This document discusses various antibiotics, their spectrums of activity against different bacteria, emerging antibiotic resistance issues, and important side effects and interactions of different classes of antibiotics. It provides information on the antibiotic classes of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides and others. It notes key resistant organisms like MRSA and important side effects that can occur with different antibiotic classes, such as diarrhea, rashes, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. It also outlines important drug-drug interactions to be aware of, such as those between antibiotics and warfarin or oral contraceptives.
The antibiotics, important considerations for their use, their classification, synergistic and antagonistic effect, hypersensitivity reactions and development of resistance to these agents.
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Antibacterial Agents/ antibiotics (Ocular Pharmacology)
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Introduction to antimicrobial drugs
Classification of antimicrobial drugs
Antibacterial drugs:
- Classification
- Indications
- Side effects
Antibacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial drugs are chemotherapeutic drugs
Two categories: – Antibiotics : Antimicrobial drugs produced by microorganisms
– Synthetic drugs : Antimicrobial drugs synthesized in the lab
..............................................
For Further Reading
oTextbook of microbiology by Ananthanarayan & Paniker
o Essentials of Medical Pharmacology KD Tripathi
o Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung
o Ophthalmic Drugs by Graham Hopkins and Richard Pearson
o Internet
The antibiotics, important considerations for their use, their classification, synergistic and antagonistic effect, hypersensitivity reactions and development of resistance to these agents.
Direct Download Link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/antibacterial-agents/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Antibacterial Agents/ antibiotics (Ocular Pharmacology)
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Introduction to antimicrobial drugs
Classification of antimicrobial drugs
Antibacterial drugs:
- Classification
- Indications
- Side effects
Antibacterial Resistance
Antimicrobial drugs are chemotherapeutic drugs
Two categories: – Antibiotics : Antimicrobial drugs produced by microorganisms
– Synthetic drugs : Antimicrobial drugs synthesized in the lab
..............................................
For Further Reading
oTextbook of microbiology by Ananthanarayan & Paniker
o Essentials of Medical Pharmacology KD Tripathi
o Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Bertram G. Katzung
o Ophthalmic Drugs by Graham Hopkins and Richard Pearson
o Internet
An introduction to the international cleanroom standard ISO 14644 and the 2015 revisions to Parts 1 and 2. The focus is on particulate and contamination control.
Different medications must be absorbed to be effective. For absorption, the drug must be administered in proper manner. To choose a route of administration we need to relate the dosage form, the advantages and disadvantages etc.
an interesting and exhaustive presentation for medical undergraduates and postgraduates on antimalarial drugs... and also helpful to physicians for learning new concepts like ACT, for treating resistant malaria and knowing important ADR of antimalarial drugs..
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
This slide categorises the commonly encountered pathogens and the spectra of antibiotic cover that is required to treat infections that they cause.
Past successes of being able to develop new drugs in time for resistant bacteria have lulled us into a false sense of security. Between 1970 and 2000 no new classes of antibiotics were brought to the market. Lots of me too drugs with cross resistance. There are no gram negative antibiotics in development at the moment. Very alarming that in the near future we may have infections that we have no antibiotics against. This will take us back to pre-antibiotics era.
Antibiotic use inevitably leads antimicrobials resistance as bacteria mutate to develop resistance.
This slide shows the spectra of activity for penicillins. Green areas indicate organisms against which the penicillin is active i.e. the organism is sensitive. Benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin only have reliable activity against Streptococci. They have some activity against anaerobes. Flucloxacillin covers Streptococci and Staphylococci. Amoxicillin has broader spectrum with some activity against gram-negative organisms and anaerobes. The addition of clavulanic acid to amoxicillin strengthens this activity against anaerobes and gram-negatives by mopping up the betalactamase produced by these organisms resulting in a higher amoxicillin concentration at the site of infection.
Early cephalosporins have activity against gram-positives and limited activity against coliforms. Cefuroxime has greater activity against gram-negatives and some anaerobic activity. It was one of the first broad spectrum agents and was used widely in surgical prophylaxis and treatment of a variety of infections. Cefotaxime and later ceftriaxone were developed and these also gave cover against extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBLs). Ceftriaxone was widely used as it seemed the ideal antibiotic – broad spectrum and administered once daily. However widespread use has lead to resistance and cephalosporins now implicated in rise of C. difficile infections. Ceftazidime is also broad spectrum agent but with the addition of Pseudomonas cover. Pseudomonas is common causative organism of respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis and ventilator associated pneumonia.
MRSA is a resistant strain of Staph. aureus which is mainly seen in hospital patients. Agents used against MRSA have activity against most gram-positive organisms. Vancomycin is usually the first line agent for MRSA infections. It is given by IV infusion and requires monitoring of serum levels to ensure safe use. Teicoplanin is a similar agent but it can be given as a bolus injection and requires no monitoring. Until recently it was much more expensive than vancomycin but patent expiry has significantly reduced its cost. Linezolid has similar activity to the glycopeptides but is expensive. It has the advantage of being available in an oral formulation so patients do not require to be hospitalised for treatment. Use usually restricted to ‘on advice of Microbiologist’. Daptomycin is a relatively new gram-positive agent. It is reserved for infections or patients not suitable for other agents and on advice of a Microbiologist. Sodium fusidate is an old antibiotic, available as IV infusion (rarely used) or tablets. It is commonly used as an oral step-down agent in MRSA infections in but needs to be used in combination with another agent such as rifampicin or trimethoprim to prevent development of resistance.
Doxycycline is the most commonly used tetracycline for treatment of systemic infections. Other tetracyclines used in acne. Doxycycline is used in respiratory infections – COPD, CAP, sinusitis. Tigecycline is a new tetracycline with broader spectrum of activity. Reserved for treatment of serious abdominal and skin/soft tissue infections on advice of Microbiologist. Trimethoprim is first line agent for UTIs. Resistance may be a problem – rates of up to 20% reported in some areas. Co-trimoxazole combines trimethoprim with a sulphonamide to give greater gram-positive activity. Until early 1990s was widely used for UTI and other infections but problems with blood dyscrasias, particularly in the elderly and in some cases serious, were reported and its use has since been restricted. Its main indication is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) which is associted with HIV infection. Recently the use of co-trimoxazole has increased as an alternative to glycopeptides for surgical prophylaxis and treatment of MRSA.
Macrolides are used for treatment of atypical infections. Erythromycin use has declined due to poor compliance and GI side effects. The newer macrolides have a greater spectrum of activity and require less frequent dosing. Clarithromycin is used in respiratory infections – COPD and CAP. Azithromycin used in Chlamydia and sometimes in children for respiratory infections. Clindamycin is an old antibiotic which is now used mainly for serious skin and soft tissue infections. Previous more widespread use lead to problems with C. difficile.
Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin are active against gram-negatives and are used to treat UTIs. They are considered second line agents and should only be used if urine culture results show resistance to first line agents. The exception is UTI in men where ciprofloxacin is used first line. Widespread inappropriate use of ciprofloxacin for UTIs and respiratory tract infections in primary care has lead to emergence of resistance. Its use should be restricted to specific indications such as UTI in men, pyelonephritis, pseudomonal infections. Levofloxacin and moxifloxacin have increased activity against gram-negative organisms. They are both second line agents for respiratory infections. Moxifloxacin has been associated with hepatotoxicity so should only be used if no other treatment is suitable. Quinolones are associated with a high risk of predisposing patients to C. difficile so their use should be limited. Aminglycosides are used for IV treatment of gram negative infections. Gentamicin is the main one used, tobramycin in cystic fibrosis. Dosage requirements calculated on an individual patient basis and serum level monitoring required. Once daily gentamicin is generally used except for endocarditis.
Metronidazole is used against anaerobes and is often combined with another antibiotic for broad spectrum cover. It is used in surgical prophylaxis for abdominal procedures and treatment of abdominal infections. Nitrofurantoin has a broad spectrum of activity but its main use is in UTI. It is an alternative first line agent to trimethoprim. Rifampicin is an antitubercular agent which also has activity against gram-positive organisms. It is used in combination with another agent for oral treatment of MRSA infections. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broad spectrum agents but problems with toxicity have limited its use. It is used in treatment of meningitis in penicillin-sensitive patients.
Antibiotics are one of the most widely used group of medicines and a wide range of side effects have been reported. Most antibiotics can cause GI upset due to disturbance of the normal gut flora. Many can also cause rash which may or may not be a hypersensitivity reaction. Many side effects can be prevented by avoidance of certain agents in certain patient groups – check cautions and contraindications in BNF. Careful dosing and administration can prevent toxicity with aminoglycosides and vancomycin.
Interactions are common particulary with macrolides and quinolones which are metabolised by the P450 enzymes.