Abstract In aerospace industries, many working tasks required their workers to perform works in push-pull activity. It is associated with an awkward posture. The awkward posture is a practical working posture when joints are not in neutral position. Furthermore, the workers need to push or pull the mould in a long distance into a workplace. If the workers perform the activity continuously throughout the working hours, they may be experienced back pain problem. The objective of this study is to measure the maximum acceptable initial force and sustained force for push-pull activity while workers perform their tasks. Besides that, this study also wants to identify which activity can endure longer between push or pull activity. Moreover, this study measures the comfort level of working posture. The acceptable initial force and sustained force were measured using Push-Pull Analysis, expressed in Newton, N. The comfort level is measured using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) Analysis, expressed in scoring level. Both of these assessments are analysis tools Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA) software. Six production workers from manufacturing department were participated as subjects. The results show the maximum acceptable initial force for push task is 433.942N and pull task is 396.691N. While, the sustained force for push task is 333.465N and pull task is 318.317N. Referring to the results, pushing activity can endure longer than pulling activity while workers perform their tasks. While the comfort level for this working posture is seven. Based on this study, the authors concluded that push-pull activity can lead to the back pain problem for workers in aerospace industry. It’s was influenced by the work activity, work load, work duration of awkward posture and distance between workplace. Keywords:Push-pull activity, awkward posture, Acceptable initial force, Acceptable sustained force, Comfort level
Intervention of Ergonomics in Hand Driven Cotton Spinning OperationWaqas Tariq
Cotton spinning is an important operation in small scale and cottage textile industries in India. A large number of women workers in these industries perform cotton spinning task adopting squatting posture in traditional workshops.. Forty operators were questioned regarding work related musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs. Among the operators, severe cervical and lumber joint problems along with knee, joint pains and shoulders were more prevalent compared to other body regions. Based on the problems found, a new workstation was developed and ten operators were asked to work in the same workstation. Certain aspects regarding the ergonomic evaluation for those workers are discussed in this study. They were observed and evaluated with the RULA technique and there opinion on the improvement was asked based on the task, most frequent, they performed. It is revealed that the suggested workstation improves working posture and results in reduced postural stress on operators’ bodies and, consequently, reduce prevalence of MSDs symptoms.
IRJET- Applications of Ergonomic Analysis Tools in an Industry: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of ergonomic analysis tools used in industry. It discusses several tools for ergonomic assessment, including REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System), and NIOSH surveys. The review summarizes several research studies that have applied these tools to analyze risks in various industries and tasks, such as small-scale casting, manual material handling, and fixed workstations. The goal of the research is to identify risks, improve worker comfort and safety, and reduce musculoskeletal disorders through ergonomic assessment and redesign of workspaces.
Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Companyijtsrd
The process of Shifting material manually has the potential for injury to employees. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the injury risk level in manual handling activity, as well as to improve the condition. The observed manual material handling activity is truck loading. This activity was analyzed using different software such as NIOSH equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and compression force using 3DSSPP software as well as Nordic body map questionnaire was used to identify body discomfort level. In this study 5 male truck loading operators were taken as subjects, they are loading boxes from stacking area to truck manually. The task involved small repetitive movement while handling material, due to this the load man has faced work related musculoskeletal problems. The Nordic questionnaire is spread among the workers for collecting data, after collecting all information sorted out and analyzes the body parts using above software. The outcome shows that most of the workers who carry out activities have a high level of risk with the score of REBA exceeds points 12 risk is very high, need immediate changes required to improve the task , Literature survey indicates the lifting index should not be in more than 1, but the value obtained is 7.591 the job is more dangerous and stressful . Compression force exceeds the actual limit of 3400, but in this manual handling having compression force is 3408. When the Nordic body mapping method the major discomfort was found in the body parts such as Lower back, Forearm, upper arm. Based on the suggestion conveyor system is introduced and we re assess risk level of the body parts and the result shows that the risk level decreased up to 50 . Therefore replacing manual handling system with the conveyor system with reduces the lower back pain. Mohamed Ismail. S | Muthukumar. K ""Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Company"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23112.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23112/risk-assessment-in-manual-material-handling-of-an-edible-oil-company/mohamed-ismail-s
Optimization of the lifting height causing musculoskeletal disordersIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that aimed to develop an ergonomic model to predict posture for workers performing lifting tasks using soft computing techniques. Experiments were conducted on subjects of different ages and heights lifting weights of varying heights. Observations were analyzed using fuzzy logic in MATLAB. Rule views and surface plots showed the relationship between lifting height, frequency, age and risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The study concluded by providing optimized lifting heights to minimize risk of disorders for different age groups.
This study examined the impact of manual tasks on 26 workers in an oil servicing company in Nigeria. The workers' heart rate, oxygen consumption, and relative aerobic strain (RAS) were measured during work. Based on RAS, 8-9 workers (30-35%) had task demands within their capacity, while 18-17 workers (69-65%) had demands beyond their capacity. The results indicate that the manual tasks negatively impact the majority of workers. It is recommended to redesign jobs to reduce workload and assess worker fitness before employment to ensure safety.
THE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MESHING OF DOUBLE HELICAL GEARIJARIIT
The document describes a study analyzing stress in double helical gears using finite element analysis. It discusses previous research on gear stress analysis. The study models two gear stages and performs static structural analysis under specified loads. Results show maximum stress exceeds the material yield strength. The gear geometry is then modified by adding a hole, tapering tooth edges, and adding a groove to reduce stress concentrations. Modified models are re-analyzed to evaluate effect on stress levels.
Major Project For B.TECH/B.E Final Year Student (Ergonomics)IMRAN ALAM
This document presents a study on applying ergonomics principles to various aspects of an engineering college. The study examines ergonomics in the classroom, workshop, buses, and gates. Classroom furniture, workshop machinery, bus interiors, and gate design are evaluated and improvements are suggested based on ergonomic guidelines. The goal is to increase safety, comfort, productivity and ease of use for students and staff.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMECHANIC METHODS FOR ERGONOMIC EVALUATION: COMPARISON WITH ...IAEME Publication
Various methods have been developed to evaluate workload in everyday life, and various methods of observation have been carried out. But it is still a debate until now. In this journal, the development of biomechanical methods for evaluating workloads which ergonomics will then be compared with the observation method. The observation method used is the SCANIA Ergonomics Standard (SES) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods which will be used to assess ergonomic workloads on two simulation workstations such as tightening, loosening, or increasing the number of pipes, and carrying out other actions. Sensors are also used to measure biomechanical data (Inclinometers, Accelerometers, and Goniometers). The results obtained show an assessment of the risk factors of RULA and SES according to the final results using biomechanical methods. However, there is a mismatch in the neck and wrist posture. In conclusion, the biomechanical approach is more appropriate than the observation method, but several risk factors are evaluated by unmeasured observation methods with biomechanical techniques that have been developed.
Intervention of Ergonomics in Hand Driven Cotton Spinning OperationWaqas Tariq
Cotton spinning is an important operation in small scale and cottage textile industries in India. A large number of women workers in these industries perform cotton spinning task adopting squatting posture in traditional workshops.. Forty operators were questioned regarding work related musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs. Among the operators, severe cervical and lumber joint problems along with knee, joint pains and shoulders were more prevalent compared to other body regions. Based on the problems found, a new workstation was developed and ten operators were asked to work in the same workstation. Certain aspects regarding the ergonomic evaluation for those workers are discussed in this study. They were observed and evaluated with the RULA technique and there opinion on the improvement was asked based on the task, most frequent, they performed. It is revealed that the suggested workstation improves working posture and results in reduced postural stress on operators’ bodies and, consequently, reduce prevalence of MSDs symptoms.
IRJET- Applications of Ergonomic Analysis Tools in an Industry: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of ergonomic analysis tools used in industry. It discusses several tools for ergonomic assessment, including REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System), and NIOSH surveys. The review summarizes several research studies that have applied these tools to analyze risks in various industries and tasks, such as small-scale casting, manual material handling, and fixed workstations. The goal of the research is to identify risks, improve worker comfort and safety, and reduce musculoskeletal disorders through ergonomic assessment and redesign of workspaces.
Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Companyijtsrd
The process of Shifting material manually has the potential for injury to employees. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the injury risk level in manual handling activity, as well as to improve the condition. The observed manual material handling activity is truck loading. This activity was analyzed using different software such as NIOSH equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and compression force using 3DSSPP software as well as Nordic body map questionnaire was used to identify body discomfort level. In this study 5 male truck loading operators were taken as subjects, they are loading boxes from stacking area to truck manually. The task involved small repetitive movement while handling material, due to this the load man has faced work related musculoskeletal problems. The Nordic questionnaire is spread among the workers for collecting data, after collecting all information sorted out and analyzes the body parts using above software. The outcome shows that most of the workers who carry out activities have a high level of risk with the score of REBA exceeds points 12 risk is very high, need immediate changes required to improve the task , Literature survey indicates the lifting index should not be in more than 1, but the value obtained is 7.591 the job is more dangerous and stressful . Compression force exceeds the actual limit of 3400, but in this manual handling having compression force is 3408. When the Nordic body mapping method the major discomfort was found in the body parts such as Lower back, Forearm, upper arm. Based on the suggestion conveyor system is introduced and we re assess risk level of the body parts and the result shows that the risk level decreased up to 50 . Therefore replacing manual handling system with the conveyor system with reduces the lower back pain. Mohamed Ismail. S | Muthukumar. K ""Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Company"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23112.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23112/risk-assessment-in-manual-material-handling-of-an-edible-oil-company/mohamed-ismail-s
Optimization of the lifting height causing musculoskeletal disordersIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that aimed to develop an ergonomic model to predict posture for workers performing lifting tasks using soft computing techniques. Experiments were conducted on subjects of different ages and heights lifting weights of varying heights. Observations were analyzed using fuzzy logic in MATLAB. Rule views and surface plots showed the relationship between lifting height, frequency, age and risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The study concluded by providing optimized lifting heights to minimize risk of disorders for different age groups.
This study examined the impact of manual tasks on 26 workers in an oil servicing company in Nigeria. The workers' heart rate, oxygen consumption, and relative aerobic strain (RAS) were measured during work. Based on RAS, 8-9 workers (30-35%) had task demands within their capacity, while 18-17 workers (69-65%) had demands beyond their capacity. The results indicate that the manual tasks negatively impact the majority of workers. It is recommended to redesign jobs to reduce workload and assess worker fitness before employment to ensure safety.
THE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MESHING OF DOUBLE HELICAL GEARIJARIIT
The document describes a study analyzing stress in double helical gears using finite element analysis. It discusses previous research on gear stress analysis. The study models two gear stages and performs static structural analysis under specified loads. Results show maximum stress exceeds the material yield strength. The gear geometry is then modified by adding a hole, tapering tooth edges, and adding a groove to reduce stress concentrations. Modified models are re-analyzed to evaluate effect on stress levels.
Major Project For B.TECH/B.E Final Year Student (Ergonomics)IMRAN ALAM
This document presents a study on applying ergonomics principles to various aspects of an engineering college. The study examines ergonomics in the classroom, workshop, buses, and gates. Classroom furniture, workshop machinery, bus interiors, and gate design are evaluated and improvements are suggested based on ergonomic guidelines. The goal is to increase safety, comfort, productivity and ease of use for students and staff.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMECHANIC METHODS FOR ERGONOMIC EVALUATION: COMPARISON WITH ...IAEME Publication
Various methods have been developed to evaluate workload in everyday life, and various methods of observation have been carried out. But it is still a debate until now. In this journal, the development of biomechanical methods for evaluating workloads which ergonomics will then be compared with the observation method. The observation method used is the SCANIA Ergonomics Standard (SES) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods which will be used to assess ergonomic workloads on two simulation workstations such as tightening, loosening, or increasing the number of pipes, and carrying out other actions. Sensors are also used to measure biomechanical data (Inclinometers, Accelerometers, and Goniometers). The results obtained show an assessment of the risk factors of RULA and SES according to the final results using biomechanical methods. However, there is a mismatch in the neck and wrist posture. In conclusion, the biomechanical approach is more appropriate than the observation method, but several risk factors are evaluated by unmeasured observation methods with biomechanical techniques that have been developed.
Application of Human Factor Engineering in the Design and Development of Pro...IJMER
Several studies have shown that there is a need of ergonomically fit sewing machine
workstation so that sewing machine operators can perform their faddy tasks comfortably. The present
study was initiated where worker’s perceptions were measured by preparing questionnaire to find out
difficulties during sewing machine work. Questionnaireswere filled up by 100 sewing machine
operators from different parts of the region. Questionnaire included the different modules which are
Perceived posture, localized postural discomfort andestimatedendurance time. Worker’s perceptions
were analyzed by finding their critical values.Based on the criticality index, recommended parameters
were performed on selected operators.Nine sewing machine operators performed experiments at twelve
different combinations of table height, desk slope and pedal position. ANOVA technique was used to
analyze the data obtained from nine selected sewing machine operators after performing experiments
and the dimensional adjustment of sewing machine workstation was made, in relation to desk height,
desk slope and pedal position. The recommendations were formulated in order to minimize the load on
the musculoskeletal system during operation in terms of anthropometric dimensions with respect to
sewing desk height, desk slope and pedal position.
Study of analysis of bus passenger tie rod a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the study of buckling load on the Tie rod of steering system that undergoes an axial compression. Because of the external factors like road condition, different driving situations, different road adhesion, traffic conditions, vibrations and sudden jerks are sets up in tie rod. Tie rod generally buckle under the action of compressive force due to the large ratio of tie rod length to its radius of gyration. When it becomes worn out, steering will become more difficult and the vehicle will also typically be pulling or dragging to either side. Thus the aim of the project is to analyze tie rod for to improve the mass and buckling load of tie rod and to find out maximum deformation and stress. Present research is divided in two parts. First, to conduct survey amongst the buses, examine the causes of failure and second is to design and analysis to recommend best possible alternatives of Tie Rod with the aid of advanced design tools like CAD. Tie Rod failure is one of the major problems facing for MSRTC workshop supervisor. Key Words: Buckling Load, Compressive Load, CAD, FEM, MSRTC Bus, Tie Rod etc…
Design and development of sensorless based 5-DOF bilaterally controlled surgi...journalBEEI
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is one of the most challenging tasks in surgical procedures due to the lack of visibility of the surgical area, instrument orientation, and depth perception. A tele-operated robot assisted minimally invasive surgery is developed to enhance a surgeon's hand dexterity and accuracy. To perform MIS, the surgeon controls a slave manipulator via a master manipulator, so the force feedback and motion feedback are required to imitate an amount of action and reaction force between master and slave manipulator. The complicated MIS requires more complex surgical manipulator with multi DOFs and multiple force feedback. The limitation of multiple DOFs force feedback is a bandwidth of torque sensors. Therefore, this study proposes a sensorless based 5-DOF Bilaterally controlled surgical manipulation. In this research disturbance observer (DOB) is used to identify the internal disturbance of the system, which is used to estimate the reaction torque. This research mainly focuses on a 5-DOF bilaterally controlled surgical manipulator to maintain a position and additional force. The result of torque error in contact motion is less than 2%, the non-contact motion error is not over 5%, and it is evident that the error is always less than 0.3% for the position response.
IRJET- Effect of Change of Parameters on Bending Stress in GearIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of changing parameters on bending stress in spur gears. The study models and simulates spur gear sets using CATIA and ANSYS Workbench software. It analyzes bending stress by varying the face width, number of teeth, and root fillet radius of the gear based on AGMA standards and Lewis equations. The results show that increasing the face width, number of teeth, and root fillet radius decreases the bending stress at the gear tooth interface and fillet region. The FEA results closely match the calculated stresses from standards. Increasing the parameters helps reduce bending stresses and strengthen the gear tooth.
Ergonomics Analysis of Blanket Lifting Technique Using Posture Evaluation In...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Ergonomic analysis of blanket lifting technique using Posture Evaluation Index (PEI) Method in Virtual Environment. This research was conducted to study the ergonomic aspect of blanket/linens patient lifting technique in a virtual environment. Analysis phase was done using software Jack 6.1 which is one of ergonomic software that using digital human modeling technology. PEI was used as an approach that integrated results of three methods: lower back analysis (LBA), ovako working posture analysis (OWAS), and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA). The research objective is to analysis ergonomic aspects of blanket patient lifting process and to determine the most ergonomic posture during the patient lifting process. The ergonomic analysis only bed to bed blanket lifting process. The results show that the posture during lifting process had enough amount of risk that can injure the musculoskeletal system of the nurses. This research enriches the body of is the first research in Indonesia that applied virtual environment approach to ergonomics analysis in nursing process.
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of jump circuit training and on court volleyball conditioning on explosive power among volleyball players. To achieve the purpose thirty volleyball players were randomly selected as subjects from the department of physical education, Annamalai University. The subject were divided into three groups each comprising of ten each as experimental-I (court volleyball conditioning), experimental-II (jump circuit training) and control groups. The average age, height, and weight of the experimental group were 17 to 24 years. The experimental group-I and experimental-II had undergone 60 minutes of court volleyball conditioning and jump circuit training three alternate days in a week for eight weeks whereas control group did not participate any type of specific training. The criterion variables confined to this study were explosive power measured by sergeant jump before and after the training programme. The collected data were statistically analysed by using analysis of co variance (ANCOVA). On the basis of the result, it was found that there was significant improvement on explosive power due to the above said training among volleyball players.
Development of a Comfortable Ergonomic Chair for WorkersIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of an ergonomic chair for workers who must stand continuously in manufacturing industries. A survey found that such standing positions can cause health issues like leg and back pain.
2. The researchers designed a chair that acts like an exoskeleton for the legs, with straps around the thighs to support workers both while standing and walking. They evaluated the chair's comfort through questionnaires with workers.
3. Workers reported feeling less pain and discomfort when using the chair compared to standing continuously. The chair was found to improve worker comfort and efficiency while also promoting better health compared to traditional standing work positions.
This document summarizes a student's project work on investigating work-related musculoskeletal disorders among hand screen printing workers. The student conducted statistical analysis on 385 participants to identify risk factors for lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Experimental analysis was also conducted on 11 participants to analyze muscle activity and fatigue in the upper extremities and lower back during printing using electromyography. The results found independent risk factors like age, experience and gender were associated with lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Electromyography analysis found the deltoid, trapezius major and subcapularis muscles experience the highest loads during printing.
This document presents analytical equations for rotational balancing of machines. It begins by introducing rotational unbalance as an uneven mass distribution that causes vibration. Single plane balancing with one unbalanced mass is modeled using reaction forces and moments. Equations are derived to calculate the magnitude and location of an unbalance based on measured forces. Double plane balancing, with unbalances in two planes, is more complex and the document presents novel equations to solve it analytically rather than through graphical methods. The equations were tested on examples from textbooks. The goal is to provide a simpler analytical approach to rotational balancing compared to existing graphical techniques.
A Review on Dynamic Analysis of Machine StructureIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of dynamic analysis techniques for machine structures. It discusses how dynamic analysis is used to determine vibration characteristics and model the behavior of structures under forced vibrations. The review covers several papers that analyze machine components like crankshafts, connecting rods, and foundations using finite element modeling and modal analysis. The goal of dynamic analysis is to understand vibration response, optimize designs, and prevent structural failures from resonance.
IRJET- Design Analysis & Optimization of Two Wheeler HandlebarIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural and modal analysis of a motorcycle handlebar using finite element analysis (FEA). The handlebar was modeled in CREO and analyzed in ANSYS to determine its natural frequencies and mode shapes through modal analysis and to calculate stresses and deformations through structural analysis. Three materials were considered for structural analysis. Experimental testing was also conducted and showed good correlation with the FEA results, with an average error of 8-10%. The analyses aimed to optimize the handlebar design to reduce vibrations and improve rider comfort and safety.
Modeling and Reduction of Root Fillet Stress in Spur Gear Using Stress Relie...IJMER
A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational forces. Gears
are commonly used for transmitting power. Gear teeth failure due to fatigue is a common fact
observed. Even a small reduction in the root tensile stress results in great raise in the fatigue life of a
gear. They develop high stress concentration at the root and the point of contact. The repeated
stressing on the fillets causes the fatigue failure of gear tooth. For many years, gear design has been
improved by using better material, hardening surfaces with carburization and heat treatment, and shot
penning to improve surface finish etc. Few more hard work have been made to improve the durability
and strength by changing the pressure angle, using the asymmetric teeth, varying the geometry of root
fillet curve and so on. The majority of the above systems don't ensure the compatibility of the current
rigging frameworks. This work presents the possibilities of utilizing the stress redistribution techniques
by introducing the Stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the advantage of reduction of root
fillet stress in spur gear
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
This document provides details of the design process for a forward and backward stepper exercise machine. It includes initial concept sketches, chosen concept details, layout sketches, embodiment design, force analysis, buckling analysis, bearing selection, manufacturing details, and CAD renderings. The design is intended to help users with limited hip mobility perform physiotherapy exercises at home through controlled forward and backward stepping motions of the foot. Key considerations include providing adjustable resistance, a compact design suitable for home use, and incorporating an electronic display.
It is very common to find readymade chairs and
tables being used in the workplaces used for Video Display
Terminal (VDT) tasks. Various problems have been associated
with the use of VDTs, including visual problems, muscle aches
and pains, repetitive trauma injuries etc. Visual problems, muscle
aches and pains are some of the common complaints reported by
VDT operators. When workstations are poorly designed, the
result is poor posture because excessive strains are placed on a
particular group of muscles, and discomfort level is increased.
The objective of this paper is to propose an ergonomically
designed a Recommended Chair and Work Surface dimensions
for VDT Tasks for Indian Software Professionals appropriate
chair and table dimensions with respect to the Indian
anthropometric data have been recommended and presented.
This document provides classification systems for pelvic ring and acetabular fractures developed by Pennal and Tile and Judet and Letournel. It begins with definitions of terms used in the classification. The pelvic ring classification is then described, dividing fractures into types based on stability (stable, partially stable, unstable). Each type is further divided into groups and subgroups with specific fracture patterns. The acetabular classification also divides fractures into types based on involvement of columns and articular surface. Each type has subgroups describing the specific fracture location and features.
Novel model for rural housing developmenteSAT Journals
Abstract It was once said, that a man travels the world over in search of what he needs and returns home to find it. It underlines the basic need for every individual to have a roof above his head. The Indian growth story has caught the imagination of the entire world, as a sleeping giant awakens from its slumber. But the ground reality in the 9th richest country of the world, paints a different picture. 70% of the country’s population lives in rural villages, and there are 78 million homeless people despite the country’s growing economic stature. It becomes the duty of the nation to provide affordable and practical housing to its most important resource, its human capital. The main aim of this paper is to investigate on process and materials that provide affordable, efficient housing to the homeless of the country. It explores the possibilities of using low-cost substitutes to conventional building materials. It further attempts to enhance the living conditions in rural regions by developing alternate methods of generating electricity, smart roof structure to provide ambient light and a comprehensive business model to carry out implementation of such a project on a large scale. The housing technique discussed by this paper addresses the above issues by putting forward a blueprint for building a cleaner, brighter and prosperous tomorrow. Keywords: Rural, Rural Housing, Smart Roof, and Alternate materials
Performance measures for internet server by using m m m queueing modeleSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of an internet server system using queueing models. Specifically, it examines a single queue multiple server (M/M/m) model. Key points:
- The system has multiple exchange servers that route requests to multiple parallel internet servers, allowing multiple requests to be served simultaneously.
- Performance is measured using metrics like utilization, queue length, waiting time and response time. Formulas for each are provided based on the M/M/m model.
- This model is compared to previous work on a single queue single server (M/M/1) model, noting the M/M/m model provides better performance due to its ability to serve multiple requests in parallel.
Optimized study of one bit comparator using reversible logic gateseSAT Journals
Abstract In digital electronics, the power dissipation is the major problem. So that the reversible gate can be implemented in microelectronics and electronics which have low power dissipation in the digital designing because, in the reversible state in reversible logic it will use no energy. Hence reversible logic has ability to reduce the power dissipation in digital designing. In the Reversible logic, reversibility have a special condition which is reversible computing and reversible computing is based on the principle of BIJECTION DEVICE with a same no. of input and output which means one to one mapping. Reversible logic has numerous applications in the field of electronics and microelectronics which are ultra low power in nanoscale computing, quantum computing, emerging nanotechnology cellular automata and the other approach of reversible logic is ballistic computation, mechanical computation which are the basic technology. This paper presents an optimization of reversible comparator using the existing reversible gates and proposed new Reversible one bit comparator using BVF gate. A comparative result is presented in terms of number of gates, number of garbage outputs, number of constant inputs and Quantum cost. Keywords— advanced computing, Reversible logic circuits, reversible logic gates and comparator
Data slicing technique to privacy preserving and data publishingeSAT Journals
Abstract Many techniques have been designed for privacy preserving and micro data publishing, such as generalization and bucketization. Several works showed that generalization loses some amount of information especially for high dimensional data. So it’s not efficient for high dimensional data. In case of Bucketization, it does not prevents membership disclosure and also does not applicable for data that do not have a clear separation between Quasi-identifying attributes and sensitive attributes. In this paper, we presenting an innovative technique called data slicing which partitions the data. An efficient algorithm is developed for computing sliced data that obeys l-diversity requirement. we also show how data slicing is better than generalization and bucketization. Data slicing preserves better utility than generalization and also does not requires clear separation between Quasi-identifying and sensitive attributes. Data slicing is also used to prevent attribute disclosure and develop an efficient algorithm for computing the sliced data that obeys l-diversity requirement. Experimental results confirm that data slicing preserves data utility than generalization and more effective than bucketization involving sensitive attributes. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. Keywords –Privacy preserving, Data Security, Data Publishing, Microdata
Application of Human Factor Engineering in the Design and Development of Pro...IJMER
Several studies have shown that there is a need of ergonomically fit sewing machine
workstation so that sewing machine operators can perform their faddy tasks comfortably. The present
study was initiated where worker’s perceptions were measured by preparing questionnaire to find out
difficulties during sewing machine work. Questionnaireswere filled up by 100 sewing machine
operators from different parts of the region. Questionnaire included the different modules which are
Perceived posture, localized postural discomfort andestimatedendurance time. Worker’s perceptions
were analyzed by finding their critical values.Based on the criticality index, recommended parameters
were performed on selected operators.Nine sewing machine operators performed experiments at twelve
different combinations of table height, desk slope and pedal position. ANOVA technique was used to
analyze the data obtained from nine selected sewing machine operators after performing experiments
and the dimensional adjustment of sewing machine workstation was made, in relation to desk height,
desk slope and pedal position. The recommendations were formulated in order to minimize the load on
the musculoskeletal system during operation in terms of anthropometric dimensions with respect to
sewing desk height, desk slope and pedal position.
Study of analysis of bus passenger tie rod a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the study of buckling load on the Tie rod of steering system that undergoes an axial compression. Because of the external factors like road condition, different driving situations, different road adhesion, traffic conditions, vibrations and sudden jerks are sets up in tie rod. Tie rod generally buckle under the action of compressive force due to the large ratio of tie rod length to its radius of gyration. When it becomes worn out, steering will become more difficult and the vehicle will also typically be pulling or dragging to either side. Thus the aim of the project is to analyze tie rod for to improve the mass and buckling load of tie rod and to find out maximum deformation and stress. Present research is divided in two parts. First, to conduct survey amongst the buses, examine the causes of failure and second is to design and analysis to recommend best possible alternatives of Tie Rod with the aid of advanced design tools like CAD. Tie Rod failure is one of the major problems facing for MSRTC workshop supervisor. Key Words: Buckling Load, Compressive Load, CAD, FEM, MSRTC Bus, Tie Rod etc…
Design and development of sensorless based 5-DOF bilaterally controlled surgi...journalBEEI
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is one of the most challenging tasks in surgical procedures due to the lack of visibility of the surgical area, instrument orientation, and depth perception. A tele-operated robot assisted minimally invasive surgery is developed to enhance a surgeon's hand dexterity and accuracy. To perform MIS, the surgeon controls a slave manipulator via a master manipulator, so the force feedback and motion feedback are required to imitate an amount of action and reaction force between master and slave manipulator. The complicated MIS requires more complex surgical manipulator with multi DOFs and multiple force feedback. The limitation of multiple DOFs force feedback is a bandwidth of torque sensors. Therefore, this study proposes a sensorless based 5-DOF Bilaterally controlled surgical manipulation. In this research disturbance observer (DOB) is used to identify the internal disturbance of the system, which is used to estimate the reaction torque. This research mainly focuses on a 5-DOF bilaterally controlled surgical manipulator to maintain a position and additional force. The result of torque error in contact motion is less than 2%, the non-contact motion error is not over 5%, and it is evident that the error is always less than 0.3% for the position response.
IRJET- Effect of Change of Parameters on Bending Stress in GearIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of changing parameters on bending stress in spur gears. The study models and simulates spur gear sets using CATIA and ANSYS Workbench software. It analyzes bending stress by varying the face width, number of teeth, and root fillet radius of the gear based on AGMA standards and Lewis equations. The results show that increasing the face width, number of teeth, and root fillet radius decreases the bending stress at the gear tooth interface and fillet region. The FEA results closely match the calculated stresses from standards. Increasing the parameters helps reduce bending stresses and strengthen the gear tooth.
Ergonomics Analysis of Blanket Lifting Technique Using Posture Evaluation In...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Ergonomic analysis of blanket lifting technique using Posture Evaluation Index (PEI) Method in Virtual Environment. This research was conducted to study the ergonomic aspect of blanket/linens patient lifting technique in a virtual environment. Analysis phase was done using software Jack 6.1 which is one of ergonomic software that using digital human modeling technology. PEI was used as an approach that integrated results of three methods: lower back analysis (LBA), ovako working posture analysis (OWAS), and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA). The research objective is to analysis ergonomic aspects of blanket patient lifting process and to determine the most ergonomic posture during the patient lifting process. The ergonomic analysis only bed to bed blanket lifting process. The results show that the posture during lifting process had enough amount of risk that can injure the musculoskeletal system of the nurses. This research enriches the body of is the first research in Indonesia that applied virtual environment approach to ergonomics analysis in nursing process.
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of jump circuit training and on court volleyball conditioning on explosive power among volleyball players. To achieve the purpose thirty volleyball players were randomly selected as subjects from the department of physical education, Annamalai University. The subject were divided into three groups each comprising of ten each as experimental-I (court volleyball conditioning), experimental-II (jump circuit training) and control groups. The average age, height, and weight of the experimental group were 17 to 24 years. The experimental group-I and experimental-II had undergone 60 minutes of court volleyball conditioning and jump circuit training three alternate days in a week for eight weeks whereas control group did not participate any type of specific training. The criterion variables confined to this study were explosive power measured by sergeant jump before and after the training programme. The collected data were statistically analysed by using analysis of co variance (ANCOVA). On the basis of the result, it was found that there was significant improvement on explosive power due to the above said training among volleyball players.
Development of a Comfortable Ergonomic Chair for WorkersIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of an ergonomic chair for workers who must stand continuously in manufacturing industries. A survey found that such standing positions can cause health issues like leg and back pain.
2. The researchers designed a chair that acts like an exoskeleton for the legs, with straps around the thighs to support workers both while standing and walking. They evaluated the chair's comfort through questionnaires with workers.
3. Workers reported feeling less pain and discomfort when using the chair compared to standing continuously. The chair was found to improve worker comfort and efficiency while also promoting better health compared to traditional standing work positions.
This document summarizes a student's project work on investigating work-related musculoskeletal disorders among hand screen printing workers. The student conducted statistical analysis on 385 participants to identify risk factors for lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Experimental analysis was also conducted on 11 participants to analyze muscle activity and fatigue in the upper extremities and lower back during printing using electromyography. The results found independent risk factors like age, experience and gender were associated with lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Electromyography analysis found the deltoid, trapezius major and subcapularis muscles experience the highest loads during printing.
This document presents analytical equations for rotational balancing of machines. It begins by introducing rotational unbalance as an uneven mass distribution that causes vibration. Single plane balancing with one unbalanced mass is modeled using reaction forces and moments. Equations are derived to calculate the magnitude and location of an unbalance based on measured forces. Double plane balancing, with unbalances in two planes, is more complex and the document presents novel equations to solve it analytically rather than through graphical methods. The equations were tested on examples from textbooks. The goal is to provide a simpler analytical approach to rotational balancing compared to existing graphical techniques.
A Review on Dynamic Analysis of Machine StructureIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of dynamic analysis techniques for machine structures. It discusses how dynamic analysis is used to determine vibration characteristics and model the behavior of structures under forced vibrations. The review covers several papers that analyze machine components like crankshafts, connecting rods, and foundations using finite element modeling and modal analysis. The goal of dynamic analysis is to understand vibration response, optimize designs, and prevent structural failures from resonance.
IRJET- Design Analysis & Optimization of Two Wheeler HandlebarIRJET Journal
This document discusses the structural and modal analysis of a motorcycle handlebar using finite element analysis (FEA). The handlebar was modeled in CREO and analyzed in ANSYS to determine its natural frequencies and mode shapes through modal analysis and to calculate stresses and deformations through structural analysis. Three materials were considered for structural analysis. Experimental testing was also conducted and showed good correlation with the FEA results, with an average error of 8-10%. The analyses aimed to optimize the handlebar design to reduce vibrations and improve rider comfort and safety.
Modeling and Reduction of Root Fillet Stress in Spur Gear Using Stress Relie...IJMER
A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational forces. Gears
are commonly used for transmitting power. Gear teeth failure due to fatigue is a common fact
observed. Even a small reduction in the root tensile stress results in great raise in the fatigue life of a
gear. They develop high stress concentration at the root and the point of contact. The repeated
stressing on the fillets causes the fatigue failure of gear tooth. For many years, gear design has been
improved by using better material, hardening surfaces with carburization and heat treatment, and shot
penning to improve surface finish etc. Few more hard work have been made to improve the durability
and strength by changing the pressure angle, using the asymmetric teeth, varying the geometry of root
fillet curve and so on. The majority of the above systems don't ensure the compatibility of the current
rigging frameworks. This work presents the possibilities of utilizing the stress redistribution techniques
by introducing the Stress relieving features in the stressed zone to the advantage of reduction of root
fillet stress in spur gear
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
This document provides details of the design process for a forward and backward stepper exercise machine. It includes initial concept sketches, chosen concept details, layout sketches, embodiment design, force analysis, buckling analysis, bearing selection, manufacturing details, and CAD renderings. The design is intended to help users with limited hip mobility perform physiotherapy exercises at home through controlled forward and backward stepping motions of the foot. Key considerations include providing adjustable resistance, a compact design suitable for home use, and incorporating an electronic display.
It is very common to find readymade chairs and
tables being used in the workplaces used for Video Display
Terminal (VDT) tasks. Various problems have been associated
with the use of VDTs, including visual problems, muscle aches
and pains, repetitive trauma injuries etc. Visual problems, muscle
aches and pains are some of the common complaints reported by
VDT operators. When workstations are poorly designed, the
result is poor posture because excessive strains are placed on a
particular group of muscles, and discomfort level is increased.
The objective of this paper is to propose an ergonomically
designed a Recommended Chair and Work Surface dimensions
for VDT Tasks for Indian Software Professionals appropriate
chair and table dimensions with respect to the Indian
anthropometric data have been recommended and presented.
This document provides classification systems for pelvic ring and acetabular fractures developed by Pennal and Tile and Judet and Letournel. It begins with definitions of terms used in the classification. The pelvic ring classification is then described, dividing fractures into types based on stability (stable, partially stable, unstable). Each type is further divided into groups and subgroups with specific fracture patterns. The acetabular classification also divides fractures into types based on involvement of columns and articular surface. Each type has subgroups describing the specific fracture location and features.
Novel model for rural housing developmenteSAT Journals
Abstract It was once said, that a man travels the world over in search of what he needs and returns home to find it. It underlines the basic need for every individual to have a roof above his head. The Indian growth story has caught the imagination of the entire world, as a sleeping giant awakens from its slumber. But the ground reality in the 9th richest country of the world, paints a different picture. 70% of the country’s population lives in rural villages, and there are 78 million homeless people despite the country’s growing economic stature. It becomes the duty of the nation to provide affordable and practical housing to its most important resource, its human capital. The main aim of this paper is to investigate on process and materials that provide affordable, efficient housing to the homeless of the country. It explores the possibilities of using low-cost substitutes to conventional building materials. It further attempts to enhance the living conditions in rural regions by developing alternate methods of generating electricity, smart roof structure to provide ambient light and a comprehensive business model to carry out implementation of such a project on a large scale. The housing technique discussed by this paper addresses the above issues by putting forward a blueprint for building a cleaner, brighter and prosperous tomorrow. Keywords: Rural, Rural Housing, Smart Roof, and Alternate materials
Performance measures for internet server by using m m m queueing modeleSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of an internet server system using queueing models. Specifically, it examines a single queue multiple server (M/M/m) model. Key points:
- The system has multiple exchange servers that route requests to multiple parallel internet servers, allowing multiple requests to be served simultaneously.
- Performance is measured using metrics like utilization, queue length, waiting time and response time. Formulas for each are provided based on the M/M/m model.
- This model is compared to previous work on a single queue single server (M/M/1) model, noting the M/M/m model provides better performance due to its ability to serve multiple requests in parallel.
Optimized study of one bit comparator using reversible logic gateseSAT Journals
Abstract In digital electronics, the power dissipation is the major problem. So that the reversible gate can be implemented in microelectronics and electronics which have low power dissipation in the digital designing because, in the reversible state in reversible logic it will use no energy. Hence reversible logic has ability to reduce the power dissipation in digital designing. In the Reversible logic, reversibility have a special condition which is reversible computing and reversible computing is based on the principle of BIJECTION DEVICE with a same no. of input and output which means one to one mapping. Reversible logic has numerous applications in the field of electronics and microelectronics which are ultra low power in nanoscale computing, quantum computing, emerging nanotechnology cellular automata and the other approach of reversible logic is ballistic computation, mechanical computation which are the basic technology. This paper presents an optimization of reversible comparator using the existing reversible gates and proposed new Reversible one bit comparator using BVF gate. A comparative result is presented in terms of number of gates, number of garbage outputs, number of constant inputs and Quantum cost. Keywords— advanced computing, Reversible logic circuits, reversible logic gates and comparator
Data slicing technique to privacy preserving and data publishingeSAT Journals
Abstract Many techniques have been designed for privacy preserving and micro data publishing, such as generalization and bucketization. Several works showed that generalization loses some amount of information especially for high dimensional data. So it’s not efficient for high dimensional data. In case of Bucketization, it does not prevents membership disclosure and also does not applicable for data that do not have a clear separation between Quasi-identifying attributes and sensitive attributes. In this paper, we presenting an innovative technique called data slicing which partitions the data. An efficient algorithm is developed for computing sliced data that obeys l-diversity requirement. we also show how data slicing is better than generalization and bucketization. Data slicing preserves better utility than generalization and also does not requires clear separation between Quasi-identifying and sensitive attributes. Data slicing is also used to prevent attribute disclosure and develop an efficient algorithm for computing the sliced data that obeys l-diversity requirement. Experimental results confirm that data slicing preserves data utility than generalization and more effective than bucketization involving sensitive attributes. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. Keywords –Privacy preserving, Data Security, Data Publishing, Microdata
Review on content based video lecture retrievaleSAT Journals
Abstract Recent advances in multimedia technologies allow the capture and storage of video data with relatively inexpensive computers. Furthermore, the new possibilities offered by the information highways have made a large amount of video data publicly available. However, without appropriate search techniques all these data are hardly usable. Users are not satisfied with the video retrieval systems that provide analogue VCR functionality. For example, a user analyses a soccer video will ask for specific events such as goals. Content-based search and retrieval of video data becomes a challenging and important problem. Therefore, the need for tools that can be manipulate the video content in the same way as traditional databases manage numeric and textual data is significant. Therefore, a more efficient method for video retrieval in WWW or within large lecture video archives is urgently needed. This project presents an approach for automated video indexing and video search in large lecture video archives. First of all, we apply automatic video segmentation and key-frame detection to offer a visual guideline for the video content navigation. Subsequently, we extract textual metadata by applying video Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology on key-frames and Automatic Speech Recognition on lecture audio tracks. Keywords—Feature extraction, video annotation, video browsing, video retrieval, video structure analysis
Abstract Edge detection is a fundamental tool used in most image processing applications. We proposed a simple, fast and efficient technique to detect the edge for the identifying, locating sharp discontinuities in an image and boundary of an image. In this paper, we found that proposed method called LookUp Table performs well, which requires least computational time as compared to conventional Edge Detection techniques. And also in this paper we presented a comparative performance of various conventional Edge Detection Techniques. Keywords: Edge detectors, Lookup table.
Pestle based event detection and classificationeSAT Journals
Abstract Organizations use PESTLE classification as a tool for tracking the environment in which they are functioning and for launching plan of new product or service. It helps to give true view of the environment from different aspects. These aspects are essential for any business that organization may be in as it gives a clear picture one wishes to check and observe while contemplating on certain idea or plan. The PESTLE framework helps to understand the market dynamics and is also one of the pillars of strategic management of an enterprise that drives goal and strategy for them. PESTLE based event detection approach proposed in this paper would help for PESTLE analysis of any organization. It puts together all relevant factors in terms of detected events in one place and classifies them into separate buckets while taking current market situation into consideration. We accomplish this with the application of clustering technique and later training the classifier to classify the events in PESTLE format. Keywords: Event Detection, PESTLE Analysis, Twitter
Hydrogen as an alternative fuel for commercial airplaneseSAT Journals
Abstract Air traffic today contributes about 3% to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. This number may change due to increase of air traffic and the decrease of the major CO2 producers of the day. LH2 could be an alternative to the hydrocarbon fuel like cheap kerosene or any other designed hydrocarbon fuel. It could be fuel suitable for aircraft to be produced from renewable energy and offering extremely low emissions (zero CO2, very low NOX). It has the potential to eliminate the dependency of aviation upon dwindling crude oil resources and to reduce dramatically, the contribution of aviation to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. Use of liquid hydrogen hence could allow sustainable growth of aviation at high rates(typically 4-5% per year) with an extreme low impact on the environment. Keywords: hydrogen, environment, aviation.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work deals with the screening of microorganisms Candida rugosa NCIM 3467 and Penicillum citrinum NCIM 765 with different agro residues – rice bran, wheat bran, groundnut oil cake, coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake for maximum production of lipase. Among all the industrial residues, Groundnut oil cake supported the maximum lipase production by C.rugosa NCIM 3467. The physical factors such as fermentation time, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level, initial moisture content played a vital role in lipase production and further the yield was improved with the supplementation of carbon and organic nitrogen sources to the solid medium. At 5 days of fermentation, 32 °C, pH 6, 5 day old culture, 15% inoculum level and at 60% initial moisture content, lipase activity of 57.25 U/ml was obtained. Further the activity was raised to 63.35 U/ml by supplementing the substrate media with maltose (5%w/w) and peptone (3%w/w). Keywords: Candida rugosa, Pencillum citrinum, Solid state Fermentations, Lipase, Optimization and Characterization.
Near equatorial orbit small sar constellation for developing nationseSAT Journals
Abstract The need to harness the benefits of space, to help urban growth and development, using cheaper space systems has become appealing to developing nations. The desired all weather radar satellite poses limitations on a small satellite. Several spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite configurations have been proposed to overcome the significant limit on earth surface revisit time for small SAR satellites, optimising a network of small SAR satellites dedicated to developing nations posed several challenges. In an effort to address some of these challenges, a new concept based on a constellation of small SAR satellite network, in an almost equatorial inclined orbit, operating in a multistatic configuration and solely dedicated to Equatorial region has been proposed. The network consists 3 receiver-only platforms (passive satellites) flying in formation with one transmit/receiver satellite (active satellite). Furthermore, five groundstation sites required for mission operation are located with the equatorial region. The system aims to provide 24 hours of near-real time data, over the equatorial region. A total of two orbital planes for 8 satellites are proposed. This report will describe the process of selecting a suitable orbit constellation configuration. It also determines the stability of the relative motion between the satellites within the formation in order to ensure the desired image product is consistent during operations. Furthermore, it also discusses the process of selecting suitable groundstation locations for the mission operations Index Terms: Near Equatorial orbit, SAR, Interferometry Pendulum, constellation
On generating functions of biorthogonal polynomialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we have obtained some novel generating functions (both bilateral and mixed trilateral) involving modified bi-orthogonal polynomials 푌푛+푚훼+푛 푥;푘 , by group-theoretic method. As particular cases, we obtain the corresponding results on generalized Laguerre polynomials. Key words: AMS-2000 Classification Code :33C45,33C47, Biorthogonal polynomials, Laguerre polynomials, generating functions.
Behaviour of metals – problem for heat transfer from the automobile brakes sy...eSAT Journals
Abstract We know that, The Braking action is the use of a controlled force to reduce the speed or to stop a moving vehicle or to keep a vehicle stationary , when braking is applied, it develop friction which does the braking i.e. Kinetic energy which is converted into heat energy on the application of brake. The biggest question today is, while the driver is going to brake applied, this force is increasing by 8 times of as per horse power. For example, one vehicle has 100 hp, after the braking applied is going to reached 800 hp. Therefore, in terms of behavior of metals, some time frequent accident by means of dragging. Because, this heat is transferred through the surrounding air. The weight of the vehicle is divided on its axle, and retarding force acts on the point of road contacts towards the rear and the inertia force of gravity towards the font. Let F= retarding force, μ = coefficient of friction, W = weight of the vehicle, h = height of centre of Gravity of the vehicle from road. Therefore, F = μW (inertia force) and couple = μW × h Keywords: Braking action, horse power, inertia
Isolation, partial purification of proteins produced by lactobacillus biferme...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Antibacterial properties of many Lactic Acid Bacteria were exhaustively studied by many researchers, but little information is known about Lactobacillus bifermentans. This study aims to comprehend the effect of Lactobacillus bifermentans on various Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Testing of antibacterial activity of crude as well as partially purified bacterial sample by Size Exclusion Column Chromatography was performed using Disc Diffusion method, the results of which were comprehended by the measurement of inhibition zones observed. Isolated protein showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and no effect was observed on Escherichia coli. The inhibition zone diameters obtained were between 8 mm and 12 mm. Keywords: Lactobacillus bifermentans, Bacteriocin, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Disc Diffusion method, Antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus.
Minimization of redundant internal voltage swing in cmos full addereSAT Journals
Abstract We proposed a CMOS full-adder cell for low-power applications. The proposed logic structure of CMOS full-adder is used to minimize unnecessary internal voltage swing taken place in the prior CMOS full-adder by adding four nMOS transistors to the logic structure of SUM circuit and three nMOS transistors to the logic structure of CARRY circuit. These nMOS transistors are used to minimize the internal voltage swing from (0VDD) to ((0 - Vtp)VDD) during redundant internal voltage transitions. For area constrain applications, we can use these extra nMOS transistors either to the SUM or CARRY circuit depending upon our need. The proposed full-adder has maximum of 36ps longer data to output delay as compared to the prior CMOS full-adder. The full adder was designed with a 0.18휇m CMOS technology. Index Terms: Delay, dynamic power, full-adder, voltage swing
Comparative studies on quality analysis of freeze dried and cross flow dried ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Amla is known as wonder fruit for health. Due to its therapeutic properties, there is a great demand for the amla. It is as well as one of the richest sources of Vitamin C. Several value added products have been reported from Amla. Drying can be used as a means of increasing product stability and increasing ease of distribution and storage of this product and products derived from it. Freeze-drying is a technique that results in high-quality dehydrated products due to the absence of liquid water and the low temperatures required in the process. Use of a cabinet dryer is an alternative drying method that both decreases the drying time and improves the quality of the final product. The present work was undertaken to get good quality of amla powder by comparing the drying techniques of freeze dryer and cross flow dryer. Work were carried to produce amla powder by using amla juice but in this study instead of drying amla juice, directly amla chunks/ segments were used to produce powder. For easier consumer consumption and longer shelf life, amla can be dried and powdered. The powdered amla can be packed and can be used for longer days, mostly during the periods when the availability of amla fruits are less. Keywords: Amla, Freeze Drying, cross flow dryer and shelf life.
Processing and characterization of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced vi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Composites materials are used in almost all aspects of the industrial and commercial fields in aircraft, ships, common vehicles, etc. Their most attractive properties are the high strength-to-weight ratio.Polymer composites are used because overall properties of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers. The aim of this experimental study has targeted to investigate the mechanical strength of glass fiber & carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin composites. The laminated specimens were fabricate using Hand lay-up technique. and the specimens are subjected to the investigated as per the ASTM standards. The tensile tests, compression tests, flexural tests were carried out on the laminated specimen for the determination of its mechanical properties. Keywords: commercial, attractive, polymers, reinforced, vinyl ester, specimens,
Multi agent paradigm for cognitive parameter based feature similarity for soc...eSAT Journals
Abstract The ABM methodology is a favorable approach to model and analyze complex social phenomena that may involve non-linear feedback loops. It has been applied successfully to model a number of social phenomena involving different social processes and organizational structures. Availability of cheap computing power and rich software resources has made ABM a widely used and hence more popular methodology. A modeler using ABM however have be careful about choosing the right amount of detail (less and more both can be problematic) and validating (internal and external) the model. Interpreting and analyzing results is also an involved task. In this paper, we have demonstrated how ABM can be applied to model and analyze the voting preference formation and resultant voting decisions of individuals in a population. The model assumes a two party system. We designed three versions of the simulation and observed the results for a large number of runs with different parameter variations. The results obtained present interesting picture and resultant inferences.
The document provides an overview of the pelvis, including its definition, surface landmarks, composition, differences between the male and female pelvis, divisions, walls, joints, muscles, pelvic diaphragm, peritoneum, clinical correlations, organs contained in the pelvis (urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum), and details on the urinary bladder. Key points include that the pelvis is the region below the abdomen composed of hip bones, sacrum and coccyx; it is divided into the greater and lesser pelvis; and contains organs like the bladder, colon and rectum in both males and females.
Design of workplace for the assembly of monoblock pumpeSAT Journals
Abstract
Productivity is an important aspect of every industrial firm as well as for the economic growth of the country. High productivity means completing a quantum of work with minimum possible time and fewer amounts of resources. Work-study is required for designing the work system, which identifies the effective means of completing the work. Also, it is known that the workers suffer from fatigue and injury during long hours of monotonous work when proper workplace/working environment is absent. This may indirectly contribute to decreased productivity in an industry. Human factor issues arise in simple systems and in consumer products as well. Hence the ergonomic principles are to be considered while designing both consumer and industrial products. One of the most prevalent types of work-related injuries is musculoskeletal disorder. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) results in continuous pain, functional capability loss and disability to work, but the prevailing disorder diagnosis is difficult because they are mainly based on complaints of pain and other symptoms. Hence a proper workplace is to be designed to overcome the above issues or to reduce them considerably. This research aims at improving the existing and proposed ways of doing work with Ergonomics and Anthropometric considerations, thereby improving the productivity rate. Keywords: Productivity, Work study, Ergonomics, Anthropometry, and Monoblock pump.
STUDY ON POSTURAL ANALYSIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER RISK ON THE DOMESTIC ...IRJET Journal
This study analyzed the postures and risk of musculoskeletal disorders for domestic ironing workers. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was used to evaluate 20 postures for 10 workers. For ironing postures, 8 of 10 were found to be high risk according to REBA scores. Common pains reported by workers included shoulder (100%), lower back (100%), knee (90%), and neck (90%) pain. Prolonged standing, awkward postures, and heavy equipment contributed to risks. The study recommends adjusting worktables, reducing equipment weight, and adding rest breaks to improve worker comfort and safety.
HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT, MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR AN ASSE.docxwellesleyterresa
HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT, MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR AN ASSEMBLY TASK
BY
POONAM LAXMAN DESHMUKH, B.E.
ABSTRACT
HUMAN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT, MODELING AND SIMULATION FOR AN ASSEMBLY TASK
BY
POONAM DESHMUKH, B.E.
Master of Science in Industrial Engineering (major) and
Electrical & Computer Engineering (minor)
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
The primary objective of this project is to measure, model and simulate the human/operator performance in a manufacturing cell to improve the decision making process of the managers. It is well known that people working in a manufacturing facility suffer from stress, fatigue and physical exhaustion due to repetitive manual labor. The purpose of this project is to identify and measure the performance metrics that affect the worker’s performance and help in making decisions about rotating the workers in such a way that their capability matches the task requirement. The project involved, conducting a pilot study to identify the metric of operator performance, physically modeling and simulating an assembly station of a manufacturing cell in a laboratory, measuring the identified metric (dexterity) in the simulated and real environment and compare the results from both the environments to evaluate the simulated assembly station. Using the simulated assembly station, measurements of several different metrics can be performed in future. The primary outcome of this project is the operator task capability-requirement matrix for the assembly station in terms of dexterity. The secondary outcome of this project is the evaluation of the simulated assembly station using t - student test.
Keywords: Human performance measurement, dexterity, manufacturing cell, operator performance measurement, modeling and simulation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPICS Page
1. INTRODUCTION
12
1.1. Metric Identification
12
1.2. Measurement
14
1.3. Modeling
14
1.4. Simulation
16
2. RELATED RESEARCH
17
3. METHODOLOGY
24
3.1. Pilot Study
24
3.1.1. Equipment and Software
24
3.1.2. Experiment Design
24
3.1.3. Data analysis and plots
25
3.2. Simulation
27
3.2.1. Equipment
27
3.2.2. Experiment Design
28
3.2.3. Data analysis and plots
29
3.3. Main Study
29
3.3.1. Equipment
29
3.3.2. Experiment Design
29
3.3.3. Data analysis and plots
29
4. RESULTS
29
5. DISCUSSION
29
6. CONCLUSION
29
APPENDICES
A. Operator Consent Form
29
B. Manager Consent Form
29
REFERENCES
29
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Page
1 Fish Bone Diagram
13
2 Anatomy of Hand
15
3 Task Requirement - Capability Model
16
4 (a) Human Glove
23
4 (b) Biomechanics Sensor Glove
23
5 (a) Average reactions Time Plot
25
5 (b) Concentration Plot
25
6 (a) Purdue Pegboard
28
6 (b) Hand - Tool Dexterity Test Equipment
28
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that human performance de ...
The document provides guidelines for assessing lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying tasks using tables developed by Liberty Mutual based on research conducted by Drs. Stover Snook and Vincent Ciriello. The tables provide population percentages for what percentage of workers can perform certain manual handling tasks based on measurements of weights, distances, heights and frequencies. The tables are intended to help identify risk factors for injury and inform cost-effective ergonomic solutions. Training is recommended for properly using the tables to conduct task analyses and measurements. [END SUMMARY]
Productivity improvement at assembly station using work study techniqueseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on improving productivity at an assembly station through work study techniques. The study involved observing the existing assembly process, identifying non-value added activities like transportation and delays, and proposing a new layout and process flow. Data was collected through manual time studies and video work studies. Analysis using Work Pro software showed the proposed method reduced cycle time from 45.49 to 30.94 minutes, improving productivity from 20 to 30 units per day. Ergonomic evaluation tools RULA and REBA also showed reduced risk of injury with the proposed method. The changes resulted in increased productivity while improving workplace ergonomics and safety.
This study analyzed work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in saw mills in northern Karnataka, India. Most work is done manually without machinery. Questionnaires found that 80% of workers experienced thigh, leg, and back pain, while 50% experienced arm and shoulder pain. Direct observation revealed workers frequently lifting and moving heavy logs manually into positions requiring twisted trunks and arms. Postural analysis tools REBA and RULA found most tasks scored above safe limits. Workers were also exposed to noise above OSHA limits from saws. The study identified high risk of musculoskeletal disorders from manual material handling, prolonged awkward postures, forceful exertions, and noise exposure. Immediate ergonomic interventions were recommended to reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks
The document discusses job analysis techniques used in ergonomic assessments. It describes how job analysis identifies potential physical, psychosocial, and other risk factors that can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders. The process involves reviewing injury data, observing job tasks, interviewing employees, and measuring task demands. Interpreting the results breaks jobs into tasks to examine forces, postures, muscle activation frequencies, durations, and other factors. Relating demands to individual capacities helps determine if job modifications could reduce injury risks.
RISK ASSESSMENT IN MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING OF TEXTILE INDUSTRYIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a risk assessment study of manual material handling activities among truck loading operators in the textile industry. Sixteen male operators participated in the study. Their tasks involved repetitively lifting and moving boxes weighing 15kg from a stacking area to trucks. Various ergonomic assessment tools were used to evaluate risk, including the NIOSH lifting equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), and a software to measure compression force. The initial results found high risk levels, with REBA scores over 12 and a lifting index of 7.591. A questionnaire also found high levels of musculoskeletal discomfort. The study then proposed modifications, such as implementing a conveyor system, and re-assessed the risks finding a 50
STUDY ON POSTURAL ANALYSIS ON THE TRUCK BODY MAKING INDUSTRIAL WORKERSIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the postural analysis of workers in truck body making industries. The study assessed the postures of workers performing tasks like hammering, cutting, drilling, grinding, and welding using tools like RULA, REBA, and QEC. The study found that workers adopted awkward postures like bending and twisting that increased their risk of musculoskeletal disorders. It recommended improvements like providing sit-stand chairs, ergonomic tables, adjustable ladders, and rubber grips on tools to reduce risks and improve postures.
This document summarizes the design of a workplace for assembling monoblock pumps. It begins with introducing the importance of productivity and ergonomics. It then describes conducting a work study which involves time motion study and anthropometric measurements of workers. Ergonomic analysis using CATIA software and RULA method revealed high risk postures. The analysis identified tasks like picking up heavy components and carrying assembled pumps over long distances as issues. Recommendations include redesigning worktables to suit smaller workers and implementing mechanical aids to reduce physical stresses.
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car on five tables with rotations of five chairs. The time taken was observed and production rates were calculated and compared. The results showed that the taller student was more comfortable and efficient with the given chair-table combinations. Ergonomics aims to design workspaces that balance worker characteristics and task demands to enhance productivity, safety, and well-being. Consideration of anthropometrics and posture is important for office furniture to properly fit its users.
Analysis for Response Factors of a Work Station Considering Issues Ergonomicallyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ergonomics is concerned with making the workplace efficient, safe, and comfortable. Effective application of ergonomics in work system design can balance worker characteristics and task demands, enhancing productivity, safety, well-being, and satisfaction. This document analyzes the performance of students working on different chairs and tables of varying heights to determine the effects of non-ergonomic components on productivity. Two students of different heights assembled and disassembled a toy car unit on five tables with five chairs of incrementally varying heights. The time taken was observed and production rate analyzed to determine which student was more comfortable and efficient with the given table-chair combinations. The results showed the taller student was more comfortable and efficient for that specific setup.
This summary provides the key details about an experiment conducted to test the effectiveness of an exoskeleton device.
1) The experiment tested an exoskeleton device, called a personal ergonomic device (PED), on welders and painters at a manufacturing facility to see if it reduced fatigue and increased productivity.
2) The experiment aimed to test the hypothesis that using the exoskeleton device would increase productivity and quality of tasks by reducing operator fatigue and soreness.
3) The results of the experiment and effectiveness of the exoskeleton device were evaluated based on prior studies that examined fatigue in welders' muscles from overhead work and tests for measuring functional performance and fatigue in patients
This report analyzes three tasks performed at Full Press Apparel: operating a heat press machine, the t-shirt transfer process, and t-shirt folding. For the heat press machine task, the analysis found issues with button placement requiring awkward postures and lack of job rotation. An adjustable chair is recommended to allow sitting or standing. The t-shirt transfer process uses an automated press machine handled by two operators; potential issues were identified with physical demands. Finally, the t-shirt folding task will also be analyzed for ergonomic risks and potential improvements. Solutions aim to reduce fatigue and increase productivity while accommodating all employee demographics.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of human interactions with elements of a work system to optimize human well-being and system performance. Poor ergonomics in offices can cause repetitive strain injuries from tasks like computer use. Common risk factors are repetition, sustained postures, awkward postures, and contact stress. Improving ergonomics reduces injuries and improves productivity. Recommendations include adjustable seating and workstations, taking breaks, avoiding strain, and controlling lighting, temperature, humidity, and noise.
Multibody dynamic analysis of mechanism for health excescise vibratoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and manufacture of an angle adjustable crutch with kennedy key mechanismeSAT Journals
Abstract A crutch is a mobility aid that transfers weight from the legs to the upper body. It has been observed that users of walking aids require double the energy than the normal gait. Users experience a lot of stress at underarm and wrist while using standard underarm or forearm crutches which is the primary reason for pain and various medical complications. Therefore, a new design of crutch has been developed which allows the user to apply his/her weight over a larger area along the forearm instead of wrist and underarm. The primary objective of the study is provide more comfort to the end user of the crutch. The modeling of the new crutch design has been done using CAD modeling package (Catia). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the design has been conducted using ANSYS to understand the stress behavior in the new model. The new crutch has been fabricated using aluminum alloy because of its properties like high strength to weight ratio and low density. The fabrication of the new crutch has been performed in such a way that it ensured the entire crutch can be disassembled easily thus making it easily transportable. The testing of the new crutch has been carried out using energy expenditure method to assess the comfort level of the user. Keywords: Finite element analysis, crutch, gait, energy expenditure method, CAD
The relationship among isometric grip strength recovery and anthropometric pa...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Grip strength has a specific role in ergonomics especially for hand tool using. In ergonomics a hand tool must be designed such a way that provide a better fit for the user, hence it reduces the risk of potential injuries associated with the use of hand tool. Grip strength decreases in repetitive hand activities, and that it will recover after an adequate rest period. This paper presents the relationship between isometric grip strength and recovery in addition to the influence of potential anthropometric factors on grip strength. 20 male and 20 female subject’s age range from 20 to 51 years were selected in order to evaluate dominant hand grip strengths. Factors assessed for potential association with grip strength were; demographics such as age and gender; body constructs such as height and weight; upper extremity such as the linear dimensions of elbow to wrist length, hand length and hand breadth. Linear regression analysis was performed in order to identify influencing factors independently associated with grip strength. Pearson product correlation was performed to identify the nature of relationship between isometric grip strength and anthropometric parameters. Through descriptive statistics based on greatest mean grip strength, optimal handle position has been found in position-3 (3.5 cm) for male and position-2 (3.0 cm) for female. Mean grip strength of male has been found greater than female. Grip strengths of male and female in dominant hands are found to decrease with aging, and are significantly different between male and female. Z-test indicates that there are no significant differences on the rate of recovery at each point in time between groups. Linear regression analysis indicates that weight and hand breadth in male; age and weight in female have a significant effect on grip strength.
Keywords: Grip strength, Grip Analyzer, Correlation, Z-test, Regression and ANOVA.
IRJET- A Study to Compare Immediate Effect of Static Stretching and Cyclic St...IRJET Journal
This study compared the immediate effects of static stretching and cyclic stretching on hamstring tightness. 30 sedentary subjects were randomly assigned to either a static stretching or cyclic stretching group. Both groups performed their assigned stretching intervention and hamstring tightness was measured before and after using the 90-90 straight leg raise test. Both static and cyclic stretching significantly improved hamstring flexibility immediately after stretching. However, when comparing the two groups, there was no significant difference in the improvement of hamstring flexibility between static and cyclic stretching. Therefore, the study concluded that a single bout of either static or cyclic stretching can acutely improve hamstring flexibility to a similar degree in sedentary individuals.
Important Parameters for Hand Function Assessment of Stroke PatientsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Clinical scales such as Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Motor Assessment Scale are widely used to evaluate stroke patient's motor performance. However, the scoring systems of these assessments provide only rough estimation, making it difficult to objectively quantify impairment and disability or even rehabilitation progress throughout their rehabilitation period. In contrast, robot-based assessments are objective, repeatable, and could potentially reduce the assessment time. However, robot-based assessment scales are not as well established as conventional assessment scale and the correlation to conventional assessment scale is unclear. This paper discusses the important parameters in order to assess the hand function of stroke patients. This knowledge will provide a contribution to the development of a new robot-based assessment device effectively by including the important parameters in the device. The important parameters were included in development of iRest and yielded promising results that illustrate the potential of the important parameters in assessing the hand function of stroke patients.
Similar to A study on push pull analysis associated with awkward posture among workers in aerospace industry (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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A study on push pull analysis associated with awkward posture among workers in aerospace industry
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyeISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 233
A STUDY ON PUSH-PULL ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH AWKWARD
POSTURE AMONG WORKERS IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Norhidayah Hashim1
, Seri Rahayu Kamat2
, Isa Halim3
, Mohd Shahrizan Othman4
1
Master Student, 2, 3
Senior Lecturer, 4
Lecturer, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, University Technical Malaysia
Malacca, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malacca, Malaysia
Abstract
In aerospace industries, many working tasks required their workers to perform works in push-pull activity. It is associated with an
awkward posture. The awkward posture is a practical working posture when joints are not in neutral position. Furthermore, the
workers need to push or pull the mould in a long distance into a workplace. If the workers perform the activity continuously
throughout the working hours, they may be experienced back pain problem. The objective of this study is to measure the maximum
acceptable initial force and sustained force for push-pull activity while workers perform their tasks. Besides that, this study also wants
to identify which activity can endure longer between push or pull activity. Moreover, this study measures the comfort level of working
posture. The acceptable initial force and sustained force were measured using Push-Pull Analysis, expressed in Newton, N. The
comfort level is measured using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) Analysis, expressed in scoring level. Both of these assessments
are analysis tools Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA) software. Six production workers from
manufacturing department were participated as subjects. The results show the maximum acceptable initial force for push task is
433.942N and pull task is 396.691N. While, the sustained force for push task is 333.465N and pull task is 318.317N. Referring to the
results, pushing activity can endure longer than pulling activity while workers perform their tasks. While the comfort level for this
working posture is seven. Based on this study, the authors concluded that push-pull activity can lead to the back pain problem for
workers in aerospace industry. It’s was influenced by the work activity, work load, work duration of awkward posture and distance
between workplace.
Keywords:Push-pull activity, awkward posture, Acceptable initial force, Acceptable sustained force, Comfort level
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Manual material handling (MMH) such as lifting heavy
products, reaching materials, bending forward their back when
doing tasks, and pushing or pulling excessive loads because
those tasks require a stable position and large degree of
freedom.Pushing and pulling activities are one of the activities
for MMH that can increase the risks of back pain problem [1].
The pushing and pulling activities is a frequent activity for a
great segment of the workforce, including hospital workers,
manufacturing workers, construction workers, forest workers,
etc [2-8]. Moreover, both of these activities are associated
with the awkward posture. Awkward posture can be theorized
as a discomfort posture because it is harmful position for
human body when a joint is not in its neutral range of postures
and make muscles are either shorter or longer than resting
length. When joints are exposed to postures that involve range
of movement near the extreme positions, the muscles around
the joint are stretched or compressed. If the exposure to
extreme postures is prolonged, the muscles do not
immediately return to their resting length [9]. In
manufacturing workplaces, numerous processes jobs are
recommended to be performed in awkward posture. For
example, they need to bend their neck forward greater than 30
degrees, raise their elbow above their shoulder, bend their
wrist downward with palm facing downward greater than 30
degrees, bend their back forward greater than 45 degrees,
squatting, etc [10].
The Ergonomics Design and Analysis tool of Computer-Aided
Three-Dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA) software
is one of the ergonomics analysis tool that have been applied
to analyze pushing and pulling activities of workers while
performing tasks in awkward posture [5, 11-14]. The tool
quantifies the push-pull activity in two different forces which
is maximum acceptable initial and sustainability force in terms
of Newton, N corresponding to contraction of the awkward
posture while handling the jobs. For instance, if the maximum
acceptable sustainability force is high, it means that the
workers can endure longer while performing the particular
tasks. But, if the tasks are continuously performed over the
limit, they will experience back pain problem. Besides that,
this ergonomics analysis tool also can quantify comfort level
of working posture while workers perform their tasks using
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) feature. Several
epidemiology studies used this feature because they wanted to
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyeISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 234
know whether the working posture in comfort or discomfort
condition [2, 15-20].
The purpose of this study is to measure the maximum
acceptable initial force and maximum acceptable sustainability
force for push or pull activity among six manufacturing
workers in aerospace industry while workers performed their
tasks in awkward posture. Additionally, the maximum
acceptable sustainability force between push and pull activity
was compared to find out which can endure longer while
workers perform their tasks. Furthermore, the level of comfort
also measured to figure out whether the working posture in
comfort or discomfort condition.
2. METHODOLOGY
An aerospace company situated in Malaysia was selected to
perform the data collection. In the production department of
the company, all workers are males andnational citizenship.
They worked in two shifts based on a 12-hour shift schedule.
A main working activity in this company is MMH activities.
One of the MMH activities is pushing and pulling activity. All
manufacturing workers related with pushing and pulling
activity performed their tasks in awkward posture especially in
lay-up process line. Moreover, the tasks require workers to
push or pull with awkward posture because the nature of jobs
is repetitive, frequent movement, and large degree of freedom.
Six production workers were recruited as subjects in this
study. They are selected from lay-up process lines. To fulfill
the basic requirement of this study, selected workers who
performed pushing or pulling activity in awkward posture and
no injuries for the past 12 months were allowed to participate
in the experimental work. Demographic of the selected
workers from lay-up process line are described in Table -1.
Table -1: Demographic of workers participated in the study
Criteria Mean (SD)
Gender Male
Age 25.7 (5.0)
Mass (kg) 64.5 (10.9)
Height (cm) 174.2 (7.3)
Experience (year) 4.7 (2.7)
An Ergonomic Design and Analysis tool of Computer-Aided
Three-Dimensional Interactive Application Version 5 Release
19 (CATIA V5R19) software were used to analyze the
pushing and pulling activity associated with awkward posture
of the workers. Besides that, the comfort level of working
posture also measured using this tool. The capture posture of
workers was captured based on real job monitoring. The
measurement of distance between workplace was measured by
using measuring tape. The distance is about 2.1 meters (m)
from furnace (Autoclave) to workplace (Clean Room). This
distance is the furthest distance for pushing and pulling
activity in this working area. On the other hand, the real time
monitoring also needs to be considered for this working
activity. It is because one of the requirements from the
ergonomics analysis tool is time consumption for pushing and
pulling activity per mould. Other than that, the weight of panel
also required which is 500 kilogram, kg per panel. After all the
data needed are ready, the design can now start to analyze.
Fig-1 shows the worker with awkward posture for pushing and
pulling activity.
Fig -1: Awkward posture for pushing and pulling activity
By using ergonomics analysis tool from CATIA V5R19, the
pushing and pulling activity can be analyzed. The analysis is
used to analyze the maximum acceptable and sustainability
force when workers push or pull each mould. The feature used
from this tool to do the analysis is Push-Pull Analysis feature.
Besides that, the comfort level of the working posture also
analyzed by using this tool. But, the comfort level is analyzed
by using RULA feature. The working posture for this analysis
is same with the posture shown in Fig -1. However, the
analysis needs to be done in three different height of mould
which is 50 centimeter (cm), 47cm, and 45cm. For this
analysis, the workers is separated into three group which is
taller (the height above 180.0cm), medium (the height
between 170.0cm to 179.9cm), and shorter (the height below
170.0cm). Besides that, in this analysis, all the angles involved
in awkward posture are an average from each worker as
shown in Table -2. The angles in analysis are same with the
angles in real case study as in Figure 1.
Table -2: Analysis angle involved in awkward posture (pls
modify like a table)
Body Segment Angle
Shoulder:
both left and right 95o
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyeISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 235
Hand arm:
both left and right 53o from
origin, 00
Neck:
12o from origin, 00
Upper back:
5o from origin, 0o
Lower back:
36o from origin, 00
Right thighs:
40o from origin, 00
Right calf:
40o from origin, 00
Right ankle:
5o from origin, 00
Left thighs:
32o from origin, 00
Left calf:
20o from origin, 00
Left ankle:
5o from origin, 00
Based on selected angle in Table -2, the whole body working
posture for push-pull activity has been designed in CATIA
V5R19 software by using ergonomics analysis tool. Fig-2
shows the design of whole body awkward posture for pushing
and pulling activity by using ergonomics analysis tool in
CATIA V5R19 software.
Fig -2: Awkward posture for pushing and pulling activity
After the whole body awkward posture with the mould has
designed, the Push-Pull Analysis now can be analyzed. The
output parameter from the analysis is the value of maximum
acceptable initial and sustained force that is expressed in
Newton (N). While the output parameter from RULA feature
is final score for comfort level of awkward posture. Graphical
analyses associated with descriptive and comparative analysis
were used to interpret the data.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study has conducted an analysis of pushing and pulling
activity associated with awkward posture of manufacturing
workers in aerospace company. Besides that, this study also
quantifies the comfort level of working posture among the
workers while they are doing their tasks. In the company, a
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyeISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 236
main manufacturing process is coming from lay-up process
line. This lines required workers to perform pushing and
pulling activity in awkward posture for period of time. All
workers worked on a 12-h shift schedule. The shift is changed
every week which is worked both; day and night shift. It was
observed that the workers spent about 80% of the working
hours in awkward posture to do their tasks (only neutral
standing during setup ply and sitting during breaks)
throughout the 12-h working period. This is due to the
activities that required the workers to push or pull the panel
every 45 minutes with awkward posture from furnace
(Autoclave) to workplace (Clean Room). For instance,
workers also need to push or pull the panel in the workplace
(Clean Room) before the panel is fixing to the floor. Thus, the
process would be practicable in awkward posture as it requires
frequent bending forward of the workers back. This study
observed that the back pain problem occurred particularly in
the lower back due to above mentioned working conditions.
Furthermore, there were complaints of intense pain in those
body parts from the workers of lay-up process lines which is
upper back, shoulder, hand arm, wrist, and fingers.
Through Push-Pull Analysis as shown in Fig-3, this study
identified that the maximum acceptable initial force when the
workers do the pushing activity is 433.942N. While the
maximum acceptable initial force for pulling activity is
396.691N. According to the results, the workers must either
use the initial force of 433.942N to push the mould or use
396.691N to pull the mould. The initial force is the primary
effort needed for workers to do their works [1].
Fig -3: Push-Pull Analysis from CATIA V5R19 software
Based on Fig-3, the time consumption used is 2700 seconds is
equally 45 minutes. Besides that, the distance of push or pull
the mould is 2100 millimeters (mm) is equally 2.1m. Other
than that, the population sample is 50% because the subjects
for this experiment are six workers among 12 workers. Hence,
the population sample is half of the overall workers.
Referring to the result of maximum acceptable sustained force
for pushing activity is 333.465N. While the result for pulling
activity is 318.317N. According to the results, the workers
used 333.465N to push the mould or use 318.317N to pull the
mould along the activity is performed. The sustained force is
the gross effort needed when the workers do their works along
working hours [1].
This analysis pointed that working activity, distance of push-
pull activity, and weight of mould can influence the initial
force needed to push or pull the mould. Other than that, it’s
also influence the sustained force which is the gross force
needed during the activity is performed. When the worker
used the sustained force in a long period of time, their energy
will decrease. Due to energy diminish, the muscles will
involve with contraction and this condition can lead to
discomfort and back pain problem [21].
Moreover, according to ergonomics analysis tool using RULA
feature from CATIA V5R19 software, the working posture is
discomfort posture because the level of comfort for this
awkward posture is 7 score. Fig-4 shows right body region
from RULA analysis for push-pull activity using average
shortest worker with 45cm height of mould. Whereas Fig-5
shows left body region from RULA analysis for push-pull
activity using average shortest worker with 45cm height of
mould. Both left and right need to analyze because the
awkward posture is not in symmetrical posture. Thus, the
analysis needs to be done in both body regions because the
comfort level will different. By referring to Fig-6, the score
from comfort level of RULA analysis will easily understand
using RULA standard from NIOSH [20].
Fig -4: RULA analysis of right body region for push-pull
activity using average of shortest worker with 45cm height of
mould
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyeISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 237
Fig -5: RULA analysis of left body region for push-pull
activity using average of shortest worker with 45cm height of
mould
Fig -6: Standard score from NIOSH for comfort level of
RULA analysis
Based on Fig-4 and Fig-5, both of body regions which is right
and left are in very high risk working posture. Changing is
immediately needed for that working posture. The changing
only needed for right and left hand arm. Based on the results,
wrist and arm is in discomfort posture because the wrist is in
twist position for both hand arms. Thus, placed more stress in
the wrist for both hand arm [22]. Table -3 shows summary of
RULA analysis for three different groups of workers with
three different height of mould.
Table -3: Summary of RULA analysis for three different
groups of workers with three different height of mould
Group of
Workers
Height of
Mould (cm)
Average Score (Right
and Left)
Small 50 7
Medium 45 7
Tall 47 6
Small 45 5
Medium 47 5
Tall 50 5
Small 47 6
Medium 50 6
Tall 45 7
* Tall workers (the height above 180.0cm), medium workers
(the height between 170.0cm to 179.9cm), and small workers
(the height below 170.0cm)
After averaging both of the results (right and left body region),
the average score for each group of workers shows the smaller
size of workers not suitable to work using mould with 50cm of
height. While the medium and taller size of workers not
suitable to work using mould with 45cm of height. Fig -7
shows statistical data analysis of average score from RULA
analysis for each group of workers. From the results, small
workers experienced discomfort working posture when they
are working with 50cm height of mould. Other than that,
medium and tall workers experienced discomfort working
posture when they are working with 45cm height of mould.
Fig -7: Statistical data analysis of average score from RULA
analysis for each group of workers
This analysis pointed that the height of workers and height of
mould can influence the level of comfort for working posture.
When the worker is bending forward their back in a long
period of time, static contraction of muscles can occur
particularly in the back. Due to static contraction, performance
of the muscles may decrease and this condition can lead to
discomfort and back pain problem [21].
CONCLUSIONS
This study has performed Push-Pull Analysis and RULA
Analysis for working posture of manufacturing workers at lay-
up process line in aerospace company. All workers performed
their tasks in awkward posture for prolonged time periods.
The measurements of push-pull activity were conducted using
500 kilogram weight of mould and 2.1 meters of distance from
furnace (Autoclave) to workstation (Clean Room). Besides
that, the measurements of RULA activity were conducted
using three different height of mould and three different height
of worker. Regarding to the maximum acceptable initial force
from Push-Pull Analysis, if the workers push the mould the
force needed is 433.942N. If the workers pull the mould the
Small Medium Tall
45cm 5 7 7
47cm 6 5 6
50cm 7 6 5
0
2
4
6
8
AverageScore
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyeISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 238
force needed is 396.691N. On the other hand, if the workers
push the mould the maximum acceptable sustained force
needed is 333.465N. If the workers pull the mould the force
needed is 318.317N. Both results show that if the workers
used pushing activity they can endure longer to finish their
tasks. Moreover, the highest result of discomfort score from
RULA Analysis is level seven which is very high risk working
posture and the changing should be implemented now.
Therefore, this study concluded that back pain problem of the
lay-up workers in aerospace industry was influenced by the
work load, work activity and duration of awkward posture.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher
Education of Malaysia, the UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia
Melaka (UTeM), and the Centre of Research, Innovation &
Management (CRIM) UTeM for funding this research under
Research Grant PJP/2012/FKP (6D) S1125. Special thank also
goes to Composites Technology Research Malaysia (CTRM)
Sdn. Bhd. for the permission and opportunity to facilitate a
fruitful research.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Norhidayah Hashimis currently a fulltime
research student for Master of Science in
Manufacturing Engineering. Her research area is
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) problem
focusing on back pain problem. She already
published 2 journal articles and conference proceedings in
Malaysia. She has joined CATIA Training on 2013 in UTeM.
She is a member of the Institution of Engineers, Malaysia.
Seri Rahayu Kamat. She completed her Doctor
of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering in
2010 from Sheffield Hallam University,
Sheffield, United Kingdom. She specializes in
Biomechanics, Ergonomic, and Work Study. She
has authored 20 journal articles and conference proceedings in
Malaysia and other countries. She has received Award in
Malaysian Technology Expo 2012 in PWTC Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia and Award in UTeM Expo 2012 (UTeMEX 2012) in
UTeM, Malacca. She is a member of the Institution of
Engineers, Malaysia and Board of Engineers, Malaysia.
Isa Halim. He received Doctor of Philosophy in
Mechanical Engineering from
UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia in 2011.
His research discipline is Industrial Ergonomics.
He has authored more than 50 publications
including journal articles and conference proceedings. He has
been conferred Excellent Research Award from the
UniversitiTeknologi MARA in 2012, Best Paper Award from
International Conference on Design and Concurrent
Engineering (2012), and from Social Security Organization of
Malaysia (2011). He is member of Board of Engineers,
Malaysia, The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, and
Malaysian Society for Engineering and Technology.
Mohd Shahrizan Othman He has received his
Master of Science in Statistics granted by USM
on 2004. His expertise in Engineering
Mathematics, Numerical Method, Differential
Equation, and Statistics and Probabilities. He is a
member of the Institution of Engineers, Malaysia and Board of
Engineers, Malaysia.