Major Project For B.TECH/B.E Final Year Student (Ergonomics)

“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ERGONOMICAL
ASPECTS ON ENGINEERING INSTITUTE”
A
Major Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Degree of
BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
BHOPAL (M.P)
Submitted By: -
IMRAN ALAM 0116ME141027
Under the Guidance of
(Prof. ANAS ALI)
A.S.C.T, Bhopal
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ALL SAINTS’ COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Session 2017-18

ALL SAINTS’ COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BHOPAL
CERTIFICATE
This is the certify that Imran Alam (0116ME141027) of B.E Final Year, Mechanical &
Engineering have completed their major project entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
ERGONOMICAL ASPECTS ON ENGINEERING INSTITUTE” during the year 2017-2018
under the guidance and supervision.
I approve the project for the submission for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of Degree Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Branch.
Guided & Approved By:
Prof. Anas Ali Dr. A.K Shakya
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
A.S.C.T, Bhopal A.S.C.T, Bhopal

ALL SAINTS’ COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BHOPAL
DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE
I, Imran Alam students of Bachelor of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Branch, All Saints’
College of Technology, Bhopal hereby declare that the work presented in this major project entitled
“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ERGONOMICAL ASPECTS ON ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE”
Is outcome of our own work, is bonafied, correct to the best of the knowledge and this work has
been carried out taking care of Engineering ethics the work presented does not infringe any patented
work and has not been submitted to University for the award of any Degree of Professional Diploma.
IMRAN ALAM: (0116ME141027)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, we would like to thank our guide and adviser, Prof. Anas Ali for giving us an Opportunity
to work on this challenging topic and proving us ample & valuable guidance throughout the project. I
also greatly indebted to Prof. Akhlesh Kumar Shakya, Mechanical Dept. without his Encouragement
and constant guidance we could not have finished this project. He has been always source of inspiration
and motivator for innovative ideas during the entire span of this work.
I am grateful Dr. A.H Saifee, Principal A.S.C.T BHOPAL, for providing all the necessary Resources
to carry out this project work. We would like to thank all staff members of Mech, ASCT & friends for
their support. We will be failing in our duty if we don’t acknowledge the people behind this work to
give us moral and psychological support. Our special thanks to our parents for their endless care and
constant support.
IMRAN ALAM: (0116ME141027)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER-I. Introduction of Ergonomics 4-7
1. Introduction 4
2. MSD’s 4
3. Prevent from MSD 5
4. MSD Table 7
CHAPTER-II. Purpose of Study 8
1. Purpose of Study 8
2. Aspects of Ergonomics 8
CHAPTER-III. Case Study 9-39
1. Ergonomics applied on college classroom furniture 9
2. Comparison b/w old and new tradition 10
3. Ergonomics applied on green board 14
4. Comparison short height person 15
5. Measurement of benches & green board 17
6. Prevention from risk 19
7. Ergonomics applied on college workshop 20
8. Ergonomics applied on lath machine 20
9. Blanca model figure 23
10. Schaublin 102N swiss lath machine 23
11. Ergonomics applied on surface grinder machine 25
12. Ergonomics applied on power hack-saw 26
13. Ergonomics applied on shaper machine 28
14. Ergonomics applied on milling machine 29
15. Advantages of Ergonomics in workshop 30
16. Ergonomics applied on college bus 31
17. Ergonomics applied on college gate 37

CHAPTER-IV. Results & Conclusion 40-44
1. Results during study of classroom furniture 40
2. Results during study of workshop 41
3. Results during study of college bus 43
4. Results during study of college gate 43
5. Conclusion 43
CHAPTER-V. Future scope of study 45
1. Future scope 45
2. Role of machine & Human being 45
REFRENCES 46

LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. no. Description Figure no.
1. Bending position 3.1
2. Sitting straight acc. to bench 3.2
3. Studying when hand on desk 3.3
4. Relaxed position 3.4
5. Relaxed position but see on paddle foot side 3.5
6. Bent position during work on Board 3.6
7. Below 170 cm height 3.7
8. Above 170cm height 3.8
9. Hand is not reaching on upper side of board 3.9
10. Desk on hand and sitting straight 3.10
11. Front view of bench 3.11
12. Side view of bench 3.12
13. Measurement of bench and green board 3.13
14. Working on lathe straight position 3.14
15. Bending position 3.15
16. Pick up product and bending position 3.16
17. Straight position if not so 3.17
18. Balance model figure 3.18
19. Schaublin lathe 3.19
20. Grinder bending position 3.20
21. Grinder bending position of another position 3.21
22. Hack-saw m/c bending position 3.22

23. Student working ON Copy lathe m/c 3.23
24. Student working on shaper m/c 3.24
25. ON/OFF switch of m/c 3.25
26. Main supply board of workshop 3.26
27. College bus 3.27
28. Driver seat 3.28
29. Hibbs table 3.29
30. Passenger seat 3.30
31. Entry gate of bus 3.31
32. College gate open 3.32

LIST OF TABLES
Sr. no. Description Table no.
1. Table of MSD's 1
2. Measuring style and Index points 2
3. Standard and observed comparison for classroom 3
4. measuring points on lathe which is measured by us 4
5. Comparison b/w standard and observed for lathe 5

CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics can be defined simply as the study of work. The Greek form of the word is broken
into Ergo (Work) and Nomo (Law of), and basically means "the laws of work. “More
specifically, ergonomics is the science of designing the job to fit the worker, rather than
physically foreing the worker’s body to fit the job. Adapting tasks, work stations, tools, and
equipment to fit the worker can help reduce physical stress on a worker’s body and eliminate
many potentially serious, disabling work related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Ergonomics
draws on a number of scientific disciplines, including physiology, biomechanics, psychology,
anthropometry, industrial hygiene, and it can be applied to any place u want either the place
Is college or the place Is school, either it Is hotel or it Is hospital.
Ergonomics, as a science, draws on many oilier disciplines as its base. Ergonomists draw on
sciences like physiology, and biomechanics. In order to understand how to fit the job to the
worker. student or anyone who doing any type of work, an understanding of how the human body
works Is important.
Once there is an undemanding of body mechanics, ergonomists focus on engineering. Equipment
that is "ergonomically engineered” assists in protecting workers from one or more ergonomic risk
factors so why don't we start with student life whenever when studying in schools and college.
➢ Who needs to read Ergonomics: -?
Everyone need to know about ergonomics if you are an employer or an employee in the
manufacturing, construction, maritime, and agricultural industries and you or your employees’.
Either you are a student or you work at any places. The work activities and job conditions
include:
• Repealing the same motion throughout your workday.
• Working in awkward or stationary positions.
• Lifting heavy awkward items.
• Using excessive force to perform tasks, and
• Being exposed to excessive vibration or
• Extreme temperatures.
➢ MSD’s (Musculoskeletal disorders): -
MSDs. or musculoskeletal disorders, are injuries and disorders of the soft tissues (muscles,
tendons, ligaments, joints, and cartilage) and nervous system. They can affect nearly all tissues,
including the nerves and tendon sheaths, and most frequently involve the arms and back.
Occupational safety and health professionals have called these disorders a variety of names,
including cumulative trauma disorders, repealed trauma, repetitive stress injuries, and
occupational overexertion syndrome.
These painful and often disabling injuries generally develop gradually over weeks, months, and years. MSDs usually

result from exposure to multiple risk factors that can cause or exacerbate the disorders, not from a single
event or trauma such as a fall, collision, or entanglement. MSDs can cause a number of conditions,
including pain, numbness, tingling, stiff joints, difficulty moving, muscle loss, and sometimes paralysis.
Frequently, workers must lose time from work to recover: some never regain full health. These disorders
include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, sciatica, herniated discs, and low back pain. MSDs do not
include injuries resulting from slips, trips. falls. or similar accidents.
➢ Parts of the Body Affected by MSDs: -
Arms Hands. Fingers. Back. Wrists. Shoulders. Neck& Legs
➢ Top Ten Occupations for MSDs: -
1. Nurses’ aides, orderlies, and attendants
2. Truck drivers
3. Laborers not involved in construction work
4. Assemblers
5. Cleaners
6. Students in colleges and schools
7. Stock handlers and baggers
8. . Construction laborers
9. Cashiers
10. Carpenters
➢ What can be done to prevent MSDs?
Whether it is to sit upright, lift properly, or take appropriate bleaks, everyone can do something to present
MSDs. Considering the following concepts will supplement tire efforts to improve work place design and
practices. These are common ergonomic- principles and can be easily adapted to all organizations and
workstations, schools and colleges also: -
1. Maintain a neutral posture: -
The neutral posture represents tire natural stance the body wants to lake. Work surfaces should be
about waist level to prevent reaching, while keeping the elbows bent at about a 90-degree angle.
While sealed, keep tire back straight and the knees bent at about a 90-degree angle and feet flat on
the floor. Design workstations and offices with this in mind: “the closer the body Is kept too
neutral, the better.”
2. Prevent excessive repetition: -
One of tire major causes of MSDs. such as carpal tunnel and tendonitis, is excessive repetition.
There are several ways to prevent excessive repetition while working. If possible, try not to
perform the same task all day. Work on some files, then go and file them in lire cabinet after 20 or
30 minutes instead of waiting until

the end of the day to file litem all at once. Try varying your routine. If you always perform the same
tusks every day. try completing them in a different sequence.
3. Adjust work surfaces: -
people to work at lire same workstation (i.e. warehouses, assembly lines).
If adjustable workstations are not feasible, adjust lire station for tire taller employees and supply
platforms or stepping stools for the shorter employees.
If more titan one station exists in the company, adjust one higher titan the oilier and assign employees
to the appropriate station.
4. Control environmental factors: -Extremes in temperature, hot or cold, put stress on the body. Employees working
in these environments should be given the proper personal protective equipment and trained on its usage.
For example-lire employees of lire meat packing plants were issued gloves, but the employees cut the
fingers off enabling them to use the meat cutting saws.
Control the environmental factors where possible and supply the proper equipment to operate safely
where the factors cannot be controlled. This can be applied on Students also; this factor is very
important for student specially the case when rays coining from back window on blackboard.
5. Take time to recover: -
Recovery is an important part of preventing MSDs. One way to give the body some recovery time is to
take breaks while working.
• Workshop engineers during regular giving knowledge time should take micro-breaks.
• Micro-breaks are short 20 - 30 second pauses where instructor stops performing given
tasks of college and stretch him. It is recommended to take a micro-break every 15 minutes in
any job
6. Understand the risk factors: -
Tire last but important step finding problems before they become Issues. Some of die known risk
factors, as discussed earlier, are excessive vibration, repetitive motions, awkward postures, extreme
temperatures, heavy lifting, and overexertion of force.
Once you understand what the risk factors are. it will be easier to spot them.
➢ MSD’s table:-(TABLE-1)
Body
Parts
Affected
Symptoms Possible Causes occupants
Affected
Disease
Name
Thumbs pain at the base of
the thumbs
twisting and gripping butchers,
housekeepers.
packers.
seamstresses.
cutters
De
Quervain's
Disease
Fingers difficulty
moving
finger:
snapping
repeatedly using the
index fingers meat packers.
poultry workers.
carpenters.
trigger
finger

and jerking
movements
electronic
assemblers
Shoulders pain, stiffness working with the
hands above the head
& put hands on table
for long time
power press
operators.
Welders, painters
and students
rotator cuff
tendinitis
hands.
wrists
pain, swelling repetitive or forceful
hand and wrist
motions
core making.
poultry
processing.
meatpacking
Tenosynoviti
s
Is
fingers,
hands
numbness,
tingling: ashen
skin; loss of
feeling and control
exposure to vibration
chainsaw,
pneumatic
hammer, and
gasoline powered
tool
operators
Reynaud's
syndrome
(white
finger)
fingers.
wrists
tingling,
numbness, severe
pain: loss of
strength, sensation
in the thumbs,
index, or
middle or half of
the ring fingers
repetitive and
forceful manual tasks
without time to
recover
meat and poultry
and garment
workers.
upholsterers,
assemblers.
VDT
operators.
cashiers
carpal
tunnel
syndrome
hack low back pain.
Shooting pain.
whole body vibration
truck and bus
drivers, tractor
and subway
operator
back
disability

CHAPTER-II
PURPOSE OF STUDY:-
The purpose of study named "Ergonomics applied on college" is only to aware those students who sit
not properly.
• We tell them through this study dial they create big mistakes when sitting not properly although
this is very small problem for you all but for next time, it will become very large so study is
very important:
• And also, to increase the production efficiency:
• Demand of furniture according to ergonomics standard is increased:
In this study, I have to complete i.e. our motto is to complete aspects of ergonomics in any field;
that are: -
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Ease of use
4. Productivity/performance
5. Aesthetics
These all five aspects have to be completed: and we proved it very well.

CHAPTER-III
CASE STUDY:-
I am Imran Alam students of Mechanical Engineering final year. I put a comparative based study of
"Ergonomical Aspects on Engineering Institute”. my study was in All Saints’ College of
Technology
The college contains various branches in engineering fields, it contained approximately 750 students
it was a great college.
So. now during study I applied Ergonomics on college on following topics: -
1. Ergonomics applied on class room furniture:
2. Ergonomics applied on College Workshop;
3. Ergonomics applied on Buses of College;
4. Ergonomics applied on gale of college:
Let’s these points explain one by one;
Ergonomics applied on college classroom furniture: -
We throw light on classroom furniture by applying ergonomics as according to silting posture and
ergonomics vastus. Classroom furniture includes
1. Classroom benches.
2. Green board/Black board.
Purpose why we applied Ergonomics: -
The only purpose of this study was investigation the effects of classroom furniture on back, neck,
lumbar and leg fatigue in students when used them and to increase the cost of product like benches
and green board and of-course the furniture industry efficiency.
Procedure: -
In our class the total students are 100 & I collect information/Data as according with the present year
(2018):
1. Mean age: - Every different student have different age such as approximately mostly having
22. 23. 24 & some have 19 and 20 years: so, the mean age is- (21.6±2.2) years.
2. Mean weight: -Similarly, as according for finding mean age the same procedure is for weight
mostly having 72. 79. 75 kg and approx. from 70 to 8O and some students, i.e. one or two have
above 90 kg so in total the mean weight is-(79.8±9.4) kg.
3. Mean height: -Similarly by adopting same procedure tire mean height is-(169±9) cm.
We choose 1 college i.e. ABC college furniture for study of the urban community, and
performed on three students which were different in age. weight, and height and were
selected randomly from whole classroom in this study.

The tiring condition they complained from with regard to ergonomic disposition of the
furniture which were considered included 41.9% in the knee. 24.1% in the leg 51.2%' in the
back. 47.8% in the neck, and 24.6% from the high blackboard. The current results in addition to
the incompatibility of the furniture used by the students with the anthropometrical specifications
and ergonomic standards clearly showed that tired feeling and pain of the students were mainly
due to the application of non-standard furniture and underlined the observance of necessary
standards during the manufacture and equipment of college.
➢Comparison between old and new tradition: -
An experimental study is reported that compares the effects on classroom student’s behaviour
and sitting position of traditional: classroom furniture with a recently designed chair known as
'Chair 2000' and associated tables. It was found that students showed a modest but significant
improvement in on-task behaviour and a marked change in sitting positions following tire
introduction of the newly-designed furniture. However, these benefits need to be considered in
the light of polarized opinion for and against the new furniture, and a high level of reported
incidence of back pain significantly related to tire frequency of non-standard sitting. In tire
absence of radically redesigned furniture, it is suggested that students should be given more
choice in their seating, and better guidance should be given to individuals involved in education
in order to inform their decision-making about classroom furniture and tire postural,
anthropometric and orthopaedics aspects of sitting and related activities.
➢ Symptoms: -
Symptoms resulting from continual inconvenient sitting on non-standard furniture in tire
classroom had been previously reported
• kidney and alimentary problems
• Lumbar pains.
• Changes in the passive flexion stiffness of tire lumbar spine may increase the risk of low
back injury after prolonged sitting may contribute to low back pain.
The data indicate a mismatch between the students' bodily dimensions and tire classroom
furniture available to them. The desks in the college arc fully attached and are not comfortable
for the pupils.
This situation has negative effects on tire sitting posture of the student especially when reading
and writing. As shown in below figure: -

Student sitting as according to shape of bench but he feels not very well as Ls shown to see his
shoulder, wrist hut according to shape of bench back portion is right. Zacharkow (1988) has shown
that if the height of the bench is higher than normal, the knees will bend 90 degrees and as a result
the angle between the legs and torso tend to be 90 degrees. When the angle reaches 60 degrees, such
a movement would be stopped by the tension of the hamstring muscles and thus by a backward 30
degrees turning in the pelvis, efforts to complete this movement will be made as shown in below
figures of comparison: -
Fig.3.1-The bending position in red mark (not perfect)
While in other figure the exact position of sitting but not so
as shown in below figure: -

Bent sitting posture (left) Straight sitting posture (right)
Whiles relax position (left) pelvis turn backward and spinal column will bend. Polling the pelvis
(right) need muscle force to bend forward, hip flexion serves as sustaining point.
By increasing lire height of lire desks, students feel inclined to pull their shoulders and arms
forward and such as. find themselves more fatigue on lire muscles of shoulder head and shrink
them into an oblique and trapezoid shape.
• Those sitting on tire bench who are inclined to stretch their hands (arm. elbow and wrist)
and shoulders forward could hasten lire deformation of their body and would become hump
hack.
To overcome this deformation, the desks and benches should have optimal height to keep the
users in relaxed condition for the shoulders. In addition to the optimal slope of the furniture used,
consideration of a standard inclination of 10 to 15 degrees for tire surface of tire desk would be a
sage decision.
• Reading or writing on the desks with zero listing could cause great problems. Usually in
such cases lire student holds his or her head with two arms putting the elbows on the desk,
nearing the head and eyes as close to the surface of the desk as possible and shrink their
body to anomalous extent. Continuing such position for longer period would cause fatigue
and pain in the areas of arms, neck and shoulders.
➢ Basic report comes in under, during study: -that the 65 to 70 percent of sincere students time
will be spend at college while they are in sitting position. there are other complementary reports
which shows that 60% of student’s time will be spend while their arms are on lire desk or in writing
position and only almost 30% of their time are spending on learn on lire padding of tire chair.
Studies of back care education have been conducted in Europe, but the inclusion of this
subject in college is not universal.

Condition 1st
: -
• When see on figure 1st
. I conclude that when a student sitting on his bench during 50 minutes’ lecture he is
studying but there is a gap between his back and bench inclined position which is not right for his sitting.
Fig.3.3-Studying when hand on desk Fig.3.4- Relaxed position
Fig.3.5-Relax position but see on paddle fool side

Condition 2nd: -
• When seeing on figure 2nd & 3rd
we can see that the person is. sitting very well but the foot
is not touching at the stand which is in desk of classroom.
Ergonomics applied on Black-board or Green-board: -
We are studying the case of black board also and following problem ate considered at this point: -
1. Light on green board from back window.
2. Written by a teacher on board to teach his/her students the all concept related to his work and
experience.
3. Distance of gap between viewer i.e. student's eye and a black board.
Case 1st
: - Light on green board from hack window: - Yes, it is true when we sitting on forward
benches or backward benches we say “what is going on black board" especially back benchers can't
see what is written on black board and also class teacher said to student that they should sit on front
benches there after they can see everything. This factor is fully dependent on such type of cases.
Light from window also affect the teacher's eyes when he is explaining anything to his/her students.
These all three points that ate very important from ergonomics point of view are explained one
by one and can be shown in below figure:
Fig.-3.6-Bent position during working on board

Case 2nd
: -As seen from figure above suppose a teacher write on green board and he is written
everything that the want to explain and when he write on a black board below side he has to be
bended in position as shown in above figure by black marking.
And when he standing back the pain in his back can be fill up a very long pain.
Case 3rd
: - Distance of gap between viewer Le. student’s eye and a black board: - it Is
most important phenomenon that should be considered during study of black board we can see
when a student sitting on back benches he put a great effort on his eyes to see what is written on
green board
So, gap should be as close as possible to see the blackboard/green board. So whenever to design a
class room the benches ate standing as according to ergonomics classroom standards.
➢ What happens when ergonomics applied on a short height person: -
There is a much difference between above 170 cm height person and below 170 cm height person;
by the way. it Is a grid gift that we can't replace it.
However, on mind level they both arc in perfect sense: they use their mind own mind: When we
study on our topic, the same question Is developed in both minds that Is there a dependency of
height on ergonomics so I say YES there is a perfect dependency of height on ergonomics.
In cases of blackboard: -for comparison see below figures: -
Although both Teachers are differ in terms of height but they have same problem of banding and
back pain. For ergonomics, the same problem of bending is in case of board as in case of benches
which is wrong according to ergonomics.
• See also one figure, below which can show that there is a need to change the board height as
according to ergonomics standards.
Rg.3.7-Below 170 cm height Fig.-3.8-Above 170 cm height

Now.
In case of benches: -for comparison see below figures
Similarly, same comparison Ls for the case of benches you can see in below figures that even the person Ls above 160
cm height or below 160 cm height.
• The same miss-happening created even the person of long height or short height; This can be shown below.
Fig.3.9-Hand is not reaching at upper side of green board
The teacher who has height below 150-160 cm can create his full efforts to write on board.
However whenever on day of seminar of students they also are very much differ in terms
of height so for all when after completing the upper portion of board they just going on
below portion of board and have banded.
• keeping fixed of the head in direct position for looking on blackboard with high
height create some pain in lower neck area and thoracic vertebra and this pain brings
to arms and causes to some side effects such as headache, nausea, perspiration and
vertigo.
Fig.3.10-Desk on hand and sitting straight of small height
student

➢Measurements and comparison between actual data & standard data: -
Anthropometric measurements are an important factor that should be taken into height, knee height, is
necessary in order to determine college furniture dimensions that enable the correct sitting posture.
The science of human factors has rarely been incorporated into the design of college and school
furniture students sit on chairs designed by tradition.
By the way; using furniture that promotes proper posture is more important to children than adults
because it is at this young age that sitting habits are formed. Bad sitting habits acquired in childhood
are very difficult to change later in adolescence or adulthood.
Static posture and prolonged sitting in a forward bending position, as students often acquire. puts an
extreme physiological strain on the muscles, the ligaments and on the discs. So, correct standing and
sitting posture Is an important factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms.
1. Measurement of classroom benches is shown in below diagram and block diagram: -all
dimensions are in cm.
*---------------- 89 cm----------------►
Side view Front view
3. Measurement of classroom green board Is shown in block diagram: - all dimensions are in
cm.
Fig.-3.11 -Front view of bench Fig.-3.12-Side view of bench

84.S
_____________________
Ground level
Fig.3.13-Measurements of bench and green board
Individual and hygienic information/data is also collected through close questionnaire.
Evaluated materials in two sections reacted to student's anthropometries data and furniture
standards, which collected using of related tools the following: desk height, bench height,
blackboard height, sitting height, bench width and sitting eye height (distance between eye lower
corners to sitting surface). Measuring style and index points have been shown in Ire low table:
- (TABLE-2)
The study data were calculated and evaluated by "scale-proportion" method and we use inches’ tape of
about 5 meters. And all data is in cm.
Anthropometric measures of each individual student were compared to the relative furniture measures in
Older to identify a match or mismatch between the specific student and the furniture he uses. The
questionnaire focused on the occurrence of hack pain while sitting during college hours as well as on the
student subjective perception of the college furniture. See results and conclusion chapter:
➢ Prevention from Risk: -
1. Reduce back angle to exact standard: -
We don't observance of 15 to 20-degree inclination in the desk surface and also seat. Non -observance of back
angle of the desk may create a torso 110 angle with the tight in users, and in addition to increasing muscular
tension on shoulder and arm can create much pressure on hip flexion and lumber such a stress could make
Bench height Desk height
Seating height in natural position Sitting eye height
Black board height Bench width
1 lei gill backrest Buttocks width

individual prone to bad back and reduce the pelvis angle and spend more energy of his body
in upright position and causes more fatigue.
So an adjustable angle between the seat and the backrest would appear favourable.
Armrests are also recommended for certain activities.
2. Chair should be adopted: -
It is important that the chair can be adapted to the dimensions of the individual, and to the
needs dictated by the surroundings. Make a digital class!!!
3. Personnel should consider results: -
It is recommended that college authorities, producers of college furniture, and relevant
medical personnel consider these results for alternative designs of school furniture.
4. Benches and board should make up of exact standard data: -for being affected one can
take any decision so why authorities of college don't take! If benches are made up with exact
information or data then there is no need to take any type of risk.
In addition to confirm of the former researcher findings, this result have shown that ergonomic
standard used in college furniture-making include desk and bench height, padding height and
blackboard height are not proportional with the users anthropometries dimensions. And not only
can causes to early fatigue, cervical, backbone and lumbar pain and reducing in efficiency, but also
may causes to incidence of postural disorder in long term such as: forward head, scoliosis, hypnosis
and lordosis. Because long sitting of most students in sitting and static position at college. In this
direction, in Older to suitable use of mentioned furniture, right sitting and displacing their situation
on behalf of the teacher. Design of chairs. benches, desk and desk inclination, chair inclination
change if may changeable.
Ergonomics applied on college workshop: -
Ergonomics Is a process which deals with increasing the production rates. quality of the product,
improved efficiency, reduced down time, improved comfortable and then reduced turnover &
absentation.
Today’s companies, now more than ever, have to deal with the health and welfare of their
employees. Employees have to deal with rises in production rates and lire demands on quality, while
employers are trying to overcome budget reductions, increases in workers’ compensation claims and
lost time due to injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of tire most frequent workers’
compensation claims with back injuries, one type of MSD. leading tire list.

➢Ergonomics applied on lathe machine: -
The figure shows that there is a student work on the lathe machine for perfuming their job or
produce product but there is a problem in doing the job with a well comfortably because
according to ergonomic there is a defect in machine is shown in figure clearly.
In fig -3.1 we can see the student do their job comfortably but it is wrong if the height of the
machine is greater than now. actually tire student work their job as shown in fig-3.2. their the
Student do not work comfortably because he would bend to rotate tire chuck but he take lot of
time due to uncomfortable & there is a case of injuries.
➢ Effect of uncomfortableness: -
• More time consuming per student.
• Quality of product Ls not good.
• Case of injuries.
• Poor efficiency.
• Cost of production Ls increase.
• Absent of student increases.
➢ According to ergonomics solution of these problems: -
• The height of machine may be fluctuate.
• The machine Ls maintained in a manner the student can do their job with seating comfortably.
• The chuck handle may be fluctuating or changing position up then back.
Fig-3.14- working on lathe straight position Fig-3.15-bending position

➢ Another problem in lathe machine during working: -
In figure show in below during the job on the lathe machine there is also a problem of un-
comfortableness because travelling area is more to travel. For picking the tool the student would
bend so much there Is a case of injuries & for reducing this problem we must apply the
ergonomics.
in figure -3.3 we see tire student Is working comfortably & correctly but it Is wrong according to
ergonomics because there Is case of bending position during tire operation. due to this
ergonomics defect the student may be injured due to back pain & their fore lire absence of
student is increased & if the does not work properly then they take more time per job in condition
so there Is a case of time loss.
So according to ergonomics tire correct position of student Is shown in fig-3.4 but in that position
tire machine height Is less for better comfortable. Tire machine should be fluctuate according to
student or width of lathe machine should be less so the travelling distance of student is reduced
so they can produce with fast & rapid rate and take less time as comparison now there for the cost
per product Is reduced. This Is similarly applied on industry or company where worker Is work
for mass production, we can see in all good industries there should applied ergonomics according
to tire worker comfort so tire production Is going with rapid rale & no loss of money, time,
reduced down time of worker & machine, so tire machine should be according to worker or
student which one Is working on machine.
Fig-3.16-bending position Fig -3.17-straight position

➢ Effect of uncomfortableness: -
• Quality of product is not good.
• Cost of production is increase.
• Absent of student increases
4) Organization
If any one factor Is not according to the human comfort then student, worker. employees doesn't
working properly.
The balance model shows clearly that the human working is directly depend on the
following four factors
1) Environment
2) Tasks
3) Tools

➢ Schaublin 102N Swiss lathe: -
During study wgen we checking on some point on internet we found a person we get a
knowledge from him about topic let see what I have a Schaublin 102N Swiss Toolroom Lathe
(about 8 x 18" capacity). It is mounted on a cast-iron base.
Normally these lathes sit directly on the floor, or sometimes on wooden "skids". In order to move
my machine into position. I made a set of aluminium channels with heavy duty casters to move
the machine in position. I have kept it jacked up (bottom of the base Is 6 inches off the floor).
Now. I am going to put the machine mounts in (Royal brand machine mounts with thick rubber
base and threaded shaft). I was thinking about keeping the height where it Is. or near to that, and
using blocks of wood under the machine mounts. This brings me to the thought has anyone ever
done a study to determine what the best height of a lathe Is in terms of ergonomics?
On the Schaublin. the base Is 34" high, the hand wheels are 6" above the top of the base, and the
spindle centre 9.5" above the base. This gives the following if the base were sitting directly on
the floor:
Base top: 34"
Handwheel: 40-
Spindle: 43.5"
this Is the info/rule of thumb I was looking for. I checked and at the current height (+6") the
lower handwheel lines up with my elbow with arm bent at 90°. The upper handwheel Is a little
higher. I think I will keep the machine at the current height and just raise myself up about an inch
using some wood and some plastic tiles I already bought. Interesting about that "ergonomic
lathe". Especially the slant-bed. How does that work out with levelling? Schaublin makes such a
big deal about levelling in the manual. For dial reason, I am using three machine mounts, so it's
possible to get more accurate levelling with no possibility of rocking (the lathe base has five
mounting points).

Fig-3.19
SCHAUBLIN LATHE
➢ ERGONOMICS APPLIED ON SURFACE GRINDER MACHINE
Fig.3.20-bcnding position of student Fig.3.21 -bending position of another student
The figure shows dial there is a student work on the Surface grinder machine for
performing their job or produce product but there is a problem in doing the job with a well

comfortably because according to ergonomic there is a defect in machine is shown in figure clearly.
In fig -3.7 & Fig -3.8 shows there is two students working on the surface grinding machine of
different height but both have a problem in doing their job because when the chuck is required to
rotate then the student must be high bend as shown in figure. If any student & any worker do their for
long time then there must be back pain due to long time or repetition of work like as shown in figure.
If you want to reduce this problem, then you must be apply ergonomics on that machine.
➢Effect of un-comfortableness: -
• Cost of production is decrease.
➢According to ergonomics solution of these problems: -
• The height of machine may be fluctuating.
• The machine Ls maintained in a manner the student can do their job with seating comfortably.

❖ POWER HACK SAW MACHINE
Fig-3.22- bending position of student when working on hack saw machine
There Ls same problem in hack saw machine like as oilier machine in workshop lathe, surface grinder
machine. The figure shows dial when the student Ls picking the hack saw cutter the machine Ls
required must be bending position of student or worker when working on machine.
➢Effect of uncomfortableness: -
➢According to ergonomics solution of these problems: -

• The height of machine may be fluctuate.
• The machine is maintained in a manner the student can do their job with seating
• comfortably.
➢COPY LATHE MACHINE: -
Fig-3.23-student working on copy lathe machine
Similarly, as lathe machine in copy lathe machine there is problem in completed the job as shown in
figure. The figure shows that there Ls a student work on the copy lathe machine for performing their
job or produce product there Ls a problem in doing the job with a well comfortably because
according to ergonomic then: Ls a defect in machine is shown in figure clearly.
All students have a problem in doing their job because when the chuck Ls requited to rotate then the
student must be high bend as shown in figure. If any student & any worker do their work for long
time then there must be back pain due to long time or repetition of work like as shown in figure. If
you want to reduce this problem, then you must be apply ergonomics on that machine.
➢Effect of copy lathe machine: -
•More time consuming per student.
•Quality of product is not good.
•Case of injuries.
•Poor efficiency.
•Cost of production is increase.

•Absent of student increases.
❖ SHAPER MACHINE: -
The figure shows the student working on shaper machine to complete their job . The have pass through
lot of pain or uncomfortable when the student working for long time because when we pick lire spindle
for shape lire we must bend continuously for their job. All students have a problem in doing their job
because when the spindle is required to pick then the student must be high bend as shown in figure. If
any student & any worker does their work for long time, then there must be back pain due to long time
or repetition of work like as shown in figure. If you want to reduce this problem, then you must be
applying ergonomics on that machine.
➢ Effect of shaper machine: -
• Quality of product is not good.
❖ MILLING MACHINE: -
fig-3.24- shows student working on shaper machine

Fig-3.25- ON/OFF switch of Machin Fig-3.26-main supply board of workshop
➢ Switching position in works imp or other machine in workshop: - Figure shows the board of
main supply of workshop for all machine & separate control switch of milling machine. The both
main supply board or switch are at wrong position in workshop.
If any problem or hazard situation is created with machine, then we first think to off the supply of
machine but the machine supply switch is far from worker place and if the switch is near to
student or worker place then we fast off the switch during any hazard.
The student required to switch off the supply then he first travel to near the switch to off the
supply.
The student can strike with main supply board during the job completion. this can be dangerous
for student or all person working in the workshop.
• According to ergonomics the switch must be place which is best for comfortable work or ON
/ OFF the switch when required.
• The switch must be at the position where all of them reaches of different heights.
➢ ADVANTAGES OF ERGONOMICS IN WORKSHOP: -
Physical ergonomics deals with lire human body's responses to physical and physiological stress.
It takes into account characteristics of the human such as anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics
as they relate to physical activity. Physical ergonomics issues, primarily in the workplace,
typically dominate the public view and understanding of ergonomics. There are many other
benefits:

• Increased productivity: It Ls common for ergonomic improvement to increase productivity by 10-
15 percent. In fact, studies have shown a 25 percent increase in output at computer workstations
when using ergonomic furniture, while concurrently improving employee wellbeing.
• Improved quality: With increased comfort, errors and. thus, product defects are less likely.
• Improved efficiency: This can come about by bringing items closer to the work area or completing
a task with fewer motions. In each case, the task can take less time and there is a lessened chance
of muscular fatigue.
• Reduced downtime: Maintenance tasks can be optimized by improving access points during
changeover tasks. This allows for a faster task time, which leads to a decrease in machine downtime.
• Improved employee morale: Ergonomics allows businesses to spread the "I care" message to all
levels of the organization, from the plant floor to the office employee.
• Reduced turnover and absenteeism: When people are comfortable at their workstations, they are
less likely to take time off from work or leave tire company because of discomfort. An ergonomist
analyses the risk factors that a given job brings. Task variables in the workplace that may each
increase the risk of MSDs or cause decrements in performance arc examined. Risk factors can be
broadly classified into task physical characteristics and environmental characteristics.
Ergonomics applied on college bus: -
The reason of apply ergonomics on college bus Ls due to the comfort of driver or passenger of the
bus. The figure shows the bus of over college. now we apply the ergonomics on each part of the bus
like as. bus driver seat, passenger sea Ls or luggage stand and entry gate of tire bus etc. This research
the occupational health of urban bus drivers Several electronic databases were searched and 27 key
studies were identified, which form the basis of this paper. Early findings that bus drivers are liable
to suffer ill health as a result of the job remain true today. The research has. however, demonstrated a
greater understanding that specific stressors result in certain physical (cardiovascular disease,
gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal problems, fatigue), psychological (depression, anxiety,
post-traumatic stress disorder) and behavioural outcomes (substance abuse). Bus driver ill health will
have consequences for organizational performance in terms of employee absence, lab our turnover
and accidents.

➢ Driver seat: -
The figure shows the driver is drive the bus with comfortably but if the driver height more than
comparison therefore the driver is not comfortably work. According to ergonomics the size of
steering Ls small as comparison now because during rotation the driver has uncomfortable when
rotates the vehicle in a direction.
• The driver Ls using a 'brick' for comfortably press the accerlator but it Ls temporary not
permanent successful. so, we must provide a height to driver for accerlator.

• We must provide the flexible driver chair to driver for comfortably drive the vehicle, we can provide
except of sliding motion of chair as up & down movement of the chair with using the jack.
• We can provide the future need of driver like wind glass function is favourable with driver as no
effect of sun or light of other vehicle.
• The distance of break. clutch or accerlator paddle is according to comfortnance of all height person
which want to drive.
It was in 1829 when horse-drawn passenger services (omnibuses) were first introduced to the UK.
The advent of regular motorbus services did not arrive until circa 1898 (Hibbs. 1968). Today in
tire UK (2000/ 01). there Ls an estimated 116.400 bus/coach drivers and crew, operating on
79.700 vehicles covering a total 2542 million kilometres a year (Department for Transport.
2003). Like many oilier passenger transport industries, the safety of travellers and oilier road
users is of prime importance. Bus drivers must successfully balance the competing demands of
safety, customer-focused service and company operating regulations. The physical and
psychological health of the bus driver Ls a critical factor in driving performance. Any impairment
can have undesirable consequences for passengers and bus operating companies alike.
Acknowledging that the bus is
Fig.3.28- Driver seat

Fig.3.29-
Key job stressors mediating/moderating variables, and outcomes of occupational stress
for bus drivers.
Stressors Mediators/Moderator Outcomes
Physical environment: Demographics: Physical:
■ Cabin ergonomics Gender ■ Cardiovascular
■ Violence Personality: disease
■ Traffic congestion Locus of control ■ Gastrointestinal
Job design: Negative affectivity ■ Musculoskeletal
■ Time pressure Hardiness ■ Fatigue
■ Shift patterns Other: Psychological:
■ Rest breaks Social support ■ Anxiety/
■ Social isolation Control depression
Organizational Issues: Behavioural:
■ Reduced driver ■ Substance abuse
■ decision-making Organizational:
■ authority ■ Absenteeism
■ Labour turnover

➢ Passenger seat (student seat): -
Fig.3.30-Passenger seat
• The figure shows that the passenger seating in the bus but he have lot of problem in seating
not seating comfortably.
• The passenger height is 5’9” & have problem due to the space between the chairs, due to
this the legs of passenger is strike with the front seat.
• The passenger should be comfortably seating according to ergonomics. If the route of travel
Ls large or long then passenger may be back pain or other any disease.
• The total sealing area is 60 c.m but it Ls less as shown in figure it should be according to
standard size Ls more than 70 c.m.
• The leg space between the two seat Ls 25 c.m. but according to standard it should be more
than 35 c.m.
➢Un-comlortafoleness of passengers due to luggage stand: -

• The figure shows the uncomfortable of passenger due to the luggage stand height is less.
• Due to this luggage stand the passengers maybe injured when he stands up. strike with the stand.
• The actual height of luggage stand is 165 c.m but it is less as shown in figure.
• The height of luggage stand according to ergonomics should six foot.
The height of the luggage
stand should be more than
six foot, because it should be
comfortable for all height
passengers
The figure shows the person
cannot stand properly due to
the luggage stand height is
less than person

➢ Entry gate of bus: -
• The figure shows the passenger go down from the bus gate.
• The passenger has no more height but he strike with the gate of bus. if height Is more then
more problem Is arise towards the researcher.
• So according to ergonomics the height of entry gate should be grater than the normal height
of person.
• The bus gale height Is 193 c.m but from the step it remain 158 c.m so it should be from the
step is 190c.m.
• The person entering area in the bus Is 58 c.m but it less for health person which have
thickness Is more than gate.
•
Fig.3.31-Entry gate of bus
Hazard or risky when
passenger down fast
with ignore the height
of entry gate

➢ Ergonomics applied on college gate:-Designing anything for the large-sized users
mean that the higher percentile values of all dimensions should be considered.
because when the maximum number of the population has lower values than those of large-sized
users, the users with lower percentile values will not be able to get easy reach and he ice will keep
away from those unwanted things beyond their reach, thereby ensuring safely.
For designing doors; stature heights of higher thanthe maximum value, must be considered with
appropriately defined allowances for articles supposed to be carried on the head by intended users. A
feeling of psychological clearance may be an added dimension. The higher percentile value of the
maximum body breadth for passageways, etc. Maybe taken into account to provide free movement
facilities.
Small-sized users should also be considered while designing things of easy reach. This has to be
done keeping in mind the contextual use. the application of strength or any other consideration
involving human endeavour
.
Fig.3.32-College gate open

➢ Design measurements: - it can be shown in below block diagram and all its dimensions are
in cm by measured tool: -
➢ Why the study on college gate is important: -
• Similarly as taken from benches and desks and board's study, the all study related to
ergonomics applied on the preferable system is used for study:
• By the way it is important to study all aspects which are under the ergonomics;
➢ During study:-
177cm

Our college in which we study has strength near about 750 students approximately. Suppose if there
is any miss-happening in college created by GOD like earthquake and similarly happening then
where students go?
It was found that then they will go from one or two main gate so the gale of college should be as
passible as large in height as well as width to avoid running situation which is created at that
time.

CHAPTER-IV
RESULTS & CONCLUSION
➢ Results during study of classroom furniture: -
Also, the study data wen; calculated and evaluated by the reference anthropometries formula as
well as the t-student test (p 0.05). The questionnaire information’s evaluated by descriptive
statically.
➢ Observation table:-(TABLE-3)
The result of test between reference standards (P 0.05) and observated data.
➢ Take a look at the Chart also: - For this see on next page: -
Sr.
no.
Task to be
measured
Reference
standardstPO.05)
Calculated
value
1 Desk height 83.6 92.7
2. Bench height 87.4 94
3. Blackboard
height
187.15 206.3
4. Sitting height 111.1 103.4
5. Buttocks width 53.19 38.75
6. Height
backrest
32.6 18.6
7. Sitting eye
height
68.07 78.5

So, from chart it may be calculated that none conforming of the blackboard installation with
the student's height may cause problem of forward head, mechanical there were significant
differences in the shrinkage of the spine between the horizontal gaze and the 20° and 40* angles
below the horizontal.
➢ Results during study of workshop: -
Comparison of lathe with standard & calculated data :-(TABLE-4)
The above table shows that the calculated value by the students is like as overall travelling distance
by the students. height from base to ground. height of lie ad stock. width of head stock. height of
tail stock. width off tail stock etc. Is shown in table.
Sr. no. Measuring points Calculated data
i. Overall travelling distance by the
student
208 c.m.
2. Height from base to ground 52.5 c.m.
3. Height of head stock 77.4 c.m
4. Width of lie ad stock 43.7 c.m
5. Height of tail stock 79.8 c.m
6.
Width of tail stock 42.7 c.m
100
250
200
150
100
50
0
■ Standard value
■ Calculated value

(TABLE-5)
➢ We can see that if the lathe machine is according to the above standard data then student or
worker can do work on that machine comfortably & give the fast production rale.
➢ GRAPH B/W STANDARD & CALCULATED VALUES OF LATHE:-
The result of correlation test between research data and reference standards
Sr. no. Measuring points Standard
data
(c.m)
Calculated
data
(c.m)
Diff. b/w S&C
(c.m)
1. Overall travelling
distance by tire
students
150 208 -58
2. Height from base to
ground
60.75 52.5 8.25
3. Height of tire head
stock
89.2 77.4 -11.8
4. Width of the head
stock
49.90 43.7 -6.2
5. Height of tire tail
stock
85.6 79.8 -5.8
6.. Width of the tail
stock
46 42.7 -3.3

The graph clearly shows the difference between the standard and actual values.
Again, there is a mismatch between standard data and calculated data:
➢ Results during study of college bus:-
It was found that there is no comfort at some places in bus like driver seat, entry gale and the
luggage stand there is no perfectness;
➢ Results during study of college gate:-
It was found during study of gate that some gate was very small and some are very large so it is
not easy to he go from small gates.
• They are not farmed like exact standard from every aspects for a college especially in
any case of miss-happening.
Conclusion: -
From our study the conclusion in each case arc given below: -
1. College class furniture: -
From college classroom furniture, it is concluded that if the Benches & Blackboard/green
board is perfect as according to standard data then it is very- helpful to us: sitting not straight
is a common mistake that we done at every stage of life so we want to give knowledge that
in classroom make you as ergonomic want!!!!
2. Workshop of college: -
We found a conclusion that every instructor Ls not following the ergonomics standards and
rules. Firstly, they don't know how to exactly live in a class as the system is going to change
know according to sitting posture and ergonomic vastus
• Every machine is not made up with ergonomics standard and we throw a light on it very
well. We must tell to college that even what we talk is right and all department should convey
them tow-aids ergonomics
Overall Height Height of width height of
width of
Travelling from base the head of the of the tail the
Distance to ground stock head stock stock tail
stock
By the
students
■Standard data
■Calculated
data

3. College bus: -
The bus not formed like exact standard from every aspect for a college especially in any
case of miss-happening. The aspects like safety should increase;
4. College gate: -
It was found that a college gate is not properly design especially in case of miss- happening
& it is concluded that a gate should be design according to ergonomics.
So all over it is concluded from study that the all five aspects can BE completed in
college but with some care: and these five aspects are: -
1. Safety
2. Comfort
3. Ease of use
4. Productivity/performance
5. Aesthetics

CHAPTER-V
FUTURE SCOPE
The scope of Ergonomics is extremely wide and is not limited to any particular industry or
application. Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and
leisure, health and safety should all embody ergonomics principles if well designed.
The ability of people to do their job is influenced by the person's capabilities (physical and mental),
the job demand (physical and mental) and the condition (physical and organizational environment)
under which the person is carrying out the job.
The Objectives of the Ergonomics is to enhance the effectiveness with which work and oilier human
activities arc carried out and to maintain or enhance certain desirable human values in the process,
health, safety, satisfaction etc.
The Roles of the Machine and the Human: -
Controlling machines was not a very significant problem until recently. Technological development
resulted in more elaborated controls and higher output, with the consequent need for more accurate
interpretation of the information displayed. This made operators task more complex and demanding
and as a result of that, the 'human factor' in such system became increasingly important for making
safer and more efficient systems.
The future scope of ergonomics in college is also preferable: because it will
• It helps college in safety very much
• It helps the student to provide the physical and mental feel of goodness:
• To increase productivity of all furniture industry and many more!
• Great increment in economy of our country if we put a small investment in it in terms of
safety to reduce accidents.
• To provide comfort level in aspects of life
These are some future scope of our project named “A comparative study of ergonomically
aspects on engineering institute”.
This is the study which can be applied same at many more colleges and universities!!!!
In future, probably in next semester we will definitely do study on INDUSTRY LEVEL so that we
may calculate observations at big level and it will help us at a smart level competition in world!!!!

REFERENCES
1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics
2. encyclopedia2.thefreedictionaiy.com/ergonomic
3. www.allsieeloffice.com/SynergyDocumenLs/ErgononticsAndDesign....PDF file
4. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg90.pdf- PDF file
5. www.nuigdlway.ie/.../occupalional-safety-engineering-ergonomics.html
6. www.healthyschools.org/downloads/Ergonomics.pdf ..PDF file
7. www.technologysiudeill.coni/designpro/ergo 1 .him
8. www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/kinrec/bsal/miniu/summer/backpacks.pdf ..PDF file
9. ergo.human.comell.edu/IEA2000/iea2000imw.pdf' PDF file
10. www.journaIs.eIsevier.com/applied-ergonomics/recent-articles
11. information-technology.crcpress.com/browse/series/crcadvinhum
12. www.alibris.com/search/books/author/human-Factors-and-Ergonomics...
13. www.worldcat.org/title/guide-to-huinan-factors-and-ergonomics
Reference books: -
1. HandbookFactorsErgonomicsbyGavriel-Salvendy
2. HumanFactorsinProductDesignbyWilliamH.Cushman, Daniel J. Rosenberg
3. The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design by Alvin R. Tilley (Editor), Stephen B.
Wilcox (Introduction),HenryDreyfuss assoc

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