The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Bacteriological and physicochemical studies on three majorAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteriological and physicochemical properties of water samples from three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found elevated coliform and E. coli counts in the samples, indicating fecal contamination. 140 E. coli isolates were tested against antibiotics and showed high levels of resistance, with over 90% resistant to at least four antibiotics. Plasmid profiling of 20 multidrug resistant isolates found they all carried plasmids ranging in size from 2.03 to 3.13 kilobase pairs, suggesting plasmid-mediated resistance. Physicochemical tests of the water found parameters within acceptable limits. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the public water supply poses a public health risk.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
The study tested water samples from the Arroyata River in Cidra, Puerto Rico for the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococcus bacteria. Samples were collected from three sections of the river and analyzed using Colilert and Enterolert substrates. All six samples tested positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococcus, though the amounts of each bacteria decreased with increasing distance from town. The results indicate that the river water quality decreases with proximity to developed areas and that the water contains pathogens that could endanger human and animal health if ingested without treatment.
Indicator role and monitoring of microorganisms in life [autosaved]Maryam Idris
an overview of the role of microbes in determining the health and safety of life support systems including the crew members, rapid diagnostic methods and real time monitoring of enclosed ecosystems using microbes as indicators of the health statues of such systems
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
This study examined the correlation between turbidity and microorganisms in two bodies of water - a duck pond and a garden pond. Water samples from each pond were tested for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and colonies of E. coli, coliforms, and non-coliform bacteria. The garden pond had higher turbidity and more microorganism colonies than the duck pond. There was a strong correlation between increased turbidity and higher numbers of microorganisms. The results supported the hypothesis that turbidity is correlated with the amount of microorganisms in water, with more turbid water containing more microbes and lower water quality.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
Bacteriological and physicochemical studies on three majorAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteriological and physicochemical properties of water samples from three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found elevated coliform and E. coli counts in the samples, indicating fecal contamination. 140 E. coli isolates were tested against antibiotics and showed high levels of resistance, with over 90% resistant to at least four antibiotics. Plasmid profiling of 20 multidrug resistant isolates found they all carried plasmids ranging in size from 2.03 to 3.13 kilobase pairs, suggesting plasmid-mediated resistance. Physicochemical tests of the water found parameters within acceptable limits. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the public water supply poses a public health risk.
Multiple Use of Surface Water Resources and Bacteria Colonization of Water Bo...Editor IJCATR
Water samples collected along the water courses of surface water sources of domestic water supply in Ezinihite Mbaise were analyzed for bacterial species inventory and total viable count (TVC) using the multiple test tube technique and colony counters. The surface waters covered include Ariam River and other tributaries that constitute the bulk of surface water resources in the area. Eight species of bacteria including E-coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, and fecal streptococci among others were identified. Total viable counts gave alarming growth levels when compared o the standards as set by the world health organization (WHO). The microbial population explosion in the river is attributable to the multiple activities within and around the river also the uses including wash off from abattoirs carrying abattoir wastes directly into the river, domestic wastes dumped along the recharge path, others include in stream fermentation of food stuff and general laundry point for any for clothes, automobiles. All these make sufficiently available to enhance microbial growth. Surface water use should be monitored to ensure sustainability and proper management of watershed will control this trend of colonization of public water supply sources and in turn control the trends in water borne infections.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
The study tested water samples from the Arroyata River in Cidra, Puerto Rico for the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococcus bacteria. Samples were collected from three sections of the river and analyzed using Colilert and Enterolert substrates. All six samples tested positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and enterococcus, though the amounts of each bacteria decreased with increasing distance from town. The results indicate that the river water quality decreases with proximity to developed areas and that the water contains pathogens that could endanger human and animal health if ingested without treatment.
Indicator role and monitoring of microorganisms in life [autosaved]Maryam Idris
an overview of the role of microbes in determining the health and safety of life support systems including the crew members, rapid diagnostic methods and real time monitoring of enclosed ecosystems using microbes as indicators of the health statues of such systems
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
This study examined the correlation between turbidity and microorganisms in two bodies of water - a duck pond and a garden pond. Water samples from each pond were tested for turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and colonies of E. coli, coliforms, and non-coliform bacteria. The garden pond had higher turbidity and more microorganism colonies than the duck pond. There was a strong correlation between increased turbidity and higher numbers of microorganisms. The results supported the hypothesis that turbidity is correlated with the amount of microorganisms in water, with more turbid water containing more microbes and lower water quality.
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Scientific assessment of sewage in chitungwizaZELA2013
This document assesses the potential health and environmental impacts of raw sewage spills in St Mary's, Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Samples of the raw sewage found elevated levels of bacterial pathogens like E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and faecal coliforms, indicating risks of waterborne diseases. Nutrients like phosphorus and metals like iron were also found at levels outside permissible limits. The sewage poses immediate health risks like outbreaks of cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea. It also has environmental impacts like contamination of groundwater and surface water, algal blooms, and damage to the ecological balance of water systems. Urgent action is needed to properly dispose of
Cultivation-Dependent Analysis of Microorganisms Associated withAnthony Harrington
This thesis examines culturable microorganisms isolated from various hydraulic fracturing fluid samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify isolates at the genus level, which represented Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Isolates demonstrated tolerance to a wide range of salinity, pH, and temperature conditions. Some isolates were able to utilize hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source and produce biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers. Isolates also showed resistance to common biocides used in fracturing fluids. The study provides insight into microorganisms present in hydraulic fracturing fluids and their potential to impact operations.
Development of a Compact, Highly-sensitive and Low-cost Biological Monitoring...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A novel method for biological monitoring to detect toxic substances in water was developed by using the protozoan Raphidiophrys contractilis as an indicator organism. In this system (named HELIOSENSOR), the adhesion of R. contractilis to the substratum was used as a measure of the health of the living organisms. A flow-through type chamber was designed for toxicity testing, in which cells that had been damaged by harmful materials were flushed away by the water flow. The number of protozoa was continuously monitored with a digital camera. The test results revealed that this monitoring system has high durability and efficiency compared with other bio-monitoring systems, enabling us to make a quicker and easier detection of toxic substances. This system showed particularly high sensitivity to heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium. Due to high sensitivity (ex. ~ 10-7 M for Hg2+), fast response time (<20 min) and small size (30×14×20 cm), this system has distinct advantages over other conventional biomonitoring systems using multicellular animals such as fish and crustaceans.
This document summarizes a study investigating the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria in four Dutch recreational waters and the potential role of nearby wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as contamination sources. Samples were taken from recreational waters, WWTP effluents, surface waters upstream and downstream of WWTP discharge points, and additional surface waters not influenced by the WWTPs. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in all recreational waters and 62% of samples, with concentrations averaging 1.3 CFU/100ml. Isolates with identical genetic characteristics were found in WWTP effluents and surface waters, including occasionally in recreational waters, indicating WWTPs contribute to their presence. However,
This document summarizes research on using ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in water. The research tested water samples from three locations in Ambazari Lake in India over different seasons. Testing measured physio-chemical parameters like turbidity, pH, and hardness, as well as E. coli levels before and after UV treatment. Results found physio-chemical parameters within standards, and over 99.999% reduction in E. coli after UV exposure times from 0.5 to 8 hours depending on initial bacterial levels and water quality. The research concluded UV light is an effective alternative to chlorine for water disinfection, avoiding harmful chlorination byproducts, though pre-
Based on PHLS microbiological guidelines, watercress samples with less than 20 E. coli per gram are satisfactory, 20-100 E. coli represents minimum standard, and over 100 E. coli is unacceptable. A study found that of 13 samples harvested traditionally, 12 were satisfactory and 1 was minimum standard, while of 14 samples harvested non-traditionally, 9 were satisfactory but 5 were unacceptable. Traditional harvesting techniques like plant selection avoiding roots and thorough washing may reduce E. coli levels by preventing bacterial entry points, while non-traditional techniques increase contamination risks. It is recommended to use traditional harvesting to decrease health risks.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
This study isolated and evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliform bacteria from the Wudil River in Kano, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four sites along the river and analyzed physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoneae were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found that Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin were 80-90% effective, while isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin and 80% resistant to Rifampicin. The river water poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment
1. The study isolated 32 bacterial strains from chlorpyrifos contaminated soil that were able to degrade chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source.
2. Four strains - SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2, and SWLH2 - were able to degrade up to 92% of 100 mg/L chlorpyrifos within 18 days under shaking conditions at 30°C and neutral pH.
3. Analysis showed the biodegradation was directly correlated to bacterial growth, indicating it was a growth-linked process. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strains as Enterobacter spp. (SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2) and Agrobacterium (SWLH
This study evaluated the ability of ceramic clay filters to remove E. coli bacteria from water and compared flow rates through the filters at different water head heights. Ceramic clay discs were used as filters in plastic tubes. E. coli was cultured from samples and filters were tested at head heights from 4.8 to 19.2 inches. Higher head heights produced higher flow rates but also higher E. coli concentrations in filtered water, suggesting the filters were less effective at removing bacteria. The results indicated issues with the experimental methods and that further research is needed to filter additional contaminants at low concentrations.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira species in water and soils from selecte...University of Malaya
This document summarizes a study on Leptospira bacteria found in water and soil samples collected from urban sites in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 151 water and soil samples were collected from 12 recreational lakes and wet markets over 6 months. After culturing the samples and conducting PCR and other tests, 8 isolates of Leptospira bacteria were identified - 2 were pathogenic, 5 were saprophytic, and 1 was intermediate. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the 8 isolates were genetically diverse. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the urban environment highlights the importance of water screening to minimize the risk of Leptospira infection.
This document presents a student science experiment that tested different methods for disinfecting contaminated water. The student hypothesized that boiling water would be the most effective method for removing bacteria. Three disinfection methods were tested - solar disinfection, chemical treatment, and boiling. Water samples were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours and bacterial growth was measured. The results showed that boiling eliminated all bacterial growth while solar disinfection and chemical treatment showed increasing bacterial colonies over time, supporting the hypothesis that boiling is the best method for disinfecting contaminated water.
This article critically reviews important research findings on biofilm growth in DWDS, examining the factors affecting their formation and characteristics as well as the various technologies to characterize and monitor and, ultimately, to control their growth.
This study analyzed the microbial loads of air samples collected from dumpsites in three towns in Delta State, Nigeria over a 6-month period. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest near the dumpsites and decreased with distance. Bacterial counts were generally higher in July-September while fungal counts increased in October-December. Common bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Klebsiella. Fungi isolated included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Curvularia, Rhizopus and Cladosporium. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in microbial loads between dumpsites, distances from dump
Methods of collectons of water samples and microbiological (1)Kamal Singh Khadka
This document discusses methods for analyzing drinking water quality by testing for indicator bacteria. It describes the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and Membrane Filtration (MF) method. The MPN method involves diluting water samples and incubating them in growth media to detect coliforms over multiple tubes and steps. The MF method filters water through a membrane to retain bacteria, which are then cultured and counted. Both methods provide quantitative microbiological testing to detect indicator bacteria and assess drinking water safety.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Scientific assessment of sewage in chitungwizaZELA2013
This document assesses the potential health and environmental impacts of raw sewage spills in St Mary's, Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Samples of the raw sewage found elevated levels of bacterial pathogens like E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and faecal coliforms, indicating risks of waterborne diseases. Nutrients like phosphorus and metals like iron were also found at levels outside permissible limits. The sewage poses immediate health risks like outbreaks of cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea. It also has environmental impacts like contamination of groundwater and surface water, algal blooms, and damage to the ecological balance of water systems. Urgent action is needed to properly dispose of
Cultivation-Dependent Analysis of Microorganisms Associated withAnthony Harrington
This thesis examines culturable microorganisms isolated from various hydraulic fracturing fluid samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify isolates at the genus level, which represented Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Isolates demonstrated tolerance to a wide range of salinity, pH, and temperature conditions. Some isolates were able to utilize hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source and produce biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers. Isolates also showed resistance to common biocides used in fracturing fluids. The study provides insight into microorganisms present in hydraulic fracturing fluids and their potential to impact operations.
Development of a Compact, Highly-sensitive and Low-cost Biological Monitoring...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A novel method for biological monitoring to detect toxic substances in water was developed by using the protozoan Raphidiophrys contractilis as an indicator organism. In this system (named HELIOSENSOR), the adhesion of R. contractilis to the substratum was used as a measure of the health of the living organisms. A flow-through type chamber was designed for toxicity testing, in which cells that had been damaged by harmful materials were flushed away by the water flow. The number of protozoa was continuously monitored with a digital camera. The test results revealed that this monitoring system has high durability and efficiency compared with other bio-monitoring systems, enabling us to make a quicker and easier detection of toxic substances. This system showed particularly high sensitivity to heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium. Due to high sensitivity (ex. ~ 10-7 M for Hg2+), fast response time (<20 min) and small size (30×14×20 cm), this system has distinct advantages over other conventional biomonitoring systems using multicellular animals such as fish and crustaceans.
This document summarizes a study investigating the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria in four Dutch recreational waters and the potential role of nearby wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as contamination sources. Samples were taken from recreational waters, WWTP effluents, surface waters upstream and downstream of WWTP discharge points, and additional surface waters not influenced by the WWTPs. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in all recreational waters and 62% of samples, with concentrations averaging 1.3 CFU/100ml. Isolates with identical genetic characteristics were found in WWTP effluents and surface waters, including occasionally in recreational waters, indicating WWTPs contribute to their presence. However,
This document summarizes research on using ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in water. The research tested water samples from three locations in Ambazari Lake in India over different seasons. Testing measured physio-chemical parameters like turbidity, pH, and hardness, as well as E. coli levels before and after UV treatment. Results found physio-chemical parameters within standards, and over 99.999% reduction in E. coli after UV exposure times from 0.5 to 8 hours depending on initial bacterial levels and water quality. The research concluded UV light is an effective alternative to chlorine for water disinfection, avoiding harmful chlorination byproducts, though pre-
Based on PHLS microbiological guidelines, watercress samples with less than 20 E. coli per gram are satisfactory, 20-100 E. coli represents minimum standard, and over 100 E. coli is unacceptable. A study found that of 13 samples harvested traditionally, 12 were satisfactory and 1 was minimum standard, while of 14 samples harvested non-traditionally, 9 were satisfactory but 5 were unacceptable. Traditional harvesting techniques like plant selection avoiding roots and thorough washing may reduce E. coli levels by preventing bacterial entry points, while non-traditional techniques increase contamination risks. It is recommended to use traditional harvesting to decrease health risks.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
This study isolated and evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliform bacteria from the Wudil River in Kano, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four sites along the river and analyzed physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoneae were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found that Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin were 80-90% effective, while isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin and 80% resistant to Rifampicin. The river water poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment
1. The study isolated 32 bacterial strains from chlorpyrifos contaminated soil that were able to degrade chlorpyrifos as the sole carbon source.
2. Four strains - SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2, and SWLH2 - were able to degrade up to 92% of 100 mg/L chlorpyrifos within 18 days under shaking conditions at 30°C and neutral pH.
3. Analysis showed the biodegradation was directly correlated to bacterial growth, indicating it was a growth-linked process. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strains as Enterobacter spp. (SGB2, SWLC1, SWLC2) and Agrobacterium (SWLH
This study evaluated the ability of ceramic clay filters to remove E. coli bacteria from water and compared flow rates through the filters at different water head heights. Ceramic clay discs were used as filters in plastic tubes. E. coli was cultured from samples and filters were tested at head heights from 4.8 to 19.2 inches. Higher head heights produced higher flow rates but also higher E. coli concentrations in filtered water, suggesting the filters were less effective at removing bacteria. The results indicated issues with the experimental methods and that further research is needed to filter additional contaminants at low concentrations.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira species in water and soils from selecte...University of Malaya
This document summarizes a study on Leptospira bacteria found in water and soil samples collected from urban sites in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 151 water and soil samples were collected from 12 recreational lakes and wet markets over 6 months. After culturing the samples and conducting PCR and other tests, 8 isolates of Leptospira bacteria were identified - 2 were pathogenic, 5 were saprophytic, and 1 was intermediate. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the 8 isolates were genetically diverse. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the urban environment highlights the importance of water screening to minimize the risk of Leptospira infection.
This document presents a student science experiment that tested different methods for disinfecting contaminated water. The student hypothesized that boiling water would be the most effective method for removing bacteria. Three disinfection methods were tested - solar disinfection, chemical treatment, and boiling. Water samples were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours and bacterial growth was measured. The results showed that boiling eliminated all bacterial growth while solar disinfection and chemical treatment showed increasing bacterial colonies over time, supporting the hypothesis that boiling is the best method for disinfecting contaminated water.
This article critically reviews important research findings on biofilm growth in DWDS, examining the factors affecting their formation and characteristics as well as the various technologies to characterize and monitor and, ultimately, to control their growth.
This study analyzed the microbial loads of air samples collected from dumpsites in three towns in Delta State, Nigeria over a 6-month period. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest near the dumpsites and decreased with distance. Bacterial counts were generally higher in July-September while fungal counts increased in October-December. Common bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Klebsiella. Fungi isolated included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Curvularia, Rhizopus and Cladosporium. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in microbial loads between dumpsites, distances from dump
Methods of collectons of water samples and microbiological (1)Kamal Singh Khadka
This document discusses methods for analyzing drinking water quality by testing for indicator bacteria. It describes the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and Membrane Filtration (MF) method. The MPN method involves diluting water samples and incubating them in growth media to detect coliforms over multiple tubes and steps. The MF method filters water through a membrane to retain bacteria, which are then cultured and counted. Both methods provide quantitative microbiological testing to detect indicator bacteria and assess drinking water safety.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
Prevalence, Diversity of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia Coli and Associated Risk ...Babatunde Odetoyin
Abstract
Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria.
Methods: We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water.
Results: Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87.
Discussion: The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases
This study analyzed the prevalence of Escherichia coli in surface waters of Southeast Asian cities. Water samples were collected from rivers in Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Thailand during wet and dry seasons. E. coli levels were higher during the dry season and in more urban areas compared to rural areas. Further analysis identified pathogenic strains of E. coli present, including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The high levels of E. coli found, including pathogenic strains, suggest the surface waters pose a health risk if used for recreational or drinking purposes without treatment. Improved sanitation is needed,
Cluster Analysis of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria from Clarias gariepinus an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Fish is a major source of protein for humans, and it is patronized by many in the tropics – where fishes can either be cultivated in the farms domestically or caught from open water bodies such as rivers, ponds and streams. These various sources of fishes and their attendant diversity of microorganisms particularly the bacteria make fishes as potential sources of pathogens. The maintenance of the microbiological quality of food and water is important to prevent waterborne/foodborne diseases in any community, thus the need for this study. A total of 14 samples of water at different points (upstream, midstream and downstream) and 50 samples of live fishes were used for this study. Each of the fish sample was bacteriologically analyzed using the pour-plate and spread plate techniques on culture media plates. And the isolated bacteria were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the physical and chemical properties of the water. The relatedness of the isolated bacteria was established using cluster analysis/dendogram. The highest bacterial count was obtained from downstream water sample (5.6x10 cfu/ml), indicating a possible pollution of water at this point. Both aerobic heterotrophic Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria were isolated. The Gram positive bacteria isolated include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, S. hominis, S. cohnii, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Kocuria varians while the Gram negative bacteria include Raoutella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia fonticola, and Enterobacter gergoriae. Cluster analysis using dendrogram showed some degree of similarity among the different clusters of isolated bacteria. The result of this study presumptively shows that the water sample is polluted; and this in turn affects fresh water fishes in the river. Therefore the microbiological examination of the water at this study site is necessary for monitoring and controlling the quality and safety of the water for usage by the locals.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources ...Sulieman Bahar
This study tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolated from different water sources in Nyala Town, Sudan. E.coli was isolated from 50 water samples using standard methods and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the E.coli strains were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and most resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin/Sulbactam. This indicates multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli exist in the water sources of the study area, making the water potentially unsafe for drinking.
The objective of the study was determining the pot ability of water from some part of Visnupuri area Nanded. The total coliform count in drinking water samples was in the ranges of 140-920 MPN index/100 ml. The data suggested that the quality of drinking water deterioration in rural habitations of this region was due to poor sanitation & contaminated water supply. The occurrence of some pathogenic bacteria in drinking water may increase the risk of water related diseases & health
problem in local residents.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Co...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...rinzindorjej
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Investigation of a community outbreak of typhoid feverXia Mujahid
1) An investigation was conducted into an outbreak of typhoid fever in a remote village in Pakistan where over 300 people were infected and 3 died within a week.
2) Laboratory analysis found Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in all water samples from the village well, which was suspected to be the source of contamination.
3) Clinical samples from 22 patients tested positive for multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi, confirming it as the cause of the outbreak. The contaminated village well was identified as the source of the outbreak.
This study analyzed 846 E. coli isolates from 113 surface water samples and 313 E. coli isolates from 33 wastewater samples in the Netherlands. The researchers found that 26% of surface water E. coli isolates and much higher percentages of wastewater E. coli isolates (31-76%) were resistant to at least one of 8 classes of antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 11% of surface water isolates and significantly higher percentages (19-62%) of wastewater isolates. Median concentrations of multidrug resistant E. coli were highest in wastewater from health care institutions and lowest in surface water. The study indicates that municipal wastewater contributes significantly to the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant E
This document discusses water bacteriology and the use of fecal indicator bacteria to detect contamination. It describes the criteria for a good indicator bacteria, including being present in high numbers in feces. It outlines the most commonly used indicators: total coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci. The document also details methods for detecting these indicators, such as membrane filtration and culture media like EMB agar. It provides definitions and procedures for microbiological water testing and interpreting results.
The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in ogbomosoAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater samples from 10 boreholes in Ogbomoso, Nigeria over a 5 month period. Key findings include:
- Several water quality parameters like total alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD exceeded permissible levels in some samples.
- Microbial analysis found all samples contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Some also contained Salmonella-Shigella, staphylococci and molds/yeasts.
- Isolated bacteria exhibited multiple drug resistance.
- The study provides baseline data on underground water quality in Ogbomoso and suggests regular borehole cleaning
Assessment of Faecal Pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach MombasaMaxwell Azali
This document presents an overview of a study assessing levels of faecal pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach in Mombasa, Kenya. The study aims to investigate the extent of faecal pollution at different areas of the beach and whether levels vary between high and low tides. Enterococci and E. coli will be used as indicators to collect water samples from 5 stations along the beach bi-weekly over 3 months. Enumeration, data analysis and comparison to recreational water quality guidelines will help determine if the beach water is suitable for recreation.
Azali m smr 400 – research proposal 2013 11-13”Maxwell Azali
This document presents an overview of a study assessing levels of faecal pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach in Mombasa, Kenya. The study aims to investigate the extent of faecal pollution at different areas of the beach and whether levels vary between high and low tides. Enterococci and E. coli will be used as indicators to collect water samples from 5 stations along the beach bi-weekly over 3 months. Enumeration methods will analyse the samples and ANOVA will be used to compare results within and between stations and tides. The expected results will help determine if the beach water quality meets standards for recreational use.
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study characterizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Morocco. The study examined the virulence phenotypes, biofilm formation ability, and physicochemical properties of the P. aeruginosa isolates.
The results showed that the isolates expressed a range of virulence factors including proteases, lipases, and hemolysins. Most isolates were motile and able to form biofilms on polyethylene surfaces within 8-12 hours. Physicochemical characterization found the isolates possessed a range of surface properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that influence their ability to adhere to surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cell adhesion and biofilm formation on polyethylene over time.
In summary, the study
Chrlorine dioxide inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacteria...ricguer
This study evaluated the inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators by chlorine dioxide. Two viability methods, in vitro excystation and cell culture infectivity assay, produced significantly different results for C. parvum inactivation, suggesting excystation is not an adequate viability assay. Purified oocysts from three suppliers showed marked differences in resistance to chlorine dioxide inactivation. Ct values required for a 2-log inactivation ranged from 75 to 1,000 mg-min/L depending on the oocyst source. Bacterial spores were more sensitive to chlorine dioxide than C. parvum oocysts and could not be used
Estimation of validity tigris river water for swimming in baghdad cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the validity of water from the Tigris River in Baghdad for swimming. Water samples were collected from four swim areas during the swim season and tested for chemical, physical, and bacterial parameters. The results showed that temperature, pH, and dissolved solids met EPA standards, while turbidity, chlorophyll, and bacteria levels exceeded standards at some sites. A total of 77 enteric bacteria isolates were identified, with E. coli found in all samples. The study concluded that water quality varies between sites and some sites have bacterial levels that could pose health risks for swimmers.
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
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This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
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Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
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Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
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Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
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Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
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that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
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IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Www.Iosrphr.Org Volume 3, Issue 7 (August 2013), Pp 30-37
30
Antibiogram and Plasmid Profile of Escherichia Coli Isolates in
Well Water In Akure, South Western Nigeria
Bello*
, B.K1
, Adebolu, T.T2
and Oyetayo, V.O2
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: Well water samples sourced from Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria were analyzed using standard and
analytical methods to determine the level of divergence of Escherichia coli, in the well water, its antibiogram
and the plasmid profile. A total of 400 well water samples were analyzed during the raining and dry season. The
mean value of E .coli count obtained ranged from 1.0x103
cfu/ml to 3.2x103
cfu/ml. Highest E. coli count was
obtained from the sample sourced from Isolo while lowest from FUTA environment. In all, E. coli were isolated
from (76) well water sample representing 19% of the 400 sample sourced during the dry season and 108
representing 27% 400 well water sample collected during the raining season. Overall, of 184 E. coli isolates
from different well water sourced from different location in Akure were tested against the selected antimicrobial
agent. Fifty (50) representing 27.17% of the 184 E. coli isolates showed multiple resistances to (10)
antimicrobial agents tested. However, of the ten antimicrobial agents tested, resistance was highest to AM (37)
20.1% follow by SXT (32) 17.4% and CH (31)16.85%. E. coli isolates obtained from Isolo community revealed
the highest prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agent (SXT, CH, S, SP, CPS, AM, AU, and CN). The
antimicrobial agents tested were; Sulphamethoxazole (SXT) 30μg, Chloramphenicol (CH) 30μg, Sparfloxacin
(SP) 10μg, Ciprofloxacin(CPX)10μg, Amoxcillin (AM)30μg, Augmentin (AU)30μg, Gentamicin (CN)10μg,
Pefloxacin(PEF)30μg, Trivid(OFX)10μg, Streptomycin(S)30μg. Plasmid profile analysis of 50 E.coli isolates
that showed multiple resistances by agarose gel electrophoresis showed a total of 48 different plasmid bands
occurring in various combinations. The microbiological analysis of the well water sample used in this research
did not meet the recommended limits and could pose a serious health risk to consumers.
KEY WORDS: Antibiogram, Antibiotic, E. coli, Plasmid, Well water,
I. INTRODUCTION
About 70% of earth is made up of water. In spite of this, good quality water for human usage is still
inadequate. About 1.2 billion people worldwide according to [1] lack access to safe drinking water. Almost 30%
of population of people in developing country do not have access to good quality water. Dwindling municipal
water supply leads to water and sanitation crisis. For their domestic needs, people fall back on dubious water
sources, many of which contain dangerous contaminants [2]. Water for their daily needs are majorly sourced
from river, stream, well and pond [3]. However, in most towns in south western Nigeria, people depend on well
water for all domestic activities. These water sources are frequently exposed to microbial contamination from
humans, animals and the environment [4,5]. Potential sources of these pathogens in water include wastewater
effluents, combined sewer overflows, runoff from urban land, animal wastes, and municipal waste sludges
disposed off on land or in water [6,7]A significant proportion of inhabitants of these communities are therefore
exposed to water-borne diseases [8,9] which continues to grow with the increasing demands for potable water
[10]. Inadequate supply of water free from pathogenic microorganisms has a significant and devastating impact
on public health. Water intended for human consumption must therefore be free from microorganisms and
chemical substances that constitute health hazards. The microorganisms most commonly used as indicator of
microbial pollution, are Escherichia coli and the coliform group as a whole [11]. A well water is an excavation
or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access water in underground aquifers.
The well water is drawn by an electric submersible pump or a mechanical pump (eg from a water-pumping
windmill. It can also be drawn up manually using containers, such as buckets, that are raised by hand. Although
not essential, a storage tank with a pressure of 40–60 psi is usually added to the system (after the pump), so the
pump does not need to operate constantly.
To reduce the electricity required to pump up the water, often, a cistern is also added along with a small
second pump [12]. Wells can vary greatly in depth, water volume and water quality. Well water typically
contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment to soften the water by
removing minerals such as arsenic, iron and manganese contents.
2. Antibiogram And Plasmid Profile Of Escherichia Coli…
31
A well is made by reaching groundwater in the water table. Groundwater is stored naturally below the
Earth's surface. Most groundwater originates as rain or snow that seeps into the ground and collects. [13]
Escherichia coli are found as normal flora in the human intestine. E. coli and related bacteria constitute about
0.1% of gut flora, and fecal-oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the
bacterium cause disease [14]. The organism is usually harmless in the intestinal lumen. Moreover, even the most
robust members of our species may be susceptible to infection by one of several highly adapted E. coli clones
which together have evolved the ability to cause a broad spectrum of human diseases. Infections due to
pathogenic E. coli may be limited to the mucosal surfaces or can disseminate throughout the body.
Water supply in Akure metropolis is mainly from wells. The water from the well is often contaminated by
surface or runoff waters especially during rainy season and indiscriminate dumping of refuse around the wells.
In view of this, this research is focusing on the Antibiogram and Plasmid Profile of Escherichia Coli which is
the organism that is used as indicator of faecal pollution
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The water samples used in this research were sourced from four hundred (400) selected wells in Akure,
southwestern Nigeria.
2.1 Sample collection
A total of four hundred well were sampled. Water was collected from the well using sterile bottle with
tight covered. The water was collected by holding the bottle at the bottom while plunging the mouth into the
water and covered immediately after collecting the water sample. The bottle was filled leaving about 30mm of
empty space to allow mixing during laboratory analysis. Water samples were immediately transported to the
laboratory and store at 40
C prior analysis.
2.2 Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli
Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli were done using Eosine methylene blue agar (EMB).
Individual colonies showing a green metallic sheen on EMB agar were further confirmed using biochemical
tests [15,16]. The biochemical tests used to further differentiate E. coli from other feacal coliform bacteria were
indole, methyl-red, voges-proskaher and citrate test [17].
2.3 Antibiotic sensitivity tests
The antibiotic sensitivity test of the E. coli isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method
[18].
2.4 Plasmid Analysis
Plasmid profile of E. coli isolates were analysed by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis after staining with
ethidium bromide and the DNA bands were visualised by UV-transilluminator.
III. RESULTS
The mean value of E .coli count obtained during the dry season ranged from 1.0x103
cfu/ml to
2.5x103
cfu/ml. Highest E. coli count was obtained from the sample sourced from Isolo 2.5x103
cfu/ml. While
lowest was obtained from sample sourced from Ijoka. During the raining season, an increase was however noted
on the E. coli count indicating that the water has been heavily polluted with faecal contamination, the values
ranged from 3.0x103
cfu/ml to 3.2x103
cfu/ml. Highest E.coli count was obtained from Isolo (3.2x103
cfu/ml)
while lowest from FUTA metropolis. In all, E. coli were isolated from (76) well water sample representing 19%
of the 400 sample sourced during the dry season and 108 representing 27% 400 well water sample collected
during the raining season. Fig 1. This result is contrary to WHO recommendation of zero E. coli in 100ml water
sample.
3. Antibiogram And Plasmid Profile Of Escherichia Coli…
32
Fig1: E. coli count of well water samples collected in Akure metropolis at two different seasons of the year
ECDS= E. coli dry season
ECRS= E. coli raining season
NECDS= No E. coli Dry season
NECRS= No E. coli WHO raining season
Overall, of 184 E. coli isolates from different well water sourced from different location in Akure were tested
against the selected antimicrobial agent. Fifty (50) representing 27.17% of the 184 E. coli isolates showed
multiple resistant to (10) antimicrobial agents tested. During the dry season 17 representing 22.37% of the 76
isolate tested showed multiple resistant while 33 E. coli isolates representing 30.56% of the 108 isolate tested
were resistance to many antibiotics during the raining season. However, 59 isolates representing 77.63% of the
76 isolates tested were sensitive during the dry season while 75 representing 63.4% of the 108 isolates tested
were sensitive to one or more antibiotic agents tested during the raining season. Fig 2. The prevalence of
resistance of the E. coli isolates to each antimicrobial agent tested during the dry season were; SXT (17) 9.2%;
CH (13)7.06%; SP (9)4.89%; CPX (14)7.60%; AM (21) 11.4%; AU (8) 4.3%; PEF (5) 2.72%;CN (8) 4.3%
OFX (4) 2.17%; S (18) 9.78%. During the raining season the prevalence were; SXT (32) 17.4%; CH
(31)16.85%; SP (27)14.68%; CPX (23)12.5%; AM (37) 20.1%; CN 10.87%; AU (17) 9.2%; PEF (15) 8.15%;
OFX (18) 9.78%; S (29) 15.76%. Fig 2.
However, of the ten antimicrobial agents tested, resistance was highest to AM (37) 20.1% follow by SXT (32)
17.4% and CH (31)16.85%. E.coli isolates obtained from Isolo community revealed the highest prevalence of
resistance to antimicrobial agent (SXT, CH, S, SP, CPS, AM, AU, and CN). Isolates from Isolo metropolis
showed the highest resistance pattern indicating the well water from this area were of poor microbiological
quality. The antimicrobial agents tested were; Sulphamethoxazole(SXT)30μg, Chloranphenicol(CH)30μg,
Sparfloxacin(SP)10μg, Ciprofloxacin(CPX)10μg, Amoxacillin(AM)30μg, Augmentin(AU)30μg,
Gentamycin(CN)10μg, Pefloxacin(PEF)30μg, Trivid(OFX)10μg, Streptomycin(S)30μg. However, there is
variation in the prevalence of the resistance of the E. coli isolates to the antimicrobial agent tested.
4. Antibiogram And Plasmid Profile Of Escherichia Coli…
33
Fig 2: Resistance pattern of E. coli isolates of well samples collected in Akure metropolis at two different season
of the year
RDS Resistant dry season
RRS Resistance raining season
SDS Sensitive dry season
SRS Sensitive raining season
Fig 3: Prevalence of resistance of E. coli isolates from well water in Akure metropolis
SXTDS = Resistance to Sulphamethoxazole (SXT) dry season
5. Antibiogram And Plasmid Profile Of Escherichia Coli…
34
SXTDS = Resistance to Sulphamethoxazole (SXT) raining season
CHDS = Resistance to Chloranphenicol (CH) dry season
CHDS = Resistance to Chloranphenicol (CH) raining season
SPDS = Resistance to Sparfloxacin (SP) dry season
SPRS = Resistance to Sparfloxacin raining season
CPSDS = Resistance to Ciprofloxacin(CPX) dry season
CPSRS=Resistance to Ciprofloxacin(CPX) raining season
AMDS =Resistance to Amoxacillin (AM) dry season
AMRS = Resistance to Amoxacilli(AM) raining season
OFXDS= Resistance to Trivid(OFX) dry season
OFXDS= Resistance to Trivid(OFX) raining season
SDS= Resistance to Streptomycin(S) dry season
SRS= Resistance to Streptomycin(S) dry season
AUDS= Resistance to Augmentin(AU) dry season
AURS= Resistance to Augmentin (AU) rain season
CNDS = Resistance to Gentamycin(CN) dry season
CNRS= Resistance to Gentamycin(CN) R S
PEFDS= Resistance to Pefloxacin(PEF) dry season
PEFRS= Resistance to Pefloxacin(PEF) R. season
Fig. 4 & 5 shows the plasmid profile of the E. coli isolates that shows multiple resistances to one or more
antibiotics. Plasmid profile analysis of 50 E.coli isolates by agarose gel electrophoresis showed a total of 48
different plasmid bands occuring in various combinations.
Fig. 4: plasmid profile of E. coli isolates obtained from well water during raining season analysed by 0.8%
agarose gel electrophoresis after staining with ethidium bromide and the DNA bands were visualised
by UV-transilluminator.
Fig. 5: plasmid profile of E. coli isolates obtained from well water during dry season analysed by 0.8%
agarose gel electrophoresis after staining with ethidium bromide and the DNA bands were visualised by UV-
transilluminator.
6. Antibiogram And Plasmid Profile Of Escherichia Coli…
35
IV. DISCUSSION
The fact, that water is essential to all known forms of life cannot be over emphasized. The provision of
clean drinking water and discharge of adequately treated wastewater is a fundamental requirement for human
life [19]. man need water for industrial development, Irrigation to grow food, wash everyday item, sanitations
needs, water makes up about 90% of cytoplasm, water is used as hydration to sustain health among others.
However, inadequate safe drinking water, lack of proper sewage disposal system and drainage system and
inadequate general environmental sanitation measures had resulted into a number of water diseases that claims
millions of lives every year in developing countries [20]. Major factors affecting the microbial quality of surface
water and underground waters are sewage disposal treatment surface runoff water, seepage from nearby sewage
or septic tank [21]. Most wells are often highly contaminated were there are high concentration of physical and
chemical parameter above the acceptable standard [22].
The results of this research revealed the E. coli count, the plasmid profile and the antibiotic sensitivity
pattern of the E. coli isolates of the well water samples in Akure metropolis. This is to ascertain whether or not
the well water is microbiologically safe for human consumption and other domestic use. According to the result
obtained in this study it was revealed that of the four hundred samples well water sourced during the dry
season, (76) well water sample representing 19% of the 400 sample sourced contain E. coli while 108
representing 27% 400 well water sample collected during the raining season contain E. coli. this corroborated
the findings of [23]who reported 28.72% of E.coli occurrence in rain water in Ondo state. An indication that
seasonal variation greatly has effect on the microbiological quality of the well water. The presence of this
organism in the well water studied has an implication for public health. Species of this organism have been
associated with human intestinal diseases [24]. However, this result is contrary or against WHO
recommendation of zero E coli in 100ml water sample [25].
Highest recovery of E. coli from Isolo metropolis during the raining season is an indication that the
water has been subjected to faecal contamination which may occur as a result of poor sanitation, closeness of the
well to a pit latrine, poor sewage disposal systems, surface runoff and seepage from contaminated ground water
and waste water [26]. [27,28,29,30]stated that water sources such as well and river serve as natural habitat for
pathogenic E. coli strains that possess virulence factors that could cause gastrointestinal diseases. The virulence
strains of E. coli are categorically divided into enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC),
enteroaggretative E. coli (EAEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC) [31].
The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the E. coli isolates obtained in this research reveals that larger percentage of
the E. coli was resistant to one or more of the antimicrobial agent tested. [32] reported more than 50% isolates
of vibro species to showed resistance against five commonly used antibiotics : ampicillin, ceftadizime,
erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime. The findings in the present study reveal high percentage of E. coli
isolates being resistant to Amoxacillin (AM), Sulphamethoxazole (SXT), and Chloranphenicol (CH). [33]
reported multiple resistance to antibiotic by strains of E.coli. [34] reported E.coli isolates to be resistant to
antibiotic such as Amoxacillin (AM), Sulphamethoxazole (SXT) and chloramphenicol. The fact that some of
these E. coli isolates show high level of resistance to some of the antimicrobial agents used is an indication that
theses antibiotics have been abused or often used for the treatment of bacterial infection hence, the possibility of
building resistance against the antimicrobial agent. [35] reported multi resistant pattern of the E.coli isolates of
urinary tract infection.
The results from this research revealed that of all the E. coli isolates, isolates from well water obtained
from Isolo revealed the highest level of resistance to one or more antimicrobial agent. This may also be
attributed to the transfer of resistance gene (plasmid) from one organism to another since plasmids are easily
acquired by organisms. The high microbial load of the well water in this metropolis may be a significant factor
in transferring resistance gene from one organism to another. Resistance pattern may demonstrate multiple
resistances to many antimicrobial agents and could have therapeutic consequences. The detection of many E.
coli isolates resistant patterns was not unexpected. Resistance to antimicrobial agents is most common in areas
with high usage of antibiotics such as hospitals [36]. The observed rare bacterial resistance to Trivid, Aumentin
and pefloxacin has been attributed to the restricted use of the drug. [37]. The low toxicity of some of the
antibiotics use in this research has resulted in the overuse in the medical community, hence the observed
increased resistance. Plasmid profile analysis of 50 E.coli isolates by agarose gel electrophoresis showed a total
of 48 different plasmid bands occuring in various combinations. [38] found 25 different plasmid bands in 63 E.
coli isolates. The distribution of different plasmids among these isolates appeared to have been at random. The
plasmid profiles were compared with reference DNA molecular weight marker (Hind III digest of Lambda
DNA). After electrophoresis, the band size was estimated by careful eyes estimation. There was little
interrelationship between the plasmid profile pattern
7. Antibiogram And Plasmid Profile Of Escherichia Coli…
36
V. CONCLUSION
The microbiological analysis of the well water sample used in this research did not meet the
recommended limits and could pose a serious health risk to consumers if used. This emphasizes the urgent need
of Government intervention in the provision of safe water supply and provision of proper sanitation facilities for
people living in Akure metropolis.
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