This document summarizes a research paper on developing a hybrid solar-wind power system for generating electricity in remote areas. The system combines photovoltaic solar panels and a small wind turbine to harness renewable energy from the sun and wind. Electricity from both sources is regulated by a controller and stored in batteries. The controller can also invert the DC current to AC for powering loads. The hybrid setup was tested in both manual and automatic modes, with the latter controlled by a microcontroller. The system aims to provide a reliable electricity source for powering infrastructure in areas not connected to the electric grid.
engineers are encouraged to take up new initiative under my mentorship to learn new things and do something good for the world.pl do encourage young engineers from colleges and adopt them for better future.
Hydro Photovoltaic Technology- A new approachRupal Jain
A brief description about hydro photovoltaic technology- PV panels on water bodies to improve their efficiency and to reduce water evaporation losses. A government scheme on this technology in Khandwa district MP state
Off grid solar power systems design is said to be complex. In this presentation, a simple design process is described: starting by load assessment, then moving to estimating array energy output; estimating array power and determining required number of modules as well as the size of other system components.
This presentation is adapted from a course delivered online by Mathy Mpassy Isinki. After ten years spent providing energy solutions in remote off grid locations, he describes himself as an off grid energy solutions business and technical sales professional; his goal is to share with you what he has learned the last ten years.
engineers are encouraged to take up new initiative under my mentorship to learn new things and do something good for the world.pl do encourage young engineers from colleges and adopt them for better future.
Hydro Photovoltaic Technology- A new approachRupal Jain
A brief description about hydro photovoltaic technology- PV panels on water bodies to improve their efficiency and to reduce water evaporation losses. A government scheme on this technology in Khandwa district MP state
Off grid solar power systems design is said to be complex. In this presentation, a simple design process is described: starting by load assessment, then moving to estimating array energy output; estimating array power and determining required number of modules as well as the size of other system components.
This presentation is adapted from a course delivered online by Mathy Mpassy Isinki. After ten years spent providing energy solutions in remote off grid locations, he describes himself as an off grid energy solutions business and technical sales professional; his goal is to share with you what he has learned the last ten years.
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Electrical and Solar PV Systems (www.solartraining.ca)Irtaza M. Syed
Overview and basics of conventional electric power distribution and solar Photo-voltaic (PV) systems. Generation, Transmission, distribution and utilization. Power flow, anti-islanding and PV systems connection to utility. PV applications and market. (www.solartraining.ca)
A case study in designing and analysis of cost for a solar photo voltaic systemIJARIIT
The world faces an increasing an environmental pollution basically as a result of combustion of conventional energy
sources. India currently depends on conventional energy to supply power to her teaming population. Due to this, the energy
generated does not meet demand. Consequently, the power supply is erratic and areas isolated from the main cities lack power
supply. Therefore, the need to develop a non-conventional source of energy generation such as solar cannot be overemphasized.
A photovoltaic system that can increase energy output and/or supply power to isolated areas of the country is a good choice,
considering the abundance of solar radiated energy in India. In this work as PV system model is designed to work either as a
standalone PV system or as grid integrated and the payback period is calculated for the same. The developed model may be
useful in the prediction of PV cell behavior under different physical and environmental parameters. The result obtained showed
the maximum power output and the corresponding maximum voltage of solar module. Study results demonstrate that, under
complex irradiance conditions, the power generated by the new configuration is enhanced than that of the traditional
configuration. The solar PV system can be widely used in many consumer applications, such as PV vests for cell phones and
music players.
In modern days, the use of energy consumption increasing very rapidly. Fossil fuels are finite and environmentally costly. Sustainable, environmentally benign energy can be derived from nuclear fission or captured from ambient sources. Large-scale ambient energy (eg. solar, wind and tide), is widely available and large-scale technologies are being developed to efficiently capture it. At the other end of the scale, there are small amounts of ‘wasted’ energy that could be useful if captured. Recovering even a fraction of this energy would have a significant economic and environmental impact. This is where energy harvesting (EH) comes in.
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Electrical and Solar PV Systems (www.solartraining.ca)Irtaza M. Syed
Overview and basics of conventional electric power distribution and solar Photo-voltaic (PV) systems. Generation, Transmission, distribution and utilization. Power flow, anti-islanding and PV systems connection to utility. PV applications and market. (www.solartraining.ca)
A case study in designing and analysis of cost for a solar photo voltaic systemIJARIIT
The world faces an increasing an environmental pollution basically as a result of combustion of conventional energy
sources. India currently depends on conventional energy to supply power to her teaming population. Due to this, the energy
generated does not meet demand. Consequently, the power supply is erratic and areas isolated from the main cities lack power
supply. Therefore, the need to develop a non-conventional source of energy generation such as solar cannot be overemphasized.
A photovoltaic system that can increase energy output and/or supply power to isolated areas of the country is a good choice,
considering the abundance of solar radiated energy in India. In this work as PV system model is designed to work either as a
standalone PV system or as grid integrated and the payback period is calculated for the same. The developed model may be
useful in the prediction of PV cell behavior under different physical and environmental parameters. The result obtained showed
the maximum power output and the corresponding maximum voltage of solar module. Study results demonstrate that, under
complex irradiance conditions, the power generated by the new configuration is enhanced than that of the traditional
configuration. The solar PV system can be widely used in many consumer applications, such as PV vests for cell phones and
music players.
In modern days, the use of energy consumption increasing very rapidly. Fossil fuels are finite and environmentally costly. Sustainable, environmentally benign energy can be derived from nuclear fission or captured from ambient sources. Large-scale ambient energy (eg. solar, wind and tide), is widely available and large-scale technologies are being developed to efficiently capture it. At the other end of the scale, there are small amounts of ‘wasted’ energy that could be useful if captured. Recovering even a fraction of this energy would have a significant economic and environmental impact. This is where energy harvesting (EH) comes in.
By now, we are all familiar with the concept of generating electricity from the sun. The notion is almost an afterthought when we have mobile access to GPS satellites and apps for seemingly anything the mind can imagine. The calculator on my desk, and perhaps on yours, is solar-powered. If your cell phone goes dead on a hiking trip, hook it up to any number of solar phone chargers available on the market and you’re back in
business. Even those GPS satellites are powered by the sun as they whirl through space 12,000 miles above Earth.
The aim of this paper to review the applications of photovoltaic panels in different areas in
different manner.Off grid,grid connected and hybrid method of application are most widely used.Depending
upon locations and requirement of power,they are used.The benefits of solar power is described here in brief.
Rural electrification through solar and wind hybrid systemnissy marla
The aim of this work is design and implementation of a Hybrid power generation system using wind energy photovoltaic solar energy- solar energy with Nano-antenna for continuous (24*7) power generation.
HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM From KMP CollegeHIGHVOLTEEE
Today, the world is progressing at quite a fast rate with the use of the conventional sources of energy. The two major demerits of using them are the environmental pollution created by its use and its limited quantity.
On the other hand the Non-conventional sources of energy are available in plenty, free of cost and pollution free.
Many types of clean and renewable energy sources can be used in the production of electrical energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
eISSN : 2278-067X, pISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 4, Issue 8 (November 2012), PP. 64-68
A Hybrid System (Solar and Wind) Energy System for Remote
Areas
Mr. Sthita Prajna Mishra¹, Dr.S.M.Ali, Ms. Prajnasmita Mohapatra, Ms.
Arjyadhara Pradhan
Research Scholar¹ Associate Professor Research Scholar Asst. Professor
School Of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
Abstract:––One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable
electricity supply systems. This work is a development of an indigenous technology hybrid Solar -Wind Power system that
harnesses the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity. Here, electric DC energies produced from
photovoltaic and wind turbine systems are transported to a DC disconnect energy Mix controller. The controller is
bidirectional connected to a DC-AC float charging-inverter system that provides charging current to a heavy duty storage
bank of Battery and at the same time produces inverted AC power to AC loads. In the designed model, solar PV module
along with a wind turbine, the small prototype to create power. The hybrid setup could be operated in manual and automatic
modes. The former mode consists of a RF transmitter and receiver setup and the latter is effectively controlled by means of a
microcontroller. The entire setup can be extended for larger loads in order to electrify remote and inaccessible areas. Further,
the project can be implemented in industrial and domestic sectors on a larger scale.
Keywords:––Solar PV tracking system, reflectors, wind sensor, Socio –Economic development, Nigeria, Hybrid system,
Solar and Wind Power.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable
electricity supply systems. These rural dwellers are mostly farmers whose socio-economic lives can only be improved when
provisions are made to preserve their wasting agricultural products and provide energy for their household equipment such
as refrigerator, fan, lighting etc. There is also such a need to provide electricity for e-information infrastructures in our rural
communities to service school, rural hospital, rural banking and rural e-library. Hence, there is the need to develop an
indigenous technology to harness the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity. Hence, there is the need to
develop an indigenous technology to harness the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate electricity. In the recent
years, photo voltaic power generation has been receiving considerable attention as one of the more promising energy
alternative. The reason for this rising interest lies in the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. Photo voltaic energy
conversion is one of the most attractive non conventional energy sources of proven reliability from the micro to mega watt
level. The wide spread use of PV generation is however mainly hampered by economic factors. Efforts are being made
worldwide to reduce the cost/watt through various technological innovations. Wind energy also is equally and effectively
used in large scale wind farms to provide electricity to rural areas and other far reaching locations. Wind energy is being
used extensively in areas like Denmark, Germany, Spain, India and in some areas of the United States of America. It is one
of the largest forms of Green Energy used in the world today.
II. IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
The global search and the rise in the cost of conventional fossil fuel is making supply-demand of electricity
product almost impossible especially in some remote areas. Generators which are often used as an alternative to conventional
power supply systems are known to be run only during certain hours of the day, and the cost of fueling them is increasingly
becoming difficult if they are to be used for commercial purposes. There is a growing awareness that renewable energy such
as photovoltaic system and Wind power have an important role to play in order to save the situation. Figure 1 is the
schematic layout of Solar-Wind Hybrid system that can supply either dc or ac energy or both.
2.1 Solar Systems
There are two types of solar systems; those that convert solar energy to D.C power, and those that convert solar
energy to heat.
2.2 Solar-generated Electricity – Photovoltaic
The Solar-generated electricity is called Photovoltaic (or PV). Photovoltaic are solar cells that convert sunlight to
D.C electricity. These solar cells in PV module are made from semiconductor materials. When light energy strikes the cell,
electrons are emitted. The electrical conductor attached to the positive and negative scales of the material allow the electrons
to be captured in the form of a D.C current. The generated electricity can be used to power a load or can be stored in a
battery. Photovoltaic system is classified into two major types: the off-grid (stand alone) systems and inter-tied system. The
off-grid (stand alone) systems are mostly used where there is no utility grid service. It is very economical in providing
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2. A Hybrid System (Solar and Wind) Energy…
electricity at remote locations especially rural banking, hospital and ICT in rural environments. PV systems generally can be
much cheaper than installing power lines and step-down transformers especially to remote areas. Solar modules produce
electricity devoid of pollution, without odour, combustion, noise and vibration. Hence, unwanted nuisance is completely
eliminated. Also, unlike the other power supply systems which require professional training for installation expertise, there
are no moving parts or special repairs that require such expertise.
Its advantages are:
1. Absence of moving part
2. Ability to function unattended for long periods
3. Modular nature in which desired current, voltage and power level can be obtained by mere integration
4. Long effective life and high reliability
The wide spread use of PV generation is however mainly hampered by economic factors. Efforts are being made
worldwide to reduce the cost/watt through various technological innovations.
In the past 30 years, solar photovoltaic cells have increased in efficiency and the price levels have improved
dramatically. Today the theoretical efficiency of a solar PV cell can be 25% - 30 % and a practical efficiency around 17%.
Any improvement in efficiency of solar energy system will make a big difference in the use of solar panel. Developments are
also taking place in finding new PV cells which can withstand high concentration of light and heat and produce more output
per unit area. Small concentrating reflectors of a few cms across provide considerable concentration on cells made of special
material and a number of such small concentrating units can be assembled to form a bigger panel. The panel as a whole is
mounted suitably and tracking arrangements are made. In this work a simpler system of only one reflector on either side
positioned at optimum angle is used which is found to enhance the light collection of conventional panels considerably and
can be readily adopted in a wide scale. The elevation angle of sun remains almost invariant in a month and various very little
in a year. Therefore single axis position control scheme may be sufficient in most of the application where economy and ease
of maintenance are important
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3. A Hybrid System (Solar and Wind) Energy…
2.3 Basic Components of Solar Power
The major components include P.V modules, battery and inverter. The most efficient way to determine the
capacities of these components is to estimate the load to be supplied. The size of the battery bank required will depend on the
storage required, the maximum discharge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will be used. When
designing a solar power system, all of these factors are to be taken into consideration when battery size is to be chosen.
Lead-acid batteries are the most common in P.V systems because their initial cost is lower and also they are readily available
nearly everywhere in the world. Deep cycle batteries are designed to be repeatedly discharged as much as 80 percent of their
capacity and so they are a good choice for power systems. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a typical Photovoltaic system.
Figure 2: Photovoltaic System
2.4 Design of the Reflectors
Each reflector is inclined at 60 degree to the plane of the panel. The width of the reflector is equal to the width of
the solar panel and the length matches that of solar panel. The tracking ensures that the plane of the panel is always
perpendicular to the sun’s rays. This arrangement enables the light falling at the tip of the reflector to reach the edge of the
panel and the all other reflected rays falling within the width of the panel. Thus there is no wastage and the collection
efficiency is maximized. Theoretically this should double the light collection. It enables realization of the full potential of the
panel.
Fig:3 Reflector Design
III. WIND POWER
Wind Power is energy extracted from the wind, passing through a machine known as the windmill. Electrical energy can be
generated from the wind energy. This is done by using the energy from wind to run a windmill, which in turn drives a
generator to produce electricity [6]. The windmill in this case is usually called a wind turbine. This turbine transforms the
wind energy to mechanical energy, which in a generator is converted to electrical power. An integration of wind generator,
wind turbine, aero generators is known as a wind energy conversion system (WECS)
3.1 Wind tracking system
The distinguishing factor of wind tracking system is the usage of a wind sensor that identifies the direction along
which the maximum intensity of the wind flows. The sensor itself is a small windmill whose output is in terms of milli volts.
The maximum output value of the sensor is considered as the point of higher intensity of wind flow by the microcontroller
and the wind mill is shifted toward the required direction. Thus the wind mill is rotated along the direction where maximum
wind flows. A model of wind turbine is chosen, the model is an upwind and three blades turbine.
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4. A Hybrid System (Solar and Wind) Energy…
3.2 Component of a wind energy project
Modern wind energy systems consist of the following components:
A tower on which the wind turbine is mounted;
A rotor that is turned by the wind;
The nacelle which houses the equipment, including the generator that converts the mechanical energy in the
spinning rotor into electricity.
The tower supporting the rotor and generator must be strong. Rotor blades need to be light and strong in order to
be aerodynamically efficient and to withstand prolonged used in high winds.
3.3 Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. Wind turbines can
be separated into two basic types based on the axis about which the turbine rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal
axis are more common. Vertical-axis turbines are less frequently used. Wind turbines can also be classified by the location in
which they are used as Onshore, Offshore, and aerial wind turbines.
3.4 Wind Power Modeling
The block diagram in figure 3 shows the conversion process of wind energy to electrical energy.
IV. APPLICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE
APPLICATIONS:
Islanded system (remote areas)
Hybrid vehicle (fuel less)
Industrial power saver
Distributed power generation
ADVANTAGES:
Green, environment friendly
Efficiency improvement
Higher output power
Economical benefits
User friendly control
Less interrupted continuous power
V. CONLUSION
In this work the collection of the solar panel was enhanced by 68.5% from that of the single panel with the help of
reflectors and tracking. Further energy obtained using the windmill with addition of dedicated wind sensor and altered design
together adds to an increase in the efficiency by an overall margin of above 50%. The working model of the hybrid system
was successfully implemented and demonstrated. It is shown to be highly attractive economically. There is a strong case for
providing new solar panel installations with reflectors and tracking arrangement along with the windmill with sensors in
view of the above advantage. The provision of hybrid solar -wind energy system to power ICT infrastructures, banking and
hospitals in rural and the unreached communities that are not connected to National Grid Power supply system is very
important so as to maintain a continuous electricity supply.When considering the cost and overall efficiency, it is advisable
for all the stakeholders who have concern for the rural community development to embrace solar and wind power.
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