Abstract: The study investigated the viability of using hybrid models of renewable power generation in certain geographical areas where the climate is suitable. A real model of the set-up was created and the data obtained was compared to simulated models to improve accuracy. The data from both the real set-up and the simulated model were then compared to climatic conditions in certain rural areas of India. As of submission of this report, wind is not a prevalent source of energy in the southern Indian state of Karnataka; this project aims to conclude whether such non-utilisation is justified or whether it would be beneficial if such hybrid models be used in certain areas of suitable conditions.
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid Systemijtsrd
With the rising energy demand and lack of infrastructure because of geographical condition of Pyin Kha Yaing Village, the whole village is still not inter-connected to National Grid System. This village is located in Ngapudaw Township, Ayarwaddy Division. The latitude and longitude of study case is 15.980992 and 94.400207 respectively. Presently, the electrification of Pyin Kha Yaing Village is carried out by steam boiler driven generator with burning of Rice-Husk. With this source, total average consumption is observed as 3.4 MWh D. Instead of steam boiler generator driven, Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation system is employed for this place. A simulation model for wind-solar hybrid system is developed using the Matlab Simulation software. The proposed model is combination of Wind Energy System, Photovoltaic PV array, Converter, Battery storage and inverter. The simulation model of solar-wind hybrid system for selected region is presented. Aye Ei Ei Cho | Su Su Myat Mon "Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18946.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18946/design-and-simulation-of-electrification-by-solar-wind-hybrid-system/aye-ei-ei-cho
METHODOLOGY :
In our present study planning to develop a hybrid power generation model consists of Rain water power(hydro), Solar PV and Wind energy, the process of working and installation as below:
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
In this technique, we channel the water falling on roof tops of buildings and homes, and open spaces to a storage tank through a filter. Excess water is directed to a well or pit through which water seeps in earth to increase water table.
The generated power is converted and collected using power electronics and power systems devices respectively.
OBJECTIVES :
To install Solar PV technology in order to trap solar radiation for converting into electrical energy.
To install the wind turbine for converting wind energy into electrical energy to pump the water for hydro-plant.
Integrate the complete system composed of hydro, solar, wind energy
Assess the performance of the system.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid Systemijtsrd
With the rising energy demand and lack of infrastructure because of geographical condition of Pyin Kha Yaing Village, the whole village is still not inter-connected to National Grid System. This village is located in Ngapudaw Township, Ayarwaddy Division. The latitude and longitude of study case is 15.980992 and 94.400207 respectively. Presently, the electrification of Pyin Kha Yaing Village is carried out by steam boiler driven generator with burning of Rice-Husk. With this source, total average consumption is observed as 3.4 MWh D. Instead of steam boiler generator driven, Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation system is employed for this place. A simulation model for wind-solar hybrid system is developed using the Matlab Simulation software. The proposed model is combination of Wind Energy System, Photovoltaic PV array, Converter, Battery storage and inverter. The simulation model of solar-wind hybrid system for selected region is presented. Aye Ei Ei Cho | Su Su Myat Mon "Design and Simulation of Electrification By Solar-Wind Hybrid System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18946.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18946/design-and-simulation-of-electrification-by-solar-wind-hybrid-system/aye-ei-ei-cho
Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Power Systemijtsrd
This paper presents the design of small scale three phase grid connected system for rural location. The proposed hybrid system includes a 3.5 kW PV panel with a DC DC boost converter with controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT, DC AC inverter with decoupled power controller supplying the load and connected to the grid. The MPPT controller is used to harvest maximum power from the solar panel and decoupled power controller is used for tracking the real and reactive powers and also improves the system stability. MATLAB simulation of the proposed model is carried out to show the effectiveness of grid connected photovoltaic systems. Sheikh Shaheen | Mohd Ilyas "Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33049.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33049/modeling-and-simulation-for-a-35-kw-gridconnected-photovoltaic-power-system/sheikh-shaheen
Solar Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Gridijtsrd
Wind and solar energy are becoming popular owing to the abundance, availability and ease of harnessing the energy for electrical power generation. This paper focuses on an integrated hybrid renewable energy system consisting of wind and solar energies. Grid tied power generation systems make use of solar PV or wind turbines to produce electricity and supply the load by connecting to the grid. In this study, the HOMER Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable MATLAB modeling has been used to model the power system, its physical behavior and its life cycle cost. Through the use of simulations, the installation of ten 2 MW wind turbines and 2.5 MW solar PV was evaluated. Shahid Ahmad Malik | Muhammad Shahid "Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Grid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38452.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38452/solarwind-hybrid-generation-system-integration-with-grid/shahid-ahmad-malik
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The advent of micro grid has enticed a lot of interest in the research of distribution generation thereby bringing into existence an intelligent electrical generation networks. It ensures security, reliability, stability, and sustainable of energy. Micro grid may include both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It has been proven to possess the promising potential of providing clean, efficient, and reliable power. The energy sources include solar photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, micro turbine, bio- mass micro hydro. Various architecture of a micro grid are available and are developed the factors dependable upon availability of renewable resources, geographical location, load demand. For effective and efficient operation unlike main grid, it needs to employ special and control this is so because of combination of conventional and renewable energy sources.
My name is Thane Christopher Heins. I am a Canadian inventor and I hold three US patents and have at least four more pending.
I have dedicated the past 20 years of my life in the pursuit of developing a viable replacement technology for oil as an energy source and I have worked solely in this pursuit since the horrors of 9/11 and during the wars which followed which I believe were initiated in an effort to control oil and oil rich country's governments.
I have succeeded in my pursuit and our three currently patented technologies are 1) ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Motor, and 3) Bi-Toroid Transformer.
The primary advantage of our innovations is a scientific discovery we made in 2007 while attempting to physically divert the magnetic fields which are produced inside an electric generator that are responsible for Generator Armature Reaction, otherwise know as regenerative braking in an electric vehicle.
Simulink Model for Cost-effective Analysis of Hybrid SystemIJMER
Utilization of non conventional sources of energy to meet the present day energy requirement has become very much essential in the era of fossil fuel crises. The present paper discusses the importance of PV-Diesel hybrid system to meet electrical requirement in remote areas. A model of a photovoltaic array with diesel battery was designed by MATLAB simulink. In this paper, the cost-effective analysis which includes the fuel consumed, the energy obtained per gallon of fuel supplied, and the total cost of fuel. Simulations done for Diesel generator system, diesel-battery system and solar PV with diesel-battery system using a one-year time period. Based on simulation results energy payback period for PV array, the simple payback time for the PV module calculated. Simulation analysis includes the comparison of system cost, efficiency, and kWh per gallon with those predicted by Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Abstract: This paper presents an introduction to design a single-stage reluctance coilgun. An equivalent circuit for coilgun is analyzed and equation for current through the coil is derived. Main components while designing the coilgun selection like capacitor, IGBTs, projectile for coil design are discussed in detail and their effect on performance of the coilgun is studied. The circuit is designed for measuring speed of the projectile using IR based sensors.
Design of Compensator for Roll Control of Towing Air-Craftspaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a difficult task to make proper adjustment of towing vehicles, keeping the motion secured and predetermined. In older days the control was manual. Now-a-days automatic feedback control systems are used. The specifications are very stringent due to imposition of govt. and industrial rules. There are constraints on steady state accuracy, transient performance and stability margins. The requirements are contradictory. If the steady state accuracy is realized, the transient requirements and the stability margins cannot be maintained. It is difficult to fulfil the requirements by modifying the feedback or adding feed-forward. It is expedient to add a compensator in the forward or feedback path. In this paper, the design of a towing aircraft has been taken up. Its block diagram and transfer function are given. The gain has been fixed up to keep the steady state error within prescribed limits. The transient performance has been shaped and stability ensured by adding a lag compensator of chosen parameters.
Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid Connected Photo Voltaic Power Systemijtsrd
This paper presents the design of small scale three phase grid connected system for rural location. The proposed hybrid system includes a 3.5 kW PV panel with a DC DC boost converter with controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT, DC AC inverter with decoupled power controller supplying the load and connected to the grid. The MPPT controller is used to harvest maximum power from the solar panel and decoupled power controller is used for tracking the real and reactive powers and also improves the system stability. MATLAB simulation of the proposed model is carried out to show the effectiveness of grid connected photovoltaic systems. Sheikh Shaheen | Mohd Ilyas "Modeling and Simulation for a 3.5 Kw Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33049.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33049/modeling-and-simulation-for-a-35-kw-gridconnected-photovoltaic-power-system/sheikh-shaheen
Solar Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Gridijtsrd
Wind and solar energy are becoming popular owing to the abundance, availability and ease of harnessing the energy for electrical power generation. This paper focuses on an integrated hybrid renewable energy system consisting of wind and solar energies. Grid tied power generation systems make use of solar PV or wind turbines to produce electricity and supply the load by connecting to the grid. In this study, the HOMER Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable MATLAB modeling has been used to model the power system, its physical behavior and its life cycle cost. Through the use of simulations, the installation of ten 2 MW wind turbines and 2.5 MW solar PV was evaluated. Shahid Ahmad Malik | Muhammad Shahid "Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Grid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38452.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38452/solarwind-hybrid-generation-system-integration-with-grid/shahid-ahmad-malik
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The advent of micro grid has enticed a lot of interest in the research of distribution generation thereby bringing into existence an intelligent electrical generation networks. It ensures security, reliability, stability, and sustainable of energy. Micro grid may include both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It has been proven to possess the promising potential of providing clean, efficient, and reliable power. The energy sources include solar photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, micro turbine, bio- mass micro hydro. Various architecture of a micro grid are available and are developed the factors dependable upon availability of renewable resources, geographical location, load demand. For effective and efficient operation unlike main grid, it needs to employ special and control this is so because of combination of conventional and renewable energy sources.
My name is Thane Christopher Heins. I am a Canadian inventor and I hold three US patents and have at least four more pending.
I have dedicated the past 20 years of my life in the pursuit of developing a viable replacement technology for oil as an energy source and I have worked solely in this pursuit since the horrors of 9/11 and during the wars which followed which I believe were initiated in an effort to control oil and oil rich country's governments.
I have succeeded in my pursuit and our three currently patented technologies are 1) ReGenX Generator, ReGen-X Motor, and 3) Bi-Toroid Transformer.
The primary advantage of our innovations is a scientific discovery we made in 2007 while attempting to physically divert the magnetic fields which are produced inside an electric generator that are responsible for Generator Armature Reaction, otherwise know as regenerative braking in an electric vehicle.
Simulink Model for Cost-effective Analysis of Hybrid SystemIJMER
Utilization of non conventional sources of energy to meet the present day energy requirement has become very much essential in the era of fossil fuel crises. The present paper discusses the importance of PV-Diesel hybrid system to meet electrical requirement in remote areas. A model of a photovoltaic array with diesel battery was designed by MATLAB simulink. In this paper, the cost-effective analysis which includes the fuel consumed, the energy obtained per gallon of fuel supplied, and the total cost of fuel. Simulations done for Diesel generator system, diesel-battery system and solar PV with diesel-battery system using a one-year time period. Based on simulation results energy payback period for PV array, the simple payback time for the PV module calculated. Simulation analysis includes the comparison of system cost, efficiency, and kWh per gallon with those predicted by Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Abstract: This paper presents an introduction to design a single-stage reluctance coilgun. An equivalent circuit for coilgun is analyzed and equation for current through the coil is derived. Main components while designing the coilgun selection like capacitor, IGBTs, projectile for coil design are discussed in detail and their effect on performance of the coilgun is studied. The circuit is designed for measuring speed of the projectile using IR based sensors.
Design of Compensator for Roll Control of Towing Air-Craftspaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a difficult task to make proper adjustment of towing vehicles, keeping the motion secured and predetermined. In older days the control was manual. Now-a-days automatic feedback control systems are used. The specifications are very stringent due to imposition of govt. and industrial rules. There are constraints on steady state accuracy, transient performance and stability margins. The requirements are contradictory. If the steady state accuracy is realized, the transient requirements and the stability margins cannot be maintained. It is difficult to fulfil the requirements by modifying the feedback or adding feed-forward. It is expedient to add a compensator in the forward or feedback path. In this paper, the design of a towing aircraft has been taken up. Its block diagram and transfer function are given. The gain has been fixed up to keep the steady state error within prescribed limits. The transient performance has been shaped and stability ensured by adding a lag compensator of chosen parameters.
Design and Development of DVR model Using Fuzzy Logic Controller for Voltage ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, A fuzzy logic based DVR model is presented and Modelled with the help of simulink block. Since from inception, fuzzy logic has been utilized in almost all the field but its application is mostly found very efficient in control system engineering. In this work Fuzzy logic controller is designed for DVR (Dynamic Voltage restorer) for mitigating the voltage sag and voltage swell problem. Simulation Result shows the compensation ability of this DVR is very effective.
Analysis of Voltage Sag on Power Distribution Networks with Different Transfo...paperpublications3
Abstract: In present era, power engineers need to plan the power system design in such a way that the system can sustain its Power Quality (PQ) even after facing all the above said problems. Along with that the system should also be compatible with the increasing demand of power supply. Quality of power depends on the system design, reliability and efficiency so study of PQD is important. PQD affects industrial as well as large commercial customers. Voltage sag is also referred as voltage dip. Voltage dip is the term given by IEC while the term "voltage sag" (VS) is used by North American power quality commission. VS creates disturbance in the pure sinusoidal waveform of voltage which in turn deteriorates the power quality of the system. VS occur for very short duration of 0.5 to 30 cycles. It is decrease in RMS voltage of about 90 % to 10 % of nominal voltage. Although VS occurs for very short duration but its effects deteriorates system with time decreases life period of the system. The present work is an attempt to analyse the voltage sag on power distribution network with different transformer connections. The field specifications obtained are used in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are discussed.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL LOAD BY MATLAB SIMULATIONpaperpublications3
Abstract: It is a framework considering industrial loads for improvement of power factor of industrial load system. Most of loads in industries are inductive in nature and thus having low power factor. Low power factor is highly undesirable and it increases current and also increases losses of active power. This paper discusses how to calculate the correct value of capacitor to improve power factor to overcome above mentioned problems. Because improving power factor will give efficient utilization of electrical power.
Abstract: In this paper circuit for coilgun is simulated and analyzed using SIMULINK. Behavior of the magnetic field due to the current carrying coil is analyzed. Also, the effect on the coilgun performance for different weights of projectiles is investigated. The speed profile for different positions of the projectile is observed which is a critical parameter for coilgun operation. A comparison is drawn between the simulated and experimental results.
An Overview of Different PWM Techniques to Reduce Total Harmonic Distortion o...paperpublications3
Abstract: There are three types of DC/AC inverters available on the market, which are classified by their output types: (1) in practice, DC/AC conversion is done with topologies of varying precision. It can be as simple as applying voltages of equal magnitude in opposite directions across a load to generate a square wave. It is a square wave inverter. (2) A more precise method of DC/AC conversion is the modified sine wave, which introduces a dead time in a normal square wave output so that higher peak voltage can be used to produce the same average voltage as a sinusoidal wall-outlet output. This method produces fewer harmonics than square wave generation, but it still is not quite the same as the AC power that comes from AC outlet. The harmonics that are still present in a modified sine wave makes this type of inverter unsuitable for use while electrical noise is a concern, such as in medical devices which monitor the vital signs of a human.(3)Pure sine wave DC/AC conversion will introduce the least amount of harmonics into an electrical device, but are also most expensive method. Since the AC sine wave must come from a DC source, switching must still take place. However, switching takes place with logic so that the energy delivered to a load approaches that of a pure sine wave. This means that extra components and design considerations are involved in the control circuitry of a pure sine wave inverter, driving up cost.
In this paper an overview is presented of different PWM techniques to control the output voltage as well as to reduce the total harmonic distortion of output voltage in an H-bridge inverter.
A Comparative Analysis of MPWM & SPWM Techniques to Reduce Harmonic Distortio...paperpublications3
Abstract: In the modern world, the demand of electricity is increasing day by day. The main reasons of increasing demand are the population, the economy growth and rapid depletion of fossil based energy reserve. Then it must research for an alternative source of power generation. One of the sources is a renewable energy which is not possibly harmful on environment. The need of power rating inverter is required to operate electrical and electronics appliances smoothly. Static UPS are virtually perfect electric generators. They are highly reliable and, by nature, ensure the uninterrupted availability of electric power. As regards electrical characteristics, the inverter (which constitutes the UPS generator) possesses from the point of view of frequency stability as well as voltage stability, performances superior to those of the mains. The only doubtful characteristic is, in the opinion of any engineer, its ability to deliver a sinusoidal voltage regardless of the shape of the current drawn by the load. Most of the available commercial uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) are actually square wave inverter or quasi square wave inverters. Electronic devices, managed by these inverters will be damaged due to content of harmonics.In this paper a comparative harmonic distortion analysis is presented between and square wave and sine wave i.e. (MSPWM & SPWM) inverters.
A Comparative Study of Various AC-DC Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harves...paperpublications3
Abstract: Electromagnetic microscale and mesoscale power generators with low voltage outputs are now widely used as kinetic energy harvesters. The extrinsic vibrations on the generator can excite the internal oscillations between the proof mass magnet and the electrical damper coils. These oscillations produce a periodically varying magnetic flux in coil, inducing a corresponding AC output voltage. This output can be converted to dc and can be used to supply power to electronic loads. The conventional AC-DC converters for energy harvesting system with diode rectifiers suffer considerable voltage drop resulting increase in power loss of circuitry and complexity. As a remedy various bridgeless boost converters were designed and implemented. Standard H bridge converter with 4 switch or 2 switch, dual polarity boost converters, parallel combination of boost and buck-boost converter, integrated boost and buck-boost combination bridgeless rectifier are some of these. These circuits are studied, simulated and compared. The simulation models are drawn and simulated using MATLAB R2010a.
A new approach for Reducing Noise in ECG signal employing Gradient Descent Me...paperpublications3
Abstract: ECG is the main tool used by the physicians for identifying and for interpretation of Heart condition. The ECG should be free from noise and of good quality for the correct diagnosis. In real time situations ECG are corrupted by many types of noises. The high frequency noise is one of them. In this thesis, analysis has been carried out the use of neural network for denoising the ECG signal. A multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) is designed. Here gradient descent method (GDM) is used for training of artificial neural network. The noisy ECG signal is given as input to the neural network. The output of neural network is compared with De-noised(original) ECG signal and value of Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) is computed. In training process the weights are updated until the value of RMSE is minimized. Several iteration has to be performed in order to find Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE). At MMSE network weights are finalized. Subsequently, network parameters are used for Noise reduction. The comparison with other technique shows that the neural networks method is able to better preserve the signal waveform at system output with reduced noise. Our results shows better accuracy in terms of parameters root mean square error, signal to noise ratio and smoothness (RMSE,SNR and R) as compare to GOWT[18].The database has been collected from MIT-BIH arrhythmias database.
Bridgeless CUK Power Factor Corrector with Regulated Output Voltagepaperpublications3
Abstract:A single-phase, bridgeless Cuk AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier with regulated positive output voltage is proposed in this work. For low output voltage product applications, the rectifier is designed to convert high input voltage to low output voltage. This work presents bridgeless single-phase AC-DC power factor correction (PFC) rectifier based on Cuk topology. The topology does not possess input diode bridge and have only single semiconductor switches in the current owing path during each interval of the switching cycle, which resulting in less conduction losses and better thermal management. This topology is designed to work in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The advantages of Cuk converter are also available when bridgeless circuit topology is introduced. The operation is symmetrical in two half-line cycles of input voltage. In conventional, output voltage varies according to input voltage. A closed loop control technique is designed to regulate the output voltage in the desired level. Performance and applicability of this converter is presented on the basis of simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Sign Language Recognition Using Image Processing For Mute Peoplepaperpublications3
Abstract: Computer recognition of sign language is an important research problem for enabling communication with mute people. This project introduces an efficient and fast algorithm for identification of the number of fingers opened in a gesture representing an alphabet of the Binary Sign Language.
The system does not require the hand to be perfectly aligned to the camera. The project uses image processing system to identify, especially English alphabetic sign language used by the mute people to communicate. The basic objective of this project is to develop a computer based intelligent system that will enable mute people significantly to communicate with all other people using their natural hand gestures.
The idea consisted of designing and building up an intelligent system using image processing, machine learning and artificial intelligence concepts to take visual inputs of sign language’s hand gestures and generate easily recognizable form of outputs.
Hence the objective of this project is to develop an intelligent system which can act as a translator between the sign language and the spoken language dynamically and can make the communication between people with mute and normal people both effective and efficient. The system is we are implementing for Binary sign language but it can detect any sign language with prior image processing.
A Comparative Study of GA tuned and PSO tuned PI Controller Based Speed Contr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of Generic Algorithm (GA) and Partical Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique for determining the optimal parameters of (PI) controller for speed control of a brushless DC motor (BLDC) where the (BLDC) motor is modeled in simulink in MATLAB. The proposed technique was more efficient in improving the step response characteristics as well as reducing the steady-state error, rise time, settling time and maximum overshoot.
Improved Spider Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problempaperpublications3
Abstract: In this paperimproved spider algorithm (ISA) is projected to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) Problem. Stimulated by the societal spiders, we suggest a new Improved Spider Algorithm (ISA) to solve ORPD problem. The structure is chiefly based on the foraging approach of social spiders, which make use of the vibrations spread over the spider web to decide the position of preys. The simulation results demonstrate high-quality performance of ISA in solving an optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The projected algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30 bus system and compared to other specified algorithms. Results show that ISA is more efficient than other algorithms to reduce the real power loss and to enhance the voltage profile index.
The Harmonic Mitigation in Induction Furnace Using Hybrid Filterpaperpublications3
Abstract: In the induction furnace most concern issue are related to power quality, in the system nonlinear load causes current harmonics and induction furnace cause voltage harmonic. The harmonics produced in the system they distorts the fundamental sinusoidal waveform so harmonics must be mitigate. One of the best solutions to mitigate harmonics problems is the use of Hybrid filters. Shunt passive filter is to eliminate harmonics currents. Passive filter has some disadvantages mainly related to the filter frequencies they were previously tuned, fixed compensation, resonance can occur because of the interaction between the passive filter and other load, with undesired results. So to overcome this problems development of active filter is required. Series active filter is suitable for the mitigation of voltage harmonics in this paper we discussed the hybrid scheme having passive filter with tunable element which mitigate current harmonic in between sub order harmonic frequency to particular design order frequency which maintain desired power factor, series active filter with direct control strategies which mitigate voltage harmonic and maintain desired reactive power.
A Review over Different Blur Detection Techniques in Image Processingpaperpublications3
Abstract: In last few years there is lot of development and attentions in area of blur detection techniques. The Blur detection techniques are very helpful in real life application and are used in image segmentation, image restoration and image enhancement. Blur detection techniques are used to remove the blur from a blurred region of an image which is due to defocus of a camera or motion of an object. In this literature review we represent some techniques of blur detection such as Blind image de-convolution, Low depth of field, Edge sharpness analysis, and Low directional high frequency energy. After studying all these techniques we have found that there are lot of future work is required for the development of perfect and effective blur detection technique.
Voltage Stability analysis by using SVC With Fuzzy Logic Controller in Multi ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Power system can be simulated and analyzed based on a mathematical model however; uncertainty still exists due to change of loads and an occurrence of fault. Recently, fuzzy theory highly flexible easily operated and revised, theory is a better choice, especially for a complicated system with many variables. Hence, this work aims to develop a controller based on fuzzy logic to simulate an automatic voltage regulator in transient stability power system analysis. By adding power system stabilizer for tuning of fuzzy logic stabilizing controller there is no need for exact knowledge of power system mathematical model. The fuzzy controller parameters settings are independent due to nonlinear changes in generator and transmission lines operating conditions. Because of that proposed fuzzy controlled power system stabilizer should perform better than the conventional controller. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional power system stabilizer (CPSS), numerous techniques have been proposed in the article. The conventional PSS's effect on the system damping is then compared with a fuzzy logic based PSS while applied to a single machine infinite bus power system.
Fuzzy Logic Controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator with Line Po...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the problem of controlling and modulating power flow in a transmission line using a Synchronous Static Series Compensator (SSSC). The studies, which include detailed PWM techniques controlled for SSSC, are conducted and the control circuits are presented. In this study, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. The SSSC equipped with a source of energy in the DC link can supply or absorb the reactive and active power to or from the line. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine power system shows the efficacy of this compensator as one of the FACTS devices member in controlling power flows, achieving the desired value for active and reactive powers, and damping oscillations appropriately.
Small Signal Modelling of a Buck Converter using State Space Averaging for Ma...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nowadays, step-down power converters such as buck scheme are widely employed in a variety of applications such as power supplies, spacecraft power systems, hybrid vehicles and power supplies in particle accelerators. This paper presents a comprehensive small-signal model for the DC-DC buck converter operated under Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) for a magnetic load. Initially, the buck converter is modeled using state-space average model and dynamic equations, depicting the converter, are derived. The proposed model can be used to design powerful, precise and robust closed loop controller that can satisfy stability and performance conditions of the DC-DC buck regulator. This model can be used in any DC-DC converter (Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost) by modifying the converter mathematical equations.
Harmonic Distortion Analysis of the Output Voltage in SPWM (Unipolar) Single ...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a simulation of SPWM (Unipolar) strategy is presented for Single phase full bridge inverter. The model is simulated in Matlab/Simulink. For different power factor loads the % THD of the output voltage are observed. The change in modulation index (MI) and the frequency of the carrier signal (f_c) changes the % THD of the output voltage. The width of gate pulses are modulated in order to obtain controlled inverter out voltage and to reduce the harmonic content as well. A comparative study of the % THD of the output voltage for the same load when connected across a conventional inverter and across SPWM fed inverter helps to understand the performance of the inverter. In SPWM inverter, to generate the gate signals, triangle wave is the carrier wave which is compared with the reference sinusoidal wave. The frequency of the output voltage depends on the frequency of the reference wave.
Simulation Model for 3 Phase, 3 Wire Grid Connected System using Hybrid PV Wi...ijtsrd
Due to rising energy demand and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, the quest for renewable energy sources has gained momentum. As a result, researchers have been more interested in harnessing renewable energy sources like sun and wind to create long term, reliable sources of energy. The purpose of this article is to discuss long term solutions for supplying electricity to outlying locations. The framework of a hybrid system is presented in this study. The suggested setup is a hybrid of solar photovoltaics PV and a wind turbine using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator DFIG . The Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT technology is used in solar panels to increase output. There are two controllers on the DFIG one for the rotors and one for the grid. The inverter AC DC AC is implemented using the vector control approach, and both the rotor side converter and the grid side converter may generate or observe reactive power, as well as regulate the DC link voltage. This study uses MATLAB Simulink to describe a PV wind system that is linked to an existing power infrastructure. This paper explains how to simulate a PV wind hybrid system on three phase power networks. An explanation of the simulation findings for a range of irradiance and wind speeds is provided as well. Kishan Tiwari | Manish Kethoriya "Simulation Model for 3-Phase, 3-Wire Grid Connected System using Hybrid PV-Wind Energy Conversion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52630.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/52630/simulation-model-for-3phase-3wire-grid-connected-system-using-hybrid-pvwind-energy-conversion/kishan-tiwari
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
PHYSICAL DESIGN AND MODELING OF 25V DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER FOR STAND ALONE SOL...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in power all over the world seems to be abundance. Renewable energy sources are the capable energy source along with the accessible resources of energy. Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a key aspect. The main principle of this paper is to present physical modeling and simulation of solar PV system and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MATLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it models the system physically and the outcome obtains from it will be considering all the physical result. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interfaced with the boost converter. The system model in SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware for implement for actual time application.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Voltage and Current Variations in Hybrid Power SystemIJRST Journal
In this paper, a detailed dynamic model and simulation of a solar cell/wind turbine/fuel cell hybrid power system is Developed using a novel topology to complement each other and to alleviate the effects of environmental variations. Comparing with the nuclear energy and thermal power, the renewable energy is inexhaustible and has non-pollution Characteristics. Here Ultra-capacitors are used in power applications requiring short duration peak power. The voltage variation at the output is found to be within the acceptable range. The output fluctuations of the wind turbine varying with wind speed and the solar cell varying with both environmental temperature and sun radiation are reduced using a fuel cell. Therefore, this system can tolerate the rapid changes in load and environmental conditions, and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the equipment side voltage. The proposed system can be used for off-grid power generation in non interconnected areas or remote isolated communities. Modeling and simulations are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software packages to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed hybrid power system can tolerate the rapid changes in natural conditions and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the voltage within the acceptable range.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and ...ijtsrd
Energy is the basic needs for human comforts and day to day activities. Energy is the key factor for social and economic developments in today scenario. Now a day’s global warming is the main problem of developing counties, due to the nonstop combustion of fossil fuels all over the world, creating environmental hazards and reducing conventional energy sources. This scenario is contributing to the need to search for an new renewable source of energy, which is clean and available in excess. Due to the huge impetus in the government policies on the development of solar energy, it is acting as a main alternative renewable energy source. The solar energy is popular due to easy maintenance, cleanliness, sustainability, and zero noise characteristics. Therefore, Photo Voltaic module supplying loads with and without Maximum Power Point Technique MPPT is applied in the current studies to find the best results. Since the Photovoltaic array output is known to be affected by radiation of sun and temperature, which makes is compulsory to find out an effective method to draw out maximum power from Photo Voltaic cell modules. In my work, Perturb and Observe PandO algorithm is selected because of its easy implementation Solar energy is the clean and eternal source of energy till the end of the world. In this paper main focus is how to improve the efficiency of solar based power generation .Solar energy is variable depends upon the time and the atmospheric condition and hence output of the solar cell is directly proportional to the insulation level and inversely proportional to cell temperature and also the cell never operates at maximum power. Bhoopendra Kumar Rajput | Ameen Uddin Ahmad "Maximizing Output Power of a Solar Panel via Combination of Sun Tracking and Maximum Power Point Tracking" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33406.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33406/maximizing-output-power-of-a-solar-panel-via-combination-of-sun-tracking-and-maximum-power-point-tracking/bhoopendra-kumar-rajput
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-seminar pptlakshmi nidoni
ABSTRACT
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Wind Hybrid Systems for Off-Grid Rural Areas
1. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 14
Paper Publications
Investigating the Feasibility of Solar Wind
Hybrid Systems for Off-Grid Rural Areas
Pavan Chitta
Center for Fundamental Research and Creative Education
Abstract: The study investigated the viability of using hybrid models of renewable power generation in certain
geographical areas where the climate is suitable. A real model of the set-up was created and the data obtained was
compared to simulated models to improve accuracy. The data from both the real set-up and the simulated model
were then compared to climatic conditions in certain rural areas of India. As of submission of this report, wind is
not a prevalent source of energy in the southern Indian state of Karnataka; this project aims to conclude whether
such non-utilisation is justified or whether it would be beneficial if such hybrid models be used in certain areas of
suitable conditions.
Keywords: Hybrid Models, Investigated The Viability, Off-Grid Rural Areas.
1. INTRODUCTION
It has undoubtedly come to to the attention of the global communtiy that Renewable Energy is very essential for the clean
and safe future of our world. Fossil fuels are finite and cause environmental pollution and global warming. With several
ongoing climate debates, there is mutual consensus that developing countries are some of the major causes of global
warming and pollution; few of these nations include India and China. A report by the United Nations Environmental
Programme(UNEP) claims that actions on renewable energy and energy efficiency in developing countries could reduce
emissions by 1.7 Gigatons/year by 2020(1)
.
The consequences of global warming are evident through the existence of rising sea levels, rising average global
temperatures and extreme climatic conditions. In India, prolonged droughts are taking a heavy toll on farmers during the
summer. In contrast, the monsoon season is bringing heavier rains than ever before. The frequency of cyclones and other
extreme weather conditions has increased, with recent cases such as that in Chennai having adverse effects.
Thus, the need for eradicating the fossil fuel centered energy system and replacing it with sustainable, renewable energy is
significant. In many countries, including India, another problem is that many village households are off the grid,
disconnected from the central power grid supply system. It has become very difficult for such households to obtain a
continuous supply of electricity for daily activities.
With regards to this problem, Prime Minister of India, Modi promised to light up all villages by the year 2022. There are
18,000 villages which do not have power. Modi has highlighted the advantages of solar power, but the possibility of a
solar-wind hybrid has not been given serious thought. It is entirely possible, however, that such a hybrid could be
advantageous in certain vicinities where wind is abundant. This system, for example, could work particularly better than
other inividual models one of the input factors is absent. For example, during the night, in coastal areas as winds pick up,
lack of sunlight will be compensated for by the abundance of wind energy.
2. SOLAR ENERGY
Solar Energy is produced using Photo Voltaic (PV) Cells, which when exposed to Sun convert the Photons into
electricity. Photons from the Sun react with the semiconductor material in the PV cell, releasing the electrons, which
produces electricity. Each PV Cell is connected to form an array of solar panels.
2. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 15
Paper Publications
A PV cell contains two layers of semiconductor material made up of silicon crystals. Crystallized silicon is not a very
good conductor of electricity on its own, so impurities are added for enhanced conductivity through the process called
doping. The bottom layer of the PV cell is usually doped with boron (3 valence electrons ), which bonds with the silicon
to facilitate a positive charge (P). The top layer is doped with phosphorus (5 valence electrons), which bonds with the
silicon to facilitate a negative charge (N). The surface between the resulting "p-type" and "n-type" semiconductors is
called the P-N junction.
When sunlight enters the cell, its energy knocks electrons loose in both layers. Because of the opposite charges of the
layers, the electrons want to flow from the n-type layer to the p-type layer, but the electric field at the P-N junction
prevents this from happening. The presence of an external circuit, however, provides the necessary path for electrons in
the n-type layer to travel to the p-type layer. Extremely thin wires running along the top of the n-type layer provide this
external circuit, and the electrons flowing through this circuit produce electricity.
Fig 1. Solar Cell
3. WIND ENERGY
Wind energy is produced by harnessing Wind's Kinetic energy and converting it into Electricity. Wind mills contain three
or more propeller blades which turn the rotor, which is connected to the main shaft. The rotor in turn spins a generator to
create electricity. There are 2 types of wind turbines, vertical axis and horizontal –axis:
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis
Fig 2. Types of Wind Mills
3. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 16
Paper Publications
In a wind energy system, the mechanical power is delivered to the rotor of an electric generator where this energy is
converted to electrical energy. The rotor converts the kinetic energy of the wind flow into mechanical energy, which
moves the rotor blades. The generator converts this mechanical energy from the motion of rotor into electrical energy
through electro-magnetic induction.
Wind power generated depends upon:
1. amount of air (Volume)
2. speed of air (Velocity)
3. mass of air (density)
4. flowing through the area of interest (flux)
Wind energy is also impacted by the losses incurred during the transmission of kinetic energy to mechanical energy and
generator losses during the transmission of mechanical energy to electrical energy. Wind mills perform at a certain
percentage of the rated capcity, called the capacity factor Cf, which varies based on the wind speed and other natural
factors. Wind mill turbine efficiency increases as wind speed increases, but at very large speeds the efficiency tapers off.
Thus, there is an optimal speed at which the turbine efficiency is the best. The power captured by the turbine is a fraction
of the available power, which is called coefficient of performance Cp.
4. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN
One objective of this project was to design a Solar-Wind hybrid system to light up a typical Rural home with few light
bulbs and a fan for 4-6 hours. The basic power requirements for these appliances are listed below:
Power requirement:
Connected Load Watts Hours Watt Hours
CFL 7 5 35
CFL 7 5 35
DC FAN 6 5 30
20 15 300
Fig 3. Hybrid Solar-Wind System
4. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 17
Paper Publications
PV Panel - Solar Calculations:
Specifications of material used:
Assumptions:
Actual power output of PV Panel : Peak power rating * operating factor
Actual power at the end use is: Actual power output of a panel * combined efficiency
Energy produced by one 20 W panel in a day
Wind - Turbine Rating Calculations:
Assumptions:
( )
Kinetic Energy:
Power of wind (KE per unit time)
5. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 18
Paper Publications
Overall loss factor = Coefficient of performance x transmission loss x generator loss
Actual power density = Power of wind x Overall loss factor
Daily energy density = Actual Power density x No. hours of wind
Total energy required = 30 Wh (from previous calculations)
Turbine power rating estimation:
⁄
⁄
Actual rated power of the turbine rating should be:
⁄ ⁄
The initial model is implemented in MATLAB using simulink/Simscape and the output is measured (volts, amps, power)
with similar requirement.
5. SOLAR WIND HYBRID SIMULATION USING MATLAB
Matlab was used to simulate the above set up and the data collected compared with the actual experiment.
Simulink and SimScape were used to model this setup. Components used in the model include:
Solar Panel containing 10 Solar cells connected in series with short circuit current of 1.29 amps
open circuit voltage of 2.1 volts (2.1*10 = 21 Volts)
Diodes, inserted to direct the flow of current in one direction
Volt meter and amp meter are connected to read the voltage and amperage coming from the Solar panel, and a product
of the 2 to measure the power output from the PV and wind mill.
6. MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER
A Charge controller is used to regulate the charge generated by the wind and solar modules. Charge generated by the
renewable energy sources can flow without any regulation causing very high and very low voltage based on the external
factors. Excess charge can damage the battery or the load, this charge needs to be regulated, which is done by charge
controllers. Maximum Power Point Tracking charge controllers are used to generate most power, by tracking the optimal
voltage which can utilize the modules output to its capacity. MPPT controller calculates the optimal voltage required to
produce maximum power, and convert the higher voltages to the required optimal value, hence producing the maximum
power. For example if the solar panel is rated to produce 20W, but is giving 14 volts and 1.2 amps, resulting in only 16.8
W. When using MPPT, it calculates at what point this voltage can give us the best power and maintains the voltage at that
reading using voltage convertors.
The basic experiment did not use MPPT, but in simulation, we calculated the optimal value of resistance for the best
power using a step up resistance.
6. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 19
Paper Publications
Fig 4. Simulation to find the Maximum Power from Solar Panel
Maximum Power point is achieved at 17 Volts, current 1.29 amps drawing power of 21 Watts from the solar Panel.
Fig 5. Circuit drawing of the Hybrid system in Simulink
Output captured from Solar Panel: Power output: 18.82 Voltage: 15.18 Volts, current: 1.24amps
7. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 20
Paper Publications
Fig 6. Results from Solar Panel Simulation
Output captured from WindMill (simulation):
Fig 7. Results from Wind Source Simulation
7. SOLAR WIND EXPERIMENT
Physical experiment was conducted using a Solar panel with following specifications:
8. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 21
Paper Publications
Wind Mill is designed with 3 - 16" rotor blades with a rating of 6W, designed to run at 150RPM at speeds greater than 15
KM/hr, to generate 12V. The generator is connected to a rectifier, which converts the AC current to DC, which in turn is
fed into the battery.
Solar Panel, wind mill and battery are connected to the hybrid SMT charge controller. Inverter and a DC load was
connected to the battery. Couple of 7W CFL bulbs were connected to the inverter and a 12V DC fan was connected to the
DC load. Measurements noted from the experiment:
Source Voltage Amps Power
Solar 14.27V 1.21 17.2W
Wind 5-10V >0.1 >0.5W
8. CHALLENGES FACED
Wind energy was low and unpredictable in the area where the experiment was conducted. There was high voltage
fluctuation due to wind inconsistency, resulting in very low current generation. Wind speeds were intermittent making it
difficult for the voltage to reach and maintain at 12V for generating any reasonable charge flow.
9. COMPARISON OF RESULTS
Experimental results were slightly lower than the results from Simulink Simulated model without the MPPT tracking. We
will gain more power by using MPPT techniques. Wind power is very insignificant due to low wind speeds at the place
where the experiment was conducted. Simulation with the wind and solar gives us better power capacity to charge the
battery round the clock.
Type Simulation Experiment
Solar - Voltage 15.18 V 14.27V
Solar - Current 1.24 amps 1.21amps
Solar - Power 18.82 watts 17.2 Watts
Wind - Voltage 13 V 4 -12 V
Wind - Current 0.35 amps 0.01 - 0.02 amps
Wind - Power 4.5W 0.05 - 1 Watts
9. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 22
Paper Publications
10. EXPENSES
Expenses incurred for the small single rural home hybrid system generating 100W+ per day:
11. PORTABILITY
The current hybrid set-up was put together with several individual components, and it makes it difficult to move it from
one place to another. However in a coastal, rural area, where natural disasters or other causes often necessitate movement
of households, portability of energy resources is extremely important. Therefore, another design of the model has been
created, which maximises portability:
Here, there is a 6ft inner pole within the outer pole to allow adjustability so that the pole and trubines can be made more
compact along with giving a height of 12ft for the wind rotors to get more wind at higher elevations. Also two solar
panels have been clamped to the outer pole at the 4 ft mark so the unit does not consist of several different parts, which
would take up more space and decrease portability. The wiring would be set within the wind pole. The bottom of the wind
pole would have the ability to be attached to a set of wheels to make movement of the pole much easier when the set-up
has to be shifted.
Item Cost (Rs)
Solar Panel 1000
Charge Controller 1200
Inverter 600
Wind Generator 6000
Battery 1500
Msc. Equipment 500
Total Expenses 10800
10. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (14-23), Month: October - December 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 23
Paper Publications
12. VIABILITY IN SELECTED REGION OF INDIA
Coastal Karnataka region from Ullal to Mangalore to Kundapur stretch along the West Coast of Karnataka have high
winds and great sunlight throughout the year and are ideal places to harness both wind and solar power throughout the
year:
Month (2015) Avg. Wind Speeds Km/hr Avg. Temp
Dec 17 26
Nov 15 27
Oct 15 28
Sep 20 29
Aug 28 31
July 28 31
June 28 32
May 20 32
April 15 32
March 15 29
Feb 13 27
Jan 15 25
13. CONCLUSION
Small scale Solar Wind hybrid can be an effective solution for remote off-grid region where there is abundance of
sunlight and winds with speeds greater than 15Km/hr. It can be set up as a portable system with just about 10K Rupees
per household, increasing it to higher watt output by adding a second solar panel as required. Solar Panel produces
consistent energy as long the sun is present during the day time. Solar and wind hybrid can be used to complement each
other depending on the external weather conditions. Using MPPT charge controller captures the full capacity of the solar
panel gaining 30% more of what a normal charge controller can output.
Bangalore (where the experiment was conducted) is not a good place to consider wind power due to low wind speeds.
Wind power is only beneficial in areas where the speeds are higher than 15KM/hr and can sustain over a period of time.
Before designing a hybrid system, a thorough study of wind patterns needs to be carried out to assess the feasibility and
check if it is useful to have a wind system along with Solar. If there are high winds, it ends up generating a much larger
amount of power due to the availability of wind 24 hours, otherwise it is counterproductive to have a hybrid system,
considering the Wind generator and the rest of the setup is more expensive compared to Solar panels.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.unep.org/NewsCentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=26856&ArticleID=35621#sthash.LPf9GjIy.OsBsRQG
7.dpuf
[2] http://www.ijert.org/view-pdf/12245/hybrid-solar-wind-energy-system-with-mppt-using-cuk-sepic-fused-converter
[3] D. S. L. Simonetti, J. Sebasti´an, and J. Uceda, “The Discontinuous Conduction Mode Sepic and ´ Cuk Power Factor
Preregulators: Analysis and Design” IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, vol. 44,no. 5, 1997
[4] http://web.mit.edu/windenergy/windweek/Presentations/Wind%20Energy%20101.pdf