of knowledge becomes increasingly central to firms’ competitiveness, we argued that knowing what the customer expects of product offerings is a prerequisite for sustaining the delivery of value. Thus, this paper seeks to provide a theoretical contribution to the growing recognition of researches on customer as a source of firms’ competence. By building on extant literature of value creation, customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction, and the theories of firm knowledge creation, we proposed a framework of how firms can sustain value creation through knowledge of customer expectations. We argued that sustaining firms’ value creation resides in the ability of firms to continuously anticipate, integrate and configure knowledge of customer expectations to create product offerings that meet or exceed customer expectations and generate better economic returns than other competing alternative firms
Computer aided environment for drawing (to set) fill in the blank from given ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, we present Development of computer aided environment for drawing (to set) fill in the
blanks that can generate for given paragraph. The System finds fill in the blanks, blanking key generates from
the selected statement. Syntactic and lexical features are used in this process. NLP parser is used, part of speech
taggers are applied on each of these sentences to encode necessary information.
We present our work in designing and implementing the system which generate the blanks. The System is
developed in Java using JDBC which is open source.
Keyword: Natural Language Processing NLP, Key selection, POS tagging, Sentence selection
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
Tax Morale and Its Effect on Taxpayers’ Compliance to Tax Policies of the Nig...IOSR Journals
Tax morale and its effect on taxpayers’ compliance to the tax policies of the Nigerian government was investigated. The aim of this research is to bring to bare the reason for low tax compliance in Nigeria. Primary data via structured questionnaire was used. The data were regressed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS16). The result showed that social norms, attitude towards government, tax evasion and tax avoidance have significant effect on tax morale. On the other hand, there is no significant effect of attitude towards legal system and traditional institutions on tax morale. We also established a significant positive effect of tax morale on tax compliance. The researcher therefore recommended that, tax payers should be educated to know their obligation as far as tax is concerned. The younger generation should also be educated on the need to pay tax correctly if the future of tax obedience is anything to go by. The Monarchs should also help in ensuring that their subjects obey the law of the land viz a viz tax compliance. Finally, tax payer’s monies should be used for the right purpose.
Sisal and its Potential for Creating Innovative Employment Opportunities and ...IOSR Journals
The tremendous potential of sisal (Agave sp.) as an important plant resource has not so far been fully
exploited in our country. Sisal leaves yield quality fibres, which are utilized for conventional purposes like
ropes, anchors, cordage and handicrafts. The superior engineering properties of sisal makes it an excellent
green material for its application in major sectors like marine, automotive, construction and renewable energy
etc. Preliminary investigations indicate that there is a great scope for the development of sisal based
technologies for rural and engineering applications. The sisal fibre and its allied activities could augment
employment opportunities for income generation in rural sector, whereas its engineering applications can
generate substantial employment potential in semi-urban and urban areas. New opportunities for the use of
sisal fibre as a reinforcing fibre in commodity papers potentially offers large markets and employment
generation for rural area people in India
Online Technology and Marketing of Financial Services in Nigeria: An Impact A...IOSR Journals
This study extracts and analyse basic information from Service providers and customers reporting the performance and challenges of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria. Staff and customers of twelve (12) out of the leading financial institutions in Nigeria, with track records of online activities were purposively sampled with the aid of structured questionnaires, to elicit ex post facto facts for use in this study. The resultant data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficient using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 16. The study reveals low impact; meaning the country has not realises her full potentials in harnessing online technology for marketing of financial services. It also reveals incidence of challenges associated with implementation and performance of online marketing of financial services in Nigeria which include fluctuation in online services due to poor infrastructure, high rate of online fraudsters, slim awareness on the part of the customers, e-payment bottleneck, among others. Finally, this study expounds a number of management options to stimulate the impacts of online technology in marketing financial services in Nigeria.
Parametric Optimization of Eicher 11.10 Chassis Frame for Weight Reduction Us...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It
should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an
important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness. The main objective of the
research is to obtain the minimum weight of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame. The chassis frame is made of two side
members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section
and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be
developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the
probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis
work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is
use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then
FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost
and time.
Keywords: Parametric optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight
reduction
An Enhanced Biometric System for Personal AuthenticationIOSR Journals
Palm vein authentication is a new and latest biometric method utilizing the vein patterns inside one’s
palm for personal identity verification. Palm patterns are different for each person.and as they are hidden
underneath the skin’s surface,forgery is extremely difficult.Infrared light is used to capture an image of a palm
that shows the vein patterns,which have various widths and brightness that change temporally as a result of
fluctuations in the amount of blood in the vein,depending on temperature,physical conditions,etc.To robustly
extract the precise details of the depicted veins, we developed a method of Anisotropic technique in crosssectional
profiles of a vein image.This method can extract the centrelines of the veins consistently without being
affected by the fluctuations in vein width and brightness,so its pattern matching is highly accurate. This paper
discusses the origins, feature extraction, technology,applications of palm vein authentication. The proposed
system include: 1) Infrared palm images capture; 2) Detection of Region of Interest; 3) Palm vein extraction by
Anisotropic filtering; 4) Matching. The experimental results demonstrate that the recognition rate using palm
vein is good.
Sports and Conflict Prevention; the Way Forward For Global PeaceIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper discussed sports and conflict prevention by looking at the way forward for global peace.
Generally conflict is defined as a state of disagreement between persons or group of persons. The major causes
are usually differences in opinion, prejudice and discrimination, belief, and access to valued scarce resources.
Conflict is an important part of human existence and a natural part of our daily life. Conflict can either be
positive or negative depending on how it is handled. Conflict can emanate from various sources, within us,
school, home and community or the society at large. Achieving global peace means creating peace within
individuals, communities and the society. Sports as a veritable tool for social transformation can be effectively
utilized to achieve a certain level of peace among individuals and nations. This paper focused on the possibility
of utilizing the values of sports in creating understanding, tolerance, and respect for human dignity,
development of moral values and social integration as a vehicle for creating peace among nations. If nations
can achieve these qualities, then conflict can be minimized and global peace can be guaranteed. The influence
of sports on character formation and social cohesion has direct bearing on peaceful attitudes. The development
of emotional fitness, self-esteem, need for recognition, sense of belonging and feelings of anger, hostility and
aggression are all met through participation in competitive sports. The sports environment starting with the
athletes, coaches, umpires, spectators and vendors should all portray peace and act in a manner the peace can
prevail. To prevent conflict and achieve global peace, sport managers, handlers and enthusiasts must develop
the capacity to detect conflicting situations among nations and develop strategies in sports to deal with before it
erupts.
Design and Analysis of Triple-Band Multi Slotted Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, a multi slotted microstrip patch antenna design has been proposed. The characteristics of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain and bandwidth. It is observed that the new proposed configuration can operate in three different frequency bands with a good amount of bandwidth i.e. bandwidth of 21.12% at 1.1GHz frequency band, bandwidth of 11.65% at 2.11 GHz and bandwidth of 13.05% at 2.76GHz frequency band . The resonating behavior in different frequency bands makes this antenna structure suitable for different types of applications with an antenna gain of 6.163dBi and antenna efficiency of 86.82%.The substrate material with relative permittivity of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013 is used in this proposed antenna. The designing and simulation of the antenna structure is done over IE3D simulation software version 15.02. Keywords: Ground plane, Multi slotted, Patch Antenna, Triple band
Effect of Isolated and Combined Training of Weight and Plyometric Training on...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The reason for this study was to figure out the impact of disconnected and joined weight and
plyometric preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around school men. To confirm the
progressions because of the impact of weight preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around
school men, plyometric preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables around school men. To
confirm the progressions because of the joined impact of weight and plyometric preparing on chosen physical
and physiological around school men. The reason for the study was to discover the impact of weight, Plyometric
and Combined preparing on chosen physical and physiological variables to be specific hazardous force, husky perseverance, brawny quality, speed, resting beat rate, breathing holding time and cardiovascular continuance
around school men. To realize the motivation behind this study, 80 school men learner were chosen at irregular
from in and around the Krishna region of Andhra Pradesh, their age ran from 18-23 years. They were
partitioned into four equivalent bunches and every gathering comprised 20 subjects. Group-An experienced
weight preparing; Group-B experienced Plyometric preparing and Group-C experienced joined preparing for
three days for every week for 12 weeks and Group D went about as a control that did not include any
uncommon preparing separated from the customary curricular exercises. While plyometric preparing is
requesting and place respectable push on the figure. The volume and power of the plyometric preparing inside
every these categorise might be directed to low and high practice. The subject of the plyometric assembly
cleared the base quality prerequisite test and exhibits both static and changing control test of their physique
weight with single leg squat, low power place plyometric preparing.
Keywords: Physiological, College Men, Plyometric, variables, Weight.
Synthesis of Optimized Asymmetrical Sum Patterns Using Conventional MethodIOSR Journals
Abstract: Sum patterns find applications in Radar for searching and ranging of the targets. A sum pattern with low sidelobe level is a desirable feature in these applications, in order to reduce EMI problems. Sum patterns with Asymmetrical sidelobe topography are considered, in applications where only certain angular regions of pattern are required to have low sidelobe level. Asymmetrical pattern characteristics can have lower beam widths for given design specifications as compared to symmetrical patterns. In view of this, a conventional method of synthesis is carried out in this paper, to produce asymmetrical sidelobe level patterns using discrete arrays. The effect of beam scanning on the pattern behavior is also analyzed for the above synthesized patterns. Keywords: sum pattern, asymmetrical sidelobe level, beam width, complex excitation weights, and discrete array.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
IPv6: Threats Posed By Multicast Packets, Extension Headers and Their Counter...IOSR Journals
ABSTRACT: Security issues concerning the spreading Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is one of the major
issues in the world of networking today. Since it is not the default network protocol deployed nowadays (but
systems are migrating slowly from ipv4 to ipv6) there are no best practices from the point of network
administrators, nor are any guarantees that implemented IPv6 protocol stacks and security techniques without
any bugs. This paper addresses some security concerns like extensive use of multicast packets and extension
headers and its countermeasures.
Keywords: multicast, extension headers, reconnaissance, rogue dhcpv6 server spoofing, dual-stack,
tunnels, Nat, ping of death
Determination of nonlinear absorption (β) and refraction (n2)by the Z-scan me...IOSR Journals
Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.
A comparative analysis on qos multicast routing protocols in MANETsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Simultaneous transmission of data from one sender to multiple receivers is called multicasting.
Several widely used applications require multicasting at least at the logical level. Examples include audio video
teleconferencing, real time video streaming and the maintenance of distributed databases. In many cases it is
advantageous to implement multicasting at the level of the routing algorithm (other approaches would be oneto-all
unicast or the implementation of multicasting at the application layer). In this paper we are presenting a
comparative analysis on various multicast routing protocols in adhoc networks.
Keywords: multicasting, multicast protocols,dynamic core, performance evaluation,Qos Parameters
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid Systemijtsrd
With the rising energy demand and lack of infrastructure because of geographical condition of Pyin Kha Yaing Village, the whole village is still not inter-connected to National Grid System. This village is located in Ngapudaw Township, Ayarwaddy Division. The latitude and longitude of study case is 15.980992 and 94.400207 respectively. Presently, the electrification of Pyin Kha Yaing Village is carried out by steam boiler driven generator with burning of Rice-Husk. With this source, total average consumption is observed as 3.4 MWh D. Instead of steam boiler generator driven, Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation system is employed for this place. A simulation model for wind-solar hybrid system is developed using the Matlab Simulation software. The proposed model is combination of Wind Energy System, Photovoltaic PV array, Converter, Battery storage and inverter. The simulation model of solar-wind hybrid system for selected region is presented. Aye Ei Ei Cho | Su Su Myat Mon "Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18946.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18946/design-and-simulation-of-electrification-by-solar-wind-hybrid-system/aye-ei-ei-cho
Renewable energy sources i.e.,energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, hydropower , geothermal and ocean resources are considered as a technological option for generating clean energy. But the energy generated from solar and wind is much less than the production by fossil fuels, however, electricity generation by utilizing PV
cells and wind turbine increased rapidly in recent years.
Simulation Model for 3 Phase, 3 Wire Grid Connected System using Hybrid PV Wi...ijtsrd
Due to rising energy demand and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, the quest for renewable energy sources has gained momentum. As a result, researchers have been more interested in harnessing renewable energy sources like sun and wind to create long term, reliable sources of energy. The purpose of this article is to discuss long term solutions for supplying electricity to outlying locations. The framework of a hybrid system is presented in this study. The suggested setup is a hybrid of solar photovoltaics PV and a wind turbine using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator DFIG . The Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT technology is used in solar panels to increase output. There are two controllers on the DFIG one for the rotors and one for the grid. The inverter AC DC AC is implemented using the vector control approach, and both the rotor side converter and the grid side converter may generate or observe reactive power, as well as regulate the DC link voltage. This study uses MATLAB Simulink to describe a PV wind system that is linked to an existing power infrastructure. This paper explains how to simulate a PV wind hybrid system on three phase power networks. An explanation of the simulation findings for a range of irradiance and wind speeds is provided as well. Kishan Tiwari | Manish Kethoriya "Simulation Model for 3-Phase, 3-Wire Grid Connected System using Hybrid PV-Wind Energy Conversion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52630.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/52630/simulation-model-for-3phase-3wire-grid-connected-system-using-hybrid-pvwind-energy-conversion/kishan-tiwari
Latest ppt on renewable energy sources power generation in world and india has been included ind the presentation. This might be helpful for those keen to know renewable power comparison in world and india
An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Conne...IJERA Editor
In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated
power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using
multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the
individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple
renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be
coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model
has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the
system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique
has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the
deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be
performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted.
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A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with Renewable Resources
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 7, Issue 3 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 01-06
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes with
Renewable Resources
1
T. k. l.Prasanna, 2
V. Vittal Reddy, 3
M. V.Somashekar
1
Student, 2
Associate Professor, 3
chief mang.tech
1
Gudlavalleru Engineering College, 2.Gudlavalleru Engineering College, 3.NSIC Hydrabad Gudlavalleru,
Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Pin no.
Abstract: In the recent year’s power utility of coastal areas are experiencing relatively large quantum of solar
and wind energy. If the wind is heavy it might produce larger sea waves of high energy contents. The electricity
needs of a township or a village situated in a coastal area can be partially fulfilled by installing a modular mini
electricity generating unit and an intensified solar heat extractor in buildings. Also, installation of medium sized
windmill plant, solar heated steam turbine electricity generator and sea wave energy extracting plants could
fulfill the rest of the electricity needs of the township. Here we discuss the regulation of the voltage and
frequency of a stand-alone fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a self-excited squirrel-
cage induction machine. The characteristics of the wind turbine, self-excited generator, and the ratings of the
VSI are considered in order to determine the load range for which voltageand frequency can be regulated for a
given wind speed range.
Keywords: Solar panel, solar tracker, solar water heater,renewable energy, wind mills, induction generator,
load management.
I. Introduction
Fossil fuel is still serving as the major resource forgenerating electricity in several countries. The
depletion offossil fuel reserves are a challenge facing the growing energydemands of the day. Furthermore,
fossil fuel based electricitygenerators pollute the environment [1]. Therefore, the use ofalternate and renewable
energy resources to meet the electricalenergy requirements of the modern world has becomeincreasingly
important nowadays. In an attempt to resolve theresidential electrical energy consumption in homes
modularenergy extraction equipment working with solar and windenergy is presented. By and large, the
installation of windmillplant is an expensive affair and it has cost constraints for itsimplementation. We reduce
this constraint by installing a costeffective medium capacity windmill supplying electricity toelectric grid of the
township. Furthermore, the coastal regionsexperiencing heavy winds are liable to create rough seaproducing
high sea waves. In such circumstances, sea waveenergy extraction plants can be installed in selected spots
formeeting further the rest of the electricity requirements of thetownship resulting in self-sustained electricity
generation. Stand-alone operation of a squirrel-cage induction generator based WECS with regulated output
voltage and frequency requires either an asynchronous link (ac–dc–ac) power electronic converter [2], [3] or a
matrix converter.
II. System Design Model
Home Installed Modular Energy Generators
A modular energy extracting unit working on solar energy and wind energy is to be installed in homes.
In addition, solar heat extractors are also to be installed in homes for reducing the electricity spent for hot water.
We now present the design approach for realizing them.
A. Modular Mini-Electricity Generator Installed at Home: The solar panel with an array of lined PV cells is
kept on shadow free zone in the roof and its direction is automatically adjusted towards the direction of the sun
as to maximize extracting the energy. The windmill in turn gets aligned to the direction of wind automatically
due to its special geometrical features consisting of gliding tail part. A very simple schematic of the unit is
shown in Fig.1. The electrical energy extracted from both the solar and wind are saved as DC power in an
accumulator containing an array of batteries. The DC voltage of PV matrix is boosted up and used to charge the
accumulator. On the other hand the unregulated AC voltage of the windmill is rectified, boosted up and it is
used to charge again the same accumulator in parallel form.
The DC voltage of the accumulator is inverted to have the AC voltage of set standard frequency (50Hz,
Turkish standards) and the power is fed to home or grid of township. A microcontroller senses the voltage and
current of PV panel and performs maximum power tracking algorithm. Also, it keeps the PV panel
2. A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes With Renewable Resources
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
automatically along the direction of the sun for maximizing the absorption of solar energy by PV panel.
Furthermore, the microcontroller generates necessary chopping signals needed for DC boosters.
Fig.1. Scheme of Modular Mini-Electricity Generator
The electricity generated from the PV panel and from the windmill is consumed mainly on the spot and
therefore the overheads involved in transmission and distribution are avoided.
B. Factors Concerning the Estimation of Optimal Power Capacity of the Modular Power Generator: The
mini electricity generator to be installed at homes is to be designed based on requirements on the sites.
i. The type of houses and buildings constructed in the township and the available roof area for fixing
PV panels and mini windmill generator.
ii. The average energy per home consumed in the residential sector.
iii. The location factors concerning the availability of solar energy and wind energy.
iv. The consistency and seasonal variations of solar and wind energy.
A report on the statistical parameters obtained from an island like North Cyprus was made recently [4] and this
principle helps in designing mini electricity generators for reaching appropriate power output.
C. PV Panel: The DC voltage generated and power supplied by a photovoltaic system depends on the solar
radiation and temperature. The solar panels employ an array of PV cells to develop voltage and its conversion
into power. The output characteristics of a solar cell are non-linear and are depending on solar radiation,
temperature and load condition. Each curve has a MPP (Maximum Power Point), at which the solar array
operates most efficiently. The current flowing in PV cell and its power in terms of PV cell voltage are available
in the reports [5,6]. Also, an algorithm to track the MPP has been reported [7] for efficient utilization of the PV
array in generating the electricity. We incorporate the algorithm tuned to other parameters of the system
extended to the PV array as to optimize the power generation from solar PV array.
D. Solar Tracking: The microcontroller also performs the solar tracking algorithm as to keep the panel always
towards the direction of the sun. For this purpose the PV panel is fixed with four photo sensors kept at corners
and another one kept at the center [8,9]. The voltages of sensors are read by microprocessor and those from that
of orthogonal directions are compared and the orientation of the panel is adjusted by stepper motors as to
minimize the error signals. The panel is resting on a platform whose angular positions are set in orthogonal
directions by two stepper motors. This keeps the direction of the panel adjusted towards the sun always resulting
in maximum solar energy captured by the PV panel. When there is no sun for a long time the algorithm keeps
the panel in east direction to be ready for next day’s tracking. Although the tracking event consumes little power
it is negligible compared to the excess power generated by panel due to its aligning towards the sun.
E. Charge Controllers and Inverters: Charge controllers protect the batteries (Accumulator) from over charge
and excessive discharge. It disconnects the battery from PV panel when they are fully charged. The operating
voltage and PV array current determine the capacity of charge controller. Inverters convert the DC voltage of
the battery into AC voltage of standard frequency. When sun is shining or wind is blowing electricity comes
from them via inverter. If PV array and windmill make more power than that used in home the excess is sold to
the grid. The frequency of AC supply produced by inverters is regulated at a standard value of 50Hz.
3. A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes With Renewable Resources
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
F. Mini Windmill: Wind power is proportional to the cube of wind speed [10]. Windmills of different
capacities are available in practice and being used. We use here a cost effective mini wind mill installed in the
roof of the flat. Windmill generates AC voltage and its frequency is unregulated and is varying in accordance
with the wind speed. As we need to have standard frequency of electric power given to some sensitive
household appliances the AC voltage from windmill is rectified and the DC voltage is boosted up and charged in
the accumulator. In order to extract maximum wind energy the plane of blades should face the direction of the
wind. Since the windmill is of small in size a mechanical gliding tail attached to the windmill gets it aligned
automatically towards the wind direction and no electronic adjustment is needed for its direction.
Solar Energy Generation
Room heaters may be needed in townships located on colder environmental areas. This project
proposes to extract efficiently the solar heat energy and transfer it to the hot water circulating to the room heater
radiators. Two parabolic solar reflectors are installed in open space where solar radiation falls on it without any
shadows. At the focal point of each reflector is fitted with a metallic chamber connected with a hot water
pipeline circulating the hot water to the heat radiators. Fig.2 shows its simple schematic. Also, as the heat
produced may be insufficient for the radiator, the hot water is heated with a gas burner whose gas flow is
controlled by a microcontroller.
Microcontroller and its Tasks: The microcontroller implemented with PIC family performs the following
tasks. i. performs solar tracking involved in sensing the photo sensor voltages, processing them and issuing
control drive to stepper motor as to adjust the angular positions of the solar panel. ii. the booster converter and
the inverter are driven with timed chopping signal as programmed in a timer interfaced to microprocessor. iii.
The voltage and current from the PV array are read and power tracking algorithm is performed. In short all
monitoring and control operations are performed by the microcontroller.
Fig.2.Design circuit for solar energy.
After passing thorough the radiators the water gets back to the parabolic reflector and passes to the
water heater. If desired, the pipeline can be extended to the hot water taps also inside the rooms. This
arrangement minimizes the gas supplied to the burner of the water heater. In order to reach the desired
temperature inside the room the microprocessor reads the set temperature as analog voltage through a
potentiometer and also the present room temperature from a temperature sensor. These two voltages are
digitized using a MUX ADC and read by the microprocessor. The room temperature is compared with the set
temperature and a decision is made to drive the stepper to increase the gas valve opening or decrease it such that
the flame is set to reach the desired temperature inside room. In a display unit the microprocessor displays the
present room temperature. More than two parabolic reflectors can be used in the setup and the pipeline, if there
are no space constraints. Since the solar energy is focused to a point this heats up much more efficiently than the
normal flat panel solar heaters and by this way water can be heated up even to the boiling point. The circulating
hot water can be connected to reach selected hot water taps. Parabolic heat collector is used to maximize
receiving the heat energy. It is also made of shining reflector surface such that reflection efficiency is nearing to
unity. The material itself is a heat insulator keeping the heat losses minimum. The plane heat wave front from
sun incident on the parabolic dish gets converted into spherical wave and focuses to the focal point of the
parabolic dish. The metallic vessel kept focal point is coated with materials absorbing heat wave completely
without re-radiation.
4. A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes With Renewable Resources
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Fig.3. Hardware implementation.
Medium Sized Windmill Plant
Large capacity windmills have their initial investments high and energy producers have to consider
several factors before installing such kinds of windmills. We now are proposing only affordable medium
capacity wind mill trading off the cost effectiveness and energy needs. Since coastal areas always have seen
breeze this installation of windmill would yield best results. A wind mill plant having a group of 8 windmills, as
shown in a simple schematic in Fig.4, are controlled by microcontroller to test and adjust the direction of each
windmill. A mini test windmill is used to sense the present direction of the wind and the directions of other wind
mills are adjusted simultaneously to the same direction of test windmill. As before, the microcontroller also
controls the chargers of the accumulator and inverter chopping circuits. The AC voltage generated from all
windmills are synchronously added up and given to the rectifier unit.
The rectified DC voltage is boosted up and the accumulator is charged accordingly. The inverter gets
the frequency stabilized AC voltage and the electric power is transmitted as in conventional manner to the
electric power grid of the township. Fig. 4 shows the schematic diagram of the system under consideration. The
wind turbine is connected to the rotor of the induction generator through a step-up gear box. At the stator side of
the generator, there is an excitation capacitor bank in parallel with a dump load, the VSI, and the consumer load.
Fig.4. the WECS regulated with a single static power converter.
The ac inductorthat connects the VSI to the induction generator is chosen sothat it provides, along with
the excitation capacitor, a low-passfilter for the current harmonics created by the VSI. Tunedfilters for the
current harmonics of the dump load can be implementedby splitting the excitation capacitor bank and
addinginductors in series. The size of the battery bank should be calculatedaccording to the local wind speed
and load profiles and desired reliability.
5. A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes With Renewable Resources
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Fig. 5. Single-phase equivalent circuit of the induction generator with theshunt capacitor, dump load, VSI, and
load.
Fig. 5 shows the per-unit per-phase steady-state equivalentcircuit of the system (squirrel-cage induction
generator, excitationcapacitor bank, dump load, VSI, and consumer load)normalized to the base frequency. The
dump load is modeledby a variable resistor (RDL) and a variable inductive reactance(XDL) to represent the fact
that the active and reactive power absorbed by the dump load varies with the firing angle (α) of thethyristors.
The VSI, including the ac side inductance and batterybank, is modeled by a variable capacitive reactance
(XVSI)in series with a variable resistor (RVSI).
III. Experimentaland Simulation Results
Solar Energy: The microcontroller used here performs the following. Itreads the sensor signals of i.
environment temperature ii.steam inflow to turbine and iii. boiler water inflow andiv. water level in overhead
tank. The water level is maintainedabove the reference level by microcontroller with the sensed level and
switching ON or OFF the water pump filling thetank. It arranges to display also the sensed parameters like
temperature, steam inflow and feed water inflow in sequential manner. The boiler has all instrumentation system
such as pressure maintenance and water level control. After transferring the energy to turbine the steam gets
condensed and returned to the feed water.
Wind Energy: The effectiveness of the VSI for regulating the magnitude and frequency of the generated
voltage was verified by means of digital simulations with MATLAB. A squirrel-cage induction generator
recently developed by SIMULINK and kindly made available to the authors of this paper allows the user to set
all parameters of the machine including the magnetization curve. A model for a wind turbine based on the CP
versus λ curve and that also includes the moment of inertia was developed in house.
Fig.6. Behavior of the system due to a wind speed variations.
6. A Utility Interactive Electricity Generation Schemes With Renewable Resources
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IV. Conclusion
Unlike fossil fuel based electricity generators the modular electricity generators do not cause pollution
to the environment. With the installation of modular electricity generators the residences are generating
electricity while consuming and the instantaneous excess energy generated is sold to the grid. Because of open
space environment the residential areas located in coastal regions receive relatively a large quantum of solar
energy and wind energy. Sea breeze sets on quite frequently and becomes occasionally heavy. This paper has
presented a self-sustained modular approach to resolve the energy needs of the township with freely available
solar and wind energy.
References
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