A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on Pain during First Stage of Labour among Primigravida Mothers Admitted in Selected Hospital at Moradabad
BACKGROUND Breathing exercise is one of the extremely recurrent techniques used for universal pain relief on child bearing. During the first stage of labour, such breathing techniques can encourage physical relief by decrease muscles tension and encourage emotional relief by reducing the level of pain and well oxygenated muscles function more successfully and fruitful. Objective To assess pain level among primigravida women during the first stage of labor in experimental group and control group before practicing patterned breathing technique. -¢ To assess pain level among primigravida women during first stage of labor in experimental group and control group after practicing patterned breathing technique. -¢ To compare the pain level among primigravida women in experimental and control group. Methods A comprehensive systematic search of published literature and journal articles from Pubmed to evaluate the effectiveness of patterned breathing technique on pain during first stage of labour among primigravida mothers that are focusing till 2017. Result The researcher found that the mean pre test score of pain level in primigravida women before practicing Patterned breathing technique in experimental was 2.6 which is less than control group which is 2.8 with a mean difference of 0.2 , which is not significant as evident from -˜z’ value of 1.68 which is less than 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion It was concluded from the statistical tests that practicing selected Patterned breathing technique was effective in reduction of pain among primigravida women during first stage of labor. Analysis of data showed that there was a significant difference between pre test and post test pain scores of pain level in experimental group after practicing Patterned breathing technique and without practicing Patterned breathing technique control group. Shahnaj Qumer "A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on Pain during First Stage of Labour among Primigravida Mothers Admitted in Selected Hospital at Moradabad" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43786.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/43786/a-study-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-patterned-breathing-technique-on-pain-during-first-stage-of-labour-among-primigravida-mothers-admitted-in-selected-hospital-at-moradabad/shahnaj-qumer
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
Physiological changes in second stage of laborDR MUKESH SAH
There is an interplay of physiological processes occurring during the second stage of labour. Second stage is said to have two phases, latent and active. It is during the latent phase that the presenting part passes through the fully dilated cervix to the birth canal.
MAGNITUDE OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH PROBLEMS /FACTORS INFLUENCING MATERNAL...Rachana Joshi
All the problems related to mother and child health are explained with relevant explanation. later on the management also there. Can find it interesting reading, Thank you.
Obsterics and Gynaecology-
introduction-Preventive obstetrics is the concept of prevention or early detection of particular health deviations through routine periodic examinations and screening .
The concept of preventive obstetrics concerns with the concepts of the health & wellbeing of the mother her baby during the antenatal,intranatal & postnatal period.
The goal of the preventive obstetrics is the delivery of a healthy infant by a healthy mother at the end of a healthy pregnancy.
Pregnancy & child birth normal physiological
process that change from conception to
delivery.
Objectives
To promote , protect and maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy.
To detect “high risk” cases and give them special attention
To foresee complications and prevent them.
To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery
A study to assess the effectiveness of paced breathing versus back massage fo...pharmaindexing
Introduction: Labour pain is unique and induces a type of acute pain. Pain associated with labour was accepted as a necessary part of child birth. The concept of painless childbirth gave rise to many scientific discoveries and researches. As a result, different non-pharmacologic techniques were tried out to relieve labour pain. There are a number of non-pharmacological methods which can help women to relax during contractions. The breathing techniques, massage, simple back rubbing and positioning are also widely used as an active way of handling the discomfort during labour.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of paced breathing and back massage in labor pain management.
The following objectives were set for the study:
To assess the demographic variables of the antenatal mothers.
To determine the effectiveness of paced breathing in Group I.
To determine the effectiveness of back massage in Group II.
To compare the effectiveness of paced breathing with back massage.
Methodology: The conceptual frame work of the study was based on the Wiedenbach’s prescriptive theory. The study made use of quasi experimental design with 2 groups. Purposive sampling method was used to select the samples. The total numberof samples was 200 in which 100 samples for each group for the study. The first obtained 100 samples were allotted for group I and the second obtained 100 samples were allotted for group II.The tool used in this study was visual analogue scale for pain assessment. The paced breathing was implied for Group I and back massage was implied for Group II for one hour each. The level of pain was assessed by using visual analogue scale for both group I and group II respectively. The gathered data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
The major findings of the study were: There was significant difference between pre assessment and post assessment level of pain (‘t’value=16.066) in Group I.There was significant difference between pre assessment and post assessment level of pain (‘t’value=12.961) in Group II. There was no major difference between post assessment level of pain in Group I and Group II. The post assessment mean score of pain in Group II (3.58) was lower than the post assessment mean score of pain in Group I (3.78), the independent ‘t’ value was 0.5.
Conclusion: Labour pain is the natural process among the labouring mothers. It is the responsibility of the nurse to reduce the level of pain as much as possible by various nonpharmacological measures. In this aspect, measures like paced breathing and back massage have proven to be one of the effective nonpharmacological measures. So the investigator recommends that the nurse can use these measures in the labour ward.
Effect of Acupressure on Duration of Labor and Intensity of Labor Painijtsrd
Labor is a phenomenon that exists in many creatures and unlike other acute and chronic pain, the pain of labor does not correlate with any disease or pathology. The complications of pain are tension and anxiety, prolonged labor, abnormal fetal heart rate, increase the incidence of cesarean delivery and neonate's low Apgar score. Acupressure is a non invasive method, which is used to augment labor, provide pain relief, and shorten delivery time. Aim the aim of this literature reviews are evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure on labor pain's intensity and duration of labor. Methods A comprehensive search of databases and Internet research engines holding information related to effect of acupressure on duration of labor and intensity of labor pain, Pub Med, Saudi digital library and Google scholar search engine from 2010 to 2016.Results Eight articles were included in this review. Conclusion The acupressure was more effective in initial phase of labor, the effect of the intervention were more visible immediately after the intervention. In addition, the acupressure helps in reducing the perception of pain during the first stage of labour without any side effect on the mother or the foetus. Dr. Hamdia Mohammed Abd ELaziz | Prof. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Prof. Pushpamala Ramaya ""Effect of Acupressure on Duration of Labor and Intensity of Labor Pain"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30038.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30038/effect-of-acupressure-on-duration-of-labor-and-intensity-of-labor-pain/dr-hamdia-mohammed-abd-elaziz
MAGNITUDE OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH PROBLEMS /FACTORS INFLUENCING MATERNAL...Rachana Joshi
All the problems related to mother and child health are explained with relevant explanation. later on the management also there. Can find it interesting reading, Thank you.
Obsterics and Gynaecology-
introduction-Preventive obstetrics is the concept of prevention or early detection of particular health deviations through routine periodic examinations and screening .
The concept of preventive obstetrics concerns with the concepts of the health & wellbeing of the mother her baby during the antenatal,intranatal & postnatal period.
The goal of the preventive obstetrics is the delivery of a healthy infant by a healthy mother at the end of a healthy pregnancy.
Pregnancy & child birth normal physiological
process that change from conception to
delivery.
Objectives
To promote , protect and maintain the health of the mother during pregnancy.
To detect “high risk” cases and give them special attention
To foresee complications and prevent them.
To remove anxiety and dread associated with delivery
Similar to A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on Pain during First Stage of Labour among Primigravida Mothers Admitted in Selected Hospital at Moradabad
A study to assess the effectiveness of paced breathing versus back massage fo...pharmaindexing
Introduction: Labour pain is unique and induces a type of acute pain. Pain associated with labour was accepted as a necessary part of child birth. The concept of painless childbirth gave rise to many scientific discoveries and researches. As a result, different non-pharmacologic techniques were tried out to relieve labour pain. There are a number of non-pharmacological methods which can help women to relax during contractions. The breathing techniques, massage, simple back rubbing and positioning are also widely used as an active way of handling the discomfort during labour.
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of paced breathing and back massage in labor pain management.
The following objectives were set for the study:
To assess the demographic variables of the antenatal mothers.
To determine the effectiveness of paced breathing in Group I.
To determine the effectiveness of back massage in Group II.
To compare the effectiveness of paced breathing with back massage.
Methodology: The conceptual frame work of the study was based on the Wiedenbach’s prescriptive theory. The study made use of quasi experimental design with 2 groups. Purposive sampling method was used to select the samples. The total numberof samples was 200 in which 100 samples for each group for the study. The first obtained 100 samples were allotted for group I and the second obtained 100 samples were allotted for group II.The tool used in this study was visual analogue scale for pain assessment. The paced breathing was implied for Group I and back massage was implied for Group II for one hour each. The level of pain was assessed by using visual analogue scale for both group I and group II respectively. The gathered data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.
The major findings of the study were: There was significant difference between pre assessment and post assessment level of pain (‘t’value=16.066) in Group I.There was significant difference between pre assessment and post assessment level of pain (‘t’value=12.961) in Group II. There was no major difference between post assessment level of pain in Group I and Group II. The post assessment mean score of pain in Group II (3.58) was lower than the post assessment mean score of pain in Group I (3.78), the independent ‘t’ value was 0.5.
Conclusion: Labour pain is the natural process among the labouring mothers. It is the responsibility of the nurse to reduce the level of pain as much as possible by various nonpharmacological measures. In this aspect, measures like paced breathing and back massage have proven to be one of the effective nonpharmacological measures. So the investigator recommends that the nurse can use these measures in the labour ward.
Effect of Acupressure on Duration of Labor and Intensity of Labor Painijtsrd
Labor is a phenomenon that exists in many creatures and unlike other acute and chronic pain, the pain of labor does not correlate with any disease or pathology. The complications of pain are tension and anxiety, prolonged labor, abnormal fetal heart rate, increase the incidence of cesarean delivery and neonate's low Apgar score. Acupressure is a non invasive method, which is used to augment labor, provide pain relief, and shorten delivery time. Aim the aim of this literature reviews are evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure on labor pain's intensity and duration of labor. Methods A comprehensive search of databases and Internet research engines holding information related to effect of acupressure on duration of labor and intensity of labor pain, Pub Med, Saudi digital library and Google scholar search engine from 2010 to 2016.Results Eight articles were included in this review. Conclusion The acupressure was more effective in initial phase of labor, the effect of the intervention were more visible immediately after the intervention. In addition, the acupressure helps in reducing the perception of pain during the first stage of labour without any side effect on the mother or the foetus. Dr. Hamdia Mohammed Abd ELaziz | Prof. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Prof. Pushpamala Ramaya ""Effect of Acupressure on Duration of Labor and Intensity of Labor Pain"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30038.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30038/effect-of-acupressure-on-duration-of-labor-and-intensity-of-labor-pain/dr-hamdia-mohammed-abd-elaziz
Anesthesiology related topics. About pain management during labor. The pharmaological and non pharmacological strategies to reduce pain during childbirth.
Pharmacological includes anesthesia and analgesia. Non pharmacological includes support therapy, alternative medicine like acupuncture..
Effect of Structured Progressive Exercise Protocol on Management of Chronic C...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION Neck pain is a common degenerative condition which is associated with poor posture and advanced age related to wear and tear. It is the one of the causes of dysfunction, like low back pain. Neck pain is one of the most common conditions for referral management by a physical therapist. The most commonly intervention for the management of neck pain are exercise and rest followed by analgesics. Despite the prevalence of neck pain, there is a lack of evidence for commonly used rehabilitation interventions. OBJECTIVE To find out the effect of structured progressive exercise protocol for patients suffering from chronic cervical spine pain. METHODOLOGY A quantitative experimental research approach with pre test post test control group design was conducted in CIRS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The sample comprised of 60 patients suffering from chronic cervical spine pain. The samples were purposively selected and conveniently assigned to 30 in each experimental and control group. The background data were taken through structured interview schedule. Followed by assessment of cervical pain through structured pain assessment proforma, visual analog scale and the neck disability index. The data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency, percentage, mean, median, and “t” test. RESULTS The significant findings of the study were that, the mean post test Pain as well as NDI scores were significantly lower than the mean pre test scores of the experimental group and control group. Mean post test mean 3.3 , SD 1.93 of level of cervical pain were significantly reduced than the pretest mean 4.8 , SD 1.27 as evident from the‘t’ test was 3.70. df, 28 at 0.05 level of significance. Similarly, the post test mean 5.48 and SD 0.62 of neck disability index in cervical pain were significantly reduced than the pretest mean 7.11 and SD 0.28 as evident from the‘t’ test was 3.01at df, 28 differed significantly at 0.05 level of significance. CONCLUSION Findings of the study revealed that structured exercise protocol would be very helpful in alleviating chronic cervical spine pain and found to be more effective in experimental group than the control group. Punyashloka Nayak | Debajani Nayak "Effect of Structured Progressive Exercise Protocol on Management of Chronic Cervical Spine Pain" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33332.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33332/effect-of-structured-progressive-exercise-protocol-on-management-of-chronic-cervical-spine-pain/punyashloka-nayak
A systematic review is designed to summarise the results of available studies and provides a high level of evidence-based findings on the effectiveness of interventions. Our experts can handle any type of research, whether you need systematic review based on controlled clinical trials or review based on observational study designs or community (e.g. psychology) intervention?
The comparison of dinoprostone and vagiprost for induction of lobar in post t...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Aerobic exercise training during pregnancy reduces depressive symptoms in nul...kacm20
Articulo sobre la importancia del ejercicio en mujeres embarazadas que tienen probabilidad de padecer crisis depresivas
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Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
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Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on Pain during First Stage of Labour among Primigravida Mothers Admitted in Selected Hospital at Moradabad
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and her baby. This is because a Patterned Breathing
helps in providing the baby as well as the mother the
right amount of oxygen. Secondly, with the right
breathing the mother is equipped to cope with the
pain that contractions bring about.
Pain is observed to be both a physical and behavioral
approach, and also it was a response from injury or
physical changes as the effect in behavioral changes
in our body. Pain is described as a combination of
event that is very special for the human being. From
the last 20 years, the approach of pain was esteemed
as being what an individual understand about it
(Montes-SL, 1999)
Childbirth is never the same and it may clash between
women and between labour. It’s said that
considerable pain that Mother Nature delivers to a
human, is during labour. Studies have shown that
around 70% of women experience awful labour and
around 10% of them experience an almost painless
labour. The remaining women experience labour,
which is no more shocking nor painless. There are
many non-pharmacological methods for relieving
labour pain. The suitable method is surelythe one that
is successful and safe. (Bobak IM, Jensen MD, 1993)
Labour pain is a complex, personal, subjective,
multifactorial phenomenon which is influenced by
psychological, biological, socio-cultural and
economic factors. Labour begins with regular uterine
contractions continues with hours of hard work and
end as the woman and her family begins the
attachment process with their newborn. The expected
period of unpredictability, anxiety and fear, ending
with pleasing birth of the baby. The result of
breathing and relaxation techniques on labour pain
was studied by many investigators, breathing and
relaxation techniques were found to be the most
helpful means for helping the mother during labour to
reduce pain and discomfort.
Breathing exercise is one of the non pharmacological
methods for reducing pain during pregnancy and
labour. Research has appeared that simple breathing
exercises can help to reduce labour pain and level of
anxiety.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
Labour presents an anatomical and emotional
demanding for women. As labour becomes more
pending this can be a time of adverse feelings, fear
and anxiety can be combined with anticipation and
satisfaction. Pain related to labour has been
characterized as one of the most powerful forms of
pain that can be accomplished, although some women
do not understand powerful pain during labor.
Labour comprises of three stages, relating to the
expansion of the cervix, delivery of the baby and
delivery of the placenta. The pain accomplished by
women in labour is generating by uterine contraction,
the dilatation of the cervix and in the late first stage
and second stage, by the expansion of the vagina and
pelvic floor to considerate the baby. Indian Council of
Medical Research (2008) conducted a study shows
that 25% of babies in India are born through the
cesarean section in that 18% of the surgeries are
elective. There has been at least a 25% rise in the
number of women opting for cesareans in the last few
years in Delhi. The majority of the women elected
cesarean’s due the fear of labour pain.
From the reviews, the researchers identified that the
intensity of labour pain is very high and there is a
need to alleviate the sufferings of the women during
labour. Even through the literature review was done
on breathing exercise for assessing effectiveness on
reduce labour pain during first stage of labour, the
investigator couldn’t find any published article from
the Uttar Pradesh state. The current study was
planned to assess the effectiveness of Pattern
Breathing Technique among primigravida mothers on
first stage of labour.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
“A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Patterned
Breathing Technique on pain during first stage of
labour among primigravida mothers admitted in
selected hospital at Moradabad.”
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To evaluate the effectiveness of Patterned
Breathing Technique on labour pain during first
stage of labour among primigravida mothers in
selected hospital at Moradabad.
To find the association between the levels of pain
during first stage of labour and selected
demographic variables among primigravida
mothers in selected hospital at Moradabad.
HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis will be tested on 0.05 level of
significant-
H01: There is no significant difference in pain
after Patterned Breathing Technique during the
first stage of labour among primigravida mothers.
H02: There is no significant association between
the levels of pain during the first stage of labour
and the selected demographic variables among
primigravida mothers.
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CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS &
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Patterned Breathing Technique
In this study Patterned Breathing Technique refers to
a slow rhythmic, repetitive breath which will be half
of the normal breathing count which will be repeated
after each contraction to reduce the pain on the first
stage of labour regarding primigravida mothers.
Pain
In this study pain is a self-report unpleasant situation
arises due to the uterine contractions in the first stage
of labour and will be measured by using Yazbek pain
scale.
Primigravida mother
In this study, primigravida mothers refer a woman
who is in the first stage of labour for the first time and
admitted in the selected hospital at Moradabad.
First stage of labor
In this study, first stage of labor refers to an interval
from the start of true labor pain to full dilatation of
the cervix among primigravida mothers admitted in
the labor room of a selected hospital at Moradabad.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Research approach
Aim of the present research was to determine the
effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on
pain during the first stage of labour. Hence a
quantitative research path was used for this study.
Research design
For the present study, Randomized Controlled Trail,
Pre-test Post-test design was used.
VARIABLES
Independent variables – Patterned Breathing
Technique.
Dependent variables - pain during the first stage
of labor.
Demographic variables – Age in the years,
Religion, Education, Occupation, Family income
per month, Areas of residence, Type of family.
RESEARCH SETTING
The Present study was conducted in selected District
Women Hospital of Moradabad.
The rationale for selecting the particular setting
was:
Appropriate feasibility for conducting a study.
The number of admissions in the hospitals.
Administrative permission.
Feasible as per time and access.
POPULATION
The population selected for the study consist of
primigravida mothers those who are in the first stage
of labour district, hospital of Moradabad. The data
was collected retrospectively from records of these
subjects.
Target population
The target population of the study was primigravida
mothers with labour pain.
Accessible population
The accessible population in this study consist of
primigravida mothers with labour pain those who are
admitted in district women hospital, Moradabad.
SAMPLE
The sample for the present study was records of all
primigravida mothers those who are in the first stage
of labor in the selected district, hospital of Moradabad
and those satisfied the sampling model.
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size is the number of observation used for
calculation and estimating the selected population.
In this study sample size is 52 primigravida mothers
(26 in each experimental and control group) were
selected who fulfillment the sampling criteria.
Formula used to calculate sample size was
estimation proportion
Z1-α/2 = Standard value (1.96)
Z1-ᵝ = Standard value (0.84)
D = Mean difference
S = Pooled SD
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Simple Random Sampling was recycled to choose the
sample for the present research.
SAMPLING CRITERIA
Primigravida mothers those who are in the first stage
of labour and who had encountered the following test
were included in the study.
Inclusion criteria
Primigravida mothers those who are in the first
stage of labour.
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Mothers who are able to understand the Hindi
language.
Mothers who are ready to participate in the
research.
Exclusion criteria
Women who initiate labour before completing 36
weeks.
Mothers who are severely ill.
High-risk mothers eg. PIH, GDM
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE AND
TOOLS
Data collection was adopted to gather information
from various sources. The data were collected over a
period of 2 weeks from 19-11-2018 to 1-12-2018 in
District Women Hospital, Moradabad after taking
permission from the medical superintendent. The
participants were made aware of the nature and
purpose of the study. The participant was assured for
confidentiality of their responses and written
permission was being taken from the member. The
sampling was chosen by utilizing the simple random
sampling technique and the determined sampling was
allotted to the experimental and control group
randomly.
The aim of the study to evaluate the effectiveness of
Patterned Breathing Technique on pain during the
first stage of labour. Standardized Yazbek labour pain
score is used for assessing the pain after taking
written permission from Miss. Mariatha Yazbek,
Ph.D. in Midwifery at the University of Pretoria and
Demographic preforma was used to identify sample.
DESCRIPTION OF DATA COLLECTION
INSTRUMENT
Tool 1- Demographic data
This tool was developed for the purpose of
identifying the demographic characteristics of
primigravida women who are in first stage of labour.
A demographic data consist of seven items, It
includes age, religion, education, occupation, family
income per month, areas of residence, and types of
family.
Tool 2- Yazbek labour pain score.
The Yazbek labour pain score is a 5 point score by
observing myself reporting of pain scale from ‘0’ be
elected by one pain intense for(eg: no pain ) to ‘10’be
elected by the other pain intense.
0-No pain, 1-2 Mild pain,3-4 Moderate pain,5-6
Severe pain 7-8 Worst pain,9-10 Unbearable pain.
REALIBILITY OF TOOL
Reliability is the consistency or dependency with
which an instrument measures an attribute it is
designed to measure (Polit and Black).
The tool was administered to 10 primi gravida women
who are in first stage of labour and fulfill the
inclusion criteria and available during data collection
period. Reliability of tools was done to assess the
internal consistency. The internal consistency was
computed using interrater reliability and reliability
coefficient was found for tool 1, that is demographic
proforma (r= 0.98), tool 2, Yazbek labour pain
score(r= 0.8).The Internal consistency of the Yazbek
labour pain score tool is 0.95 by using Cronbach’s
alpha method.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Data collection was the assembly of guidance which
addresses a research problem. Permission was taken
from concerned authority of District Women Hospital
for conducting the study prior to data collection. The
subject was selected according to the selection
criteria. Informed consent was obtained from each
sample. Data were collected on 19 November to 1
December 2018. The investigator visited the district
women hospital on the given date and was introduced
to the primigravida mothers. Purpose of the study was
to simplify among primigravida mothers and the
privacy of their identity and response was assured in
order to ensure their cooperation and prompt
response. 52primigravida mothers were taken as a
sample and 26 samples was equally distributed in
experimental and control group. Yazbek labour pain
score was used to assess the level of pain among
primigravida mothers those who are having the first
stage of labour pain in 45 minutes interval after
giving intervention.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
The ethical clearance was obtained prior to the
commencement of data collection and areas listed
below:
Prior permission was obtained from the Medical
superintendent of District Women Hospital.
Informed written consent was taken from each
participant under the study. Objective of the study
was maintained with honesty, privacy
confidentiality and anonymity.
PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is systematic organization and
synthesis of research data in quantitative studies
the testing of hypotheses using those data (Pilot
and Back, 2010).
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According to the objective, hypothesis of the
study and opinion of the experts. It was explained
to organize, tabulate, analyze and interpretate the
data by explanatory and presumed data. Data
transferred directly to “SPSS” version 16.
Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to
analyze the data.
Following plan for data analysis established by the
researcher.
Frequency and percentage of demographical
variables.
Frequency and percentage distribution of
primigravida mothers with level of pain.
Paired t-test was done for comparison mean post-
test of experimental group and mean post-test of a
control group with labour pain score.
Independent t-test was done for comparison of
mean pretest and mean posttest labour pain score
of the experimental group.
Chi square was calculated to find the association
between the level of pain on the first stage of
labour and demographic variable regarding
primigravida mothers. (Experimental group, post-
test).
Chi square was calculated to find the association
between the level of pain during the first stage of
labour and demographic variable among
primigravida mothers. (Control group, Post-test).
Section 1: Description of the sample characteristics Performa.
The demographic preforma has been used to collect the data from 52 primigravida mothers (26 each in
experimental and control) regarding age, religion, education, occupation, family income per month, areas of
residence, types of family. Frequency and percentage distribution were calculated for describing the sample
characteristics of women who are in first stage of labour.
Table 2
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their age in the years in
experimental group and control group.
N(n1+n2)=52
Demographic variable
Experimental group(n1=26)Control group(n2=26)
f % f %
Age in the years
18-22 7 26.9% 4 15.4%
23-26 14 53.8% 12 46.2%
27-30 5 19.2% 10 38.5%
Figure 4: Graphical representation of primigravida by their age
Figure 4: Cone diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida mothers by
their age in the years
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Table 2 and Figure 4depict frequency percentage distribution of primigravida mother according to their age
in years. In experimental group majority of primigravida mothers, 14 (53.8%) were belongs to the category
of 23-26 years, 7 (26.9%)are in 18-22 years age group and5 (19.2%)primigravida mothers were belongs to
age group more than 27-30 years.
In Control group, 12 (46.2%) of the primigravida mothers were in the age group of 23-26 years, 10 (38.5%)
are in age group of 27-30 years, Whereas 4 (15.4%) primigravida mothers were belongs to age group of 18-
22 years.
Table 3
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their religion in experimental
group and control group.
N(n1+n2)=52
Demographic variable
Experimental group(n1=26) Control group(n2=26)
f % f %
Religion
Hindu 14 53.8% 15 57.7%
Muslim 10 38.5% 8 30.8%
Christian 2 7.7% 3 11.5%
Figure 5: Graphical representation of primigravida by their religion
Figure 5: Cone diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida mothers by
their religion
Table 3 and Figure 5 depicts that in experimental group 14 (53.8%) of primigravida mothers belongs to
Hindu religion, 10 (38.5%) of primigravida mothers belongs to Muslim religion and 2 (7.7%) of
primigravida mothers belongs to Christian religion.
In Control group, 15 (57.7%) of primigravida mothers belongs to Hindu religion, 8 (30.8%) of primigravida
mothers belongs to Muslims religion and 3 (11.5%) of primigravida mothers belongs to Christian religion.
Table 4
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their education in experimental
group and control group.
N (n1+n2)=52
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Demographic variable
Experimental group(n1=26)
Control
group(n2=26)
f % f %
Education
No formal education 6 23.1% 2 7.7%
Primary education 10 38.5% 11 2.3%
High school 9 34.6% 12 6.2%
Graduate 1 3.8% 1 3.8%
Figure 6: Graphical representation of primigravida by their education
Figure 6: Cone diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida mothers by
their education
Table 4 and Figure 6 depicts that in experimental group 10 (38.5%) of primigravida mothers having primary
education, 9 (34.6%) of primigravida mothers having high school education, 6 (23.1%) of primigravida
mothers having no formal education and 1 (3.8%) of primigravida mothers are graduate.
In Control group, 12 (46.2%) of primigravida mothers having high school education, 11 (42.3%) of
primigravida mothers having primary education, 2 (7.7%) of primigravida mothers having no formal
education and 1 (3.85%) of primigravida mothers are graduate.
Table 5
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their occupation in experimental
group and control group.
N(n1+n2)=52
Demographic variable
Experimental group(n1=26) Control group(n2=26)
f % f %
Occupation
Government employee 2 7.7% 5 19.2%
Private employee 2 7.7% 0 0%
Self employed 6 23.1% 4 15.4%
Home maker 16 61.5% 17 65.4%
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Figure 7: Graphical representation of primigravida by their occupation
Figure 7: Cone diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida· mothers by
their occupation
Table 5 and Figure 7 shows that in the experimental group most of the primigravida mothers, 16(61.5%)
were home maker, 6 (23.1%) were self-employed and 2 (7.7%) were having both Government employee and
Private employee.
In control group most of the primigravida mothers i.e. 17 (65.4%) were home maker, 5 (19.2%) were
government employee, 4 (15.4%) were self-employee.
Table 6
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their family income per month in
experimental group and control group.
N (n1+n2)=52
Demographic variable
Experimental group (n1=26) Control group(n2=26)
f % f %
Family income per month
Below – 5000 15 57.7% 9 34.6%
5001-10,000 9 34.6% 13 50.0%
10,001-15,000 2 7.7% 4 15.4%
Figure 8: Graphical representation of primigravida by their family income per month
Figure 8: Cone diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida mothers by
their family income per month
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Table 6 and Figure 8 depicts that in experimental group 15 (57.7%) mother has family income below 5000
rupees, 9 (34.6%) mother income was 5001-10,000 rupees and 2 (7.7%) were having family income of
10,001- 15,000.
In control group, most of primigravida mothers, 13(50.0%) family income was 5001-10,000 rupees, 9
(34.6%) mothers was 5000 rupees and 4 (15.4%) were having income of 10,001-15,000 rupees.
Table 7
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their areas of residence in
experimental group and control group.
N(n1+n2)=52
Demographic variable
Experimental group(n1=26) Control group(n2=26)
f % f %
Areas of residence
Rural 11 42.3% 7 26.9%
Urban 15 57.7% 19 73.1%
Figure 9: Graphical representation of primigravida by their areas of residence
Figure 9: Column diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida mothers
by their areas of residence
Table 7 and Figure 9 depicts that in experimental group 15 (57.7%) of primigravida mothers belongs from
urban area and 11 (42.3%) of primigravida mothers are belongs from rural areas.
In control group, 19 (73.1%) of primigravida mothers belongs to urban area and 7 (26.9%) of primigravida
mothers belongs to rural area.
Table 8
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of primigravida mothers by their types of family in
experimental group and control group.
N(n1+n2)=52
Demographic variable
Experimental group(n1=26) Control group(n2=26)
f % f %
Types of family
Nuclear family 7 26.9% 7 26.9%
Joint family 17 65.4% 16 61.5%
Single parent family 2 7.7% 3 11.5%
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Figure 10: Graphical representation of primigravida by their areas of residence
Figure 10: Column diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of primigravida mothers
by their types of family
Table 8 and Figure 10 shows that in experimental group 17 (65.4%) of primigravida mothers belongs from
joint family, 7 (26.9%) of primigravida mothers belongs to nuclear family and 2 (7.7%) of primigravida
mothers belongs to single parent family.
In control group, most of primigravida mothers that is 16 (61.5%) were belongs to joint family, 7 (26.9%) of
primigravida mothers belongs to nuclear family and 3 (11.5%) were belongs to single parent family.
Section 2: The effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on labour pain during first stage of labour
among primigravida mothers.
This section presents the level of pain among primigravida mothers before and after the intervention and
effectiveness of Pattern Breathing Technique.
Section 2.1: Distribution of level of pain among primigravida mother.
This section will describe level of pain among primigravida mothers in experimental and control group
during first stage of labour
Table 9
Frequency (f) and percentage (%) distribution of level of pain among primigravida mothers
N (n1+n2)= 52
Observation Category
No
pain
Mild
pain
Moderate
pain
Severe
pain
Worst
pain
Unbearable
pain
f % f % f % f % f % f %
Pre test
Experimental
Control
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
4
26.9
15.4
18
18
69.2
69.2
1
4
3.8
15.4
Post test
Experimental
Control
0
0
0
0
4
0
15.4
0
22
0
84.6
0
0
7
0
26.9
0
19
0
73.1
0
0
0
0
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Figure 11: Graphical representation of primigravida by their level of pain
Figure 11: Cone diagram showing the percentage and distribution of level of pain among
primigravida mothers
Table 9 and Figure 11 shows that in experimental group of pre-test 18(69.2%) mothers was having worst
pain, 7(26.9%) of mother has severe pain and 1(3.8%) of mother has unbearable pain. In control group
18(69.2%) of mother having worst pain, 4(15.4%) of mother has severe pain and 4(15.4%) of mother has
unbearable pain.
The result of post-test in experimental group, 22(84.6%) of mother having moderate pain and 4(15.4%) of
mother had mild pain. In control group 19(73.1%) of mother had worst pain and 7(26.9%) of mother had
severe pain.
Section 2.2: Comparison of post-test pain scores of primigravida mothers with labour pain in
experimental and control group.
This section will describe the mean difference of labour pain score after intervention. To determine the
statistical significance independent‘t’ test was computed and following null hypotheses was checked.
H01: There is no significant difference in pain after Patterned Breathing Technique during the first stage of
labour among primigravida mothers.
Table 10
Comparison of mean, standard deviation, mean difference and t value of level of pain among primigravida
mothers of experimental and control group
N (n1+n2)= 52
Post test Mean ± SD Mean difference ‘t’ value (p value)
Experimental group 3.08 ± 0.62
3.7 17.3 (0.00)
Control group 6.81 ± 0.89
Table 10 reveals that the mean post-test pain score of experimental group 3.08±0.62 was lesser than the
mean post test score of control group 6.81±0.89 with mean difference is 3.7 and p value is 0.00 hence it
shows that Patterned Breathing Technique is effective in reducing labour pain of first stage of labour.
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The calculated; value was ‘t’=17.3 greater than the tabled value t(50) = 1.684.Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected and inferred that there is a significance decrease in pain score in post-test of labour pain of
experimental and control group.
Section 2.3: Comparison of mean pre-test and mean post-test of pain scores of primigravida mothers with
labour pain in experimental group.
This section will describe level of pain among primigravida mothers before and after the intervention. To
determine the statistical significance paired ‘t’ test was computed and following null hypotheses was
checked.
H01: There is no significant difference in pain after Patterned Breathing Technique during the first stage of
labour among primigravida mothers.
Table 11
Comparison of mean, standard deviation, mean difference and t value of level of pain among primigravida
mothers of experimental group
N= 26
Observation Mean ± SD Mean difference ‘t’ value (p value)
Pre test 4.92 ± 0.56
1.84 9.3 (0.00)
Post test 3.08 ± 0.62
Table 11reveals that the mean pre-test pain score 4.92±0.56 of experimental group was grater than the mean
post test score 3.08±0.62 with mean difference is of 1.84 and p value is 0.00.Hence it shows that Patterned
Breathing Technique is effective in reducing labour pain of first stage of labour.
The calculated value was ‘t’= 9.3 is greater than the table value t(25)= 1.708.Hence null hypothesis is
rejected and inferred that there is significant decrease of pain score in post-test compared to that in pre-test,
after Patterned Breathing Technique, so Patterned Breathing Technique is effective in reduction of pain on
first stage of labour.
Section 3: Association between the level of pain during first stage of labour and demographic variable
among primigravida mothers.
Demographic character will be differentiating individual. This section will describe association between pain
level with each demographic variable of experimental and control before giving the intervention.
Section 3.1: Association of demographic characteristic of primigravida mothers with labour pain in
experimental group with pre-test pain score.
This section will describe the association with demographic variable with level of pain among primigravida
mother in experimental group before giving intervention.To determine the statistical significance chi square
test was computed and following null hypotheses was checked.
H02: There is no significant association between the level of pain during first stage of labour and the
selected demographic variables among primigravida mothers.
Table 12
Association of demographic characteristic of primigravida mothers with labour pain in experimental group
with pre-test pain score.
N= 26
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Socio demographic
Variables
Total
number
Level of pain
P
Value
No
pain
Mild
pain
Moderate
pain
Severe
pain
Worst
pain
Unbearable
pain
Age in the year
7
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
5
9
4
0
3
0
0.25
18-22
23-26
27-30
Religion
14
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
8
8
2
3
0
0
0.44
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
Socio demographic
Variables
Total
no
Level of pain
P
Value
No
pain
Mild
pain
Moderate
pain
Severe
pain
Worst
pain
Unbearable
pain
Education
6
10
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
2
7
8
1
1
1
1
0
0.32
No formal education
Primary education
High school
Graduate
Occupation
2
2
6
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
2
1
4
11
0
1
0
2
0.50
Government
employee
Private employee
Self employed
Homemaker
Socio demographic
Variables
Total
no
Level of pain
P
Value
No
pain
Mild
pain
Moderate
pain
Severe
pain
Worst
pain
Unbearable
pain
Family income per
month
15
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
11
5
2
1
2
0
0.66
Below-5000
5001-10,000
10,001-15,000
Areas of residence
11
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
7
11
2
1
0.66
Rural
Urban
Types of family
7
17
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
5
11
2
1
2
0
0.87
Nuclear family
Joint family
Single parent
Table 12 depicted the association of demographic characteristic of primigravida mothers with labour pain
pre-test pain score of experimental group. It shows that there is no significant association for age in the year,
religion, education, occupation, family income per month, areas of residence and types of family with pre-
test of experimental group hence, null hypothesis is accepted for this demographic variable.
Section 3.2: Association of demographic characteristic of primigravida mothers with labour pain in
control group with pre-test pain score.
This section will describe the association with demographic variable with level of pain among primigravida
mother in control group before giving intervention. To determine the statistical significance chi square test
was computed and following null hypotheses was checked.
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H02: There is no significant association between the level of pain during first stage of labour and the
selected demographic variables among primigravida moth
DISCUSSION
The findings of the study are discussed with
reference to the objectives, assumption and with
regard to findings of the studies.
Effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique on
pain during first stage of labour among
primigravida mothers.
Distribution of level of pain among primigravida
mother
In this present study, in experimental group pre-
test 18 (69.2%) mothers were having worst pain,
7 (26.9%) of mother has severe pain and 1 (3.8%)
of mother has unbearable pain and in control
group 18 (69.2%) of mother having worst pain, 4
(15.4%) of mother has severe pain and 4 (15.4%)
of mother has unbearable pain. The result of post-
test in experimental group, 22 (84.6%) of mother
having moderate pain and 4 (15.4%) mother had
mild pain and in control group 19 (73.1%) of
mother had worst pain and 7 (26.9%) of mother
had severe pain.
Above this finding was supported by a quasi-
experimental study conducted by H N Ravindra et
al. (2017) who reported in experimental group,
first observation 20 (66.7%) having moderate
pain and 10 (33.3%) having severe pain, in
second observation 28 (93.4%) having moderate
pain and 1(3.3%) each having mild and severe
pain, in third observation 11 (36.7%) having mild
pain, 19 (63.3%) having moderate pain. As look
for control group, in first observation 14 (46.6%)
having moderate pain and 16 (53.3%) are having
severe pain, in second and third observation 3
(10%) having mild and 27 (90%) having severe
pain.
A quasi experimental study conducted by Ms.
Anupriya, Mrs. Priyadarshani (2018) found that in
post-test, experimental group 24 (80%) having no
pain and only 6 (20%) are having mild pain
whereas in control group, majority 23 (77%) are
having mild pain, 1 (3%) was having moderate
pain and 6 (20%) has severe pain.
Another study was done by J Jayabharathi, R
Sridevi (2017) found before implementing
breathing exercise majority 9 (45%) had moderate
pain, 7 (35%) had severe pain and 4 (20%) had
mild pain but after implementation majority 11
(25%) had mild pain, 8 (40%) had moderate pain
and only 1 (5%) had severe pain.
Comparison of post-test pain scores of
primigravida mothers with labour pain in
experimental and control group
In this study, the mean post-test pain score of
experimental group 3.08±0.62 was lesser than the
mean post test score of control group 6.81±0.89
with mean difference is 3.7 and p value is
0.00.The calculated; value was ‘t’=17.3 greater
than the tabled value t(50) = 1.684. Hence the
study inferred that there is a significance decrease
in pain score in post-test of labour pain of
experimental and control group.
These findings are supported by a study
conducted by an experimental study conducted by
L Sruthi reported that mean labour pain score in
group I (Experimental) is 3.750 and in group II
(Control) is 5.0950. The mean difference in group
I was less than of group II with t value of 5.174
(P=<0.05) which suggest a significant reduction
on pain score in group I and group II.
Another study finding were supporting this study
conducted by V M Anju, Pillai G Sreeja (2018),
found that mean pre-test and post-test pain score
among primiparturient in the experimental and
control group, t value was 24.17, 35.17
(P=0.000), which replies significant difference in
pain level.
Comparison of mean pre-test and mean post-test
of pain scores of primigravida mothers with
labour pain in experimental group.
In this study the mean pre-test pain score
4.92±0.56 of experimental group was grater than
the mean post test score 3.08±0.62 with mean
difference is of 1.84 and p value is 0.00. Hence it
shows that Patterned Breathing Technique is
effective in reducing labour pain of first stage of
labour. The calculated value was‘t’= 9.3 is greater
than the table value t (25)= 1.708.
Above findings was supported by a quasi-
experimental study conducted by K Shilpa, S
Muraleedharan (2018) found that there is a
significant difference between mean pre-test score
(28.15) and post-test scores (18.15) of
primigravida parturient women received breathing
exercise. Mean difference was 10, t= 23.522.
Another experimental study was conducted by
Jose E Keerthi (2012) shows that in experimental
group mean score of pre and post-test is 14.09,
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8.03 with a mean difference of 6.057. Paired “t”
value (t= 35.895) indicates there is significant
reduction of labour pain after intervention.
Association between the levels of pain with
demographic characteristics during first stage of
labour among primigravida mothers.
In this study association of demographic
characteristic of primigravida mother’s pre-test
labour pain of experimental and control group
shows that there is no significant association for
age in the year, religion, education, occupation,
family income per month, areas of residence and
types of family.
Supporting with this findings one study
conducted by L Sruthi (2013) found that there is
no significant association of pain score of mother
with selected demographic variable like age,
education, occupation, family income, type of
family, gestational age at 0.05 level of
significance.
Another study conducted by V M Anju, Pillai G
Sreeja (2018) found that there is a significant
association between pain score among primi
parturient with education and monthly income
(P<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings and interpretation of the present
study, the following conclusion was drawn that the
Patterned Breathing Technique is an effective method
to reduce labour pain in first stage of labour among
primigravida mother.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are put forward as
per the findings f the study:
The similar study can be done in some different
settings.
A retrospective review can be done immediately
after delivery to assess the pain level in second
stage
A comparative study can be done with Pattern
Breathing Technique with other non-
pharmacological method (Breathing exercise,
Back massage, Meditation)
A comparative study can be done with one group
pharmacological method of pain relief with other
group non-pharmacological method for pain
relief.
A replicable study can be done with a series of
different post-test intervention.
A study can be done for multigravida mother or
elective Caesarean Section.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No
FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Self
REFERENCE
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during first stage of labour among
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