Cotton spinning is an important operation in small scale and cottage textile industries in India. A large number of women workers in these industries perform cotton spinning task adopting squatting posture in traditional workshops.. Forty operators were questioned regarding work related musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs. Among the operators, severe cervical and lumber joint problems along with knee, joint pains and shoulders were more prevalent compared to other body regions. Based on the problems found, a new workstation was developed and ten operators were asked to work in the same workstation. Certain aspects regarding the ergonomic evaluation for those workers are discussed in this study. They were observed and evaluated with the RULA technique and there opinion on the improvement was asked based on the task, most frequent, they performed. It is revealed that the suggested workstation improves working posture and results in reduced postural stress on operators’ bodies and, consequently, reduce prevalence of MSDs symptoms.
Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Companyijtsrd
The process of Shifting material manually has the potential for injury to employees. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the injury risk level in manual handling activity, as well as to improve the condition. The observed manual material handling activity is truck loading. This activity was analyzed using different software such as NIOSH equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and compression force using 3DSSPP software as well as Nordic body map questionnaire was used to identify body discomfort level. In this study 5 male truck loading operators were taken as subjects, they are loading boxes from stacking area to truck manually. The task involved small repetitive movement while handling material, due to this the load man has faced work related musculoskeletal problems. The Nordic questionnaire is spread among the workers for collecting data, after collecting all information sorted out and analyzes the body parts using above software. The outcome shows that most of the workers who carry out activities have a high level of risk with the score of REBA exceeds points 12 risk is very high, need immediate changes required to improve the task , Literature survey indicates the lifting index should not be in more than 1, but the value obtained is 7.591 the job is more dangerous and stressful . Compression force exceeds the actual limit of 3400, but in this manual handling having compression force is 3408. When the Nordic body mapping method the major discomfort was found in the body parts such as Lower back, Forearm, upper arm. Based on the suggestion conveyor system is introduced and we re assess risk level of the body parts and the result shows that the risk level decreased up to 50 . Therefore replacing manual handling system with the conveyor system with reduces the lower back pain. Mohamed Ismail. S | Muthukumar. K ""Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Company"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23112.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23112/risk-assessment-in-manual-material-handling-of-an-edible-oil-company/mohamed-ismail-s
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on push pull analysis associated with awkward posture among workers i...eSAT Journals
Abstract In aerospace industries, many working tasks required their workers to perform works in push-pull activity. It is associated with an awkward posture. The awkward posture is a practical working posture when joints are not in neutral position. Furthermore, the workers need to push or pull the mould in a long distance into a workplace. If the workers perform the activity continuously throughout the working hours, they may be experienced back pain problem. The objective of this study is to measure the maximum acceptable initial force and sustained force for push-pull activity while workers perform their tasks. Besides that, this study also wants to identify which activity can endure longer between push or pull activity. Moreover, this study measures the comfort level of working posture. The acceptable initial force and sustained force were measured using Push-Pull Analysis, expressed in Newton, N. The comfort level is measured using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) Analysis, expressed in scoring level. Both of these assessments are analysis tools Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA) software. Six production workers from manufacturing department were participated as subjects. The results show the maximum acceptable initial force for push task is 433.942N and pull task is 396.691N. While, the sustained force for push task is 333.465N and pull task is 318.317N. Referring to the results, pushing activity can endure longer than pulling activity while workers perform their tasks. While the comfort level for this working posture is seven. Based on this study, the authors concluded that push-pull activity can lead to the back pain problem for workers in aerospace industry. It’s was influenced by the work activity, work load, work duration of awkward posture and distance between workplace. Keywords:Push-pull activity, awkward posture, Acceptable initial force, Acceptable sustained force, Comfort level
IRJET- Applications of Ergonomic Analysis Tools in an Industry: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of ergonomic analysis tools used in industry. It discusses several tools for ergonomic assessment, including REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System), and NIOSH surveys. The review summarizes several research studies that have applied these tools to analyze risks in various industries and tasks, such as small-scale casting, manual material handling, and fixed workstations. The goal of the research is to identify risks, improve worker comfort and safety, and reduce musculoskeletal disorders through ergonomic assessment and redesign of workspaces.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates a workstation to improve worker productivity by reducing musculoskeletal disorders like back pain and shoulder injuries. The researchers conducted surveys and interviews with workers at a transformer manufacturing plant to understand common issues. They used tools like RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze worker postures and identify risks. Finally, they developed a new, ergonomic workstation design with features like adjustable seating and back support to address issues and improve posture. Testing of the new workstation found it reduced postural stress and risks of musculoskeletal disorders, helping to improve both worker health and productivity.
Development of a Comfortable Ergonomic Chair for WorkersIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of an ergonomic chair for workers who must stand continuously in manufacturing industries. A survey found that such standing positions can cause health issues like leg and back pain.
2. The researchers designed a chair that acts like an exoskeleton for the legs, with straps around the thighs to support workers both while standing and walking. They evaluated the chair's comfort through questionnaires with workers.
3. Workers reported feeling less pain and discomfort when using the chair compared to standing continuously. The chair was found to improve worker comfort and efficiency while also promoting better health compared to traditional standing work positions.
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Companyijtsrd
The process of Shifting material manually has the potential for injury to employees. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the injury risk level in manual handling activity, as well as to improve the condition. The observed manual material handling activity is truck loading. This activity was analyzed using different software such as NIOSH equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and compression force using 3DSSPP software as well as Nordic body map questionnaire was used to identify body discomfort level. In this study 5 male truck loading operators were taken as subjects, they are loading boxes from stacking area to truck manually. The task involved small repetitive movement while handling material, due to this the load man has faced work related musculoskeletal problems. The Nordic questionnaire is spread among the workers for collecting data, after collecting all information sorted out and analyzes the body parts using above software. The outcome shows that most of the workers who carry out activities have a high level of risk with the score of REBA exceeds points 12 risk is very high, need immediate changes required to improve the task , Literature survey indicates the lifting index should not be in more than 1, but the value obtained is 7.591 the job is more dangerous and stressful . Compression force exceeds the actual limit of 3400, but in this manual handling having compression force is 3408. When the Nordic body mapping method the major discomfort was found in the body parts such as Lower back, Forearm, upper arm. Based on the suggestion conveyor system is introduced and we re assess risk level of the body parts and the result shows that the risk level decreased up to 50 . Therefore replacing manual handling system with the conveyor system with reduces the lower back pain. Mohamed Ismail. S | Muthukumar. K ""Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling of an Edible Oil Company"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23112.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23112/risk-assessment-in-manual-material-handling-of-an-edible-oil-company/mohamed-ismail-s
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on push pull analysis associated with awkward posture among workers i...eSAT Journals
Abstract In aerospace industries, many working tasks required their workers to perform works in push-pull activity. It is associated with an awkward posture. The awkward posture is a practical working posture when joints are not in neutral position. Furthermore, the workers need to push or pull the mould in a long distance into a workplace. If the workers perform the activity continuously throughout the working hours, they may be experienced back pain problem. The objective of this study is to measure the maximum acceptable initial force and sustained force for push-pull activity while workers perform their tasks. Besides that, this study also wants to identify which activity can endure longer between push or pull activity. Moreover, this study measures the comfort level of working posture. The acceptable initial force and sustained force were measured using Push-Pull Analysis, expressed in Newton, N. The comfort level is measured using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) Analysis, expressed in scoring level. Both of these assessments are analysis tools Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application (CATIA) software. Six production workers from manufacturing department were participated as subjects. The results show the maximum acceptable initial force for push task is 433.942N and pull task is 396.691N. While, the sustained force for push task is 333.465N and pull task is 318.317N. Referring to the results, pushing activity can endure longer than pulling activity while workers perform their tasks. While the comfort level for this working posture is seven. Based on this study, the authors concluded that push-pull activity can lead to the back pain problem for workers in aerospace industry. It’s was influenced by the work activity, work load, work duration of awkward posture and distance between workplace. Keywords:Push-pull activity, awkward posture, Acceptable initial force, Acceptable sustained force, Comfort level
IRJET- Applications of Ergonomic Analysis Tools in an Industry: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of ergonomic analysis tools used in industry. It discusses several tools for ergonomic assessment, including REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment), OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System), and NIOSH surveys. The review summarizes several research studies that have applied these tools to analyze risks in various industries and tasks, such as small-scale casting, manual material handling, and fixed workstations. The goal of the research is to identify risks, improve worker comfort and safety, and reduce musculoskeletal disorders through ergonomic assessment and redesign of workspaces.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates a workstation to improve worker productivity by reducing musculoskeletal disorders like back pain and shoulder injuries. The researchers conducted surveys and interviews with workers at a transformer manufacturing plant to understand common issues. They used tools like RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze worker postures and identify risks. Finally, they developed a new, ergonomic workstation design with features like adjustable seating and back support to address issues and improve posture. Testing of the new workstation found it reduced postural stress and risks of musculoskeletal disorders, helping to improve both worker health and productivity.
Development of a Comfortable Ergonomic Chair for WorkersIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of an ergonomic chair for workers who must stand continuously in manufacturing industries. A survey found that such standing positions can cause health issues like leg and back pain.
2. The researchers designed a chair that acts like an exoskeleton for the legs, with straps around the thighs to support workers both while standing and walking. They evaluated the chair's comfort through questionnaires with workers.
3. Workers reported feeling less pain and discomfort when using the chair compared to standing continuously. The chair was found to improve worker comfort and efficiency while also promoting better health compared to traditional standing work positions.
This study aimed to adopt a teaching method using task analysis for badminton forehand overhead clear coaching experiment and evaluate the coaching effects. Sixty male participants (mean age: 14.6 years old) without badminton training experience were recruited. All the participants were assigned into two groups (30 participants in either group). Task analysis teaching method was applied in one group as task analysis group and conventional teaching method was applied in the other group as control group. Before the coaching
experiment, there were no differences in physical fi tness and badminton level between the two groups. Motor skills were evaluated using. phase performance score. Badminton forehand overhead clear skills were evaluated using shuttlecock landing performance score. After the experiment, motor skills (25.8 ± 1.3 vs. 51.8 ± 3.7, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (22.2 ± 2.4 vs. 54.0 ± 6.4, p < 0.01) in task analysis group improved signifi cantly. In control group, motor skills (25.2 ± 1.4 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton. forehand overhead clear skills (23.2 ± 2.9 vs 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.01) also improved signifi cantly. Two-way ANOVA analysis revealed that
the coaching effects of task analysis group were signifi cantly better than control group both of motor skills (51.8 ± 3.7 vs. 36.2 ± 2.8, p < 0.01) and badminton forehand overhead clear skills (54.0 ± 6.4 vs. 50.8 ± 5.2, p < 0.05). In conclusion, task analysis teaching method could boost badminton motor skill learning and develop motor skill abilities.
EMG Investigations Regarding Handle Size, Grip Force and Stroke Rotation In S...Waqas Tariq
The present study investigated the effect of handle size (35mm and 40mm), grip type (loose grip and tight grip) and supine stroke rotation (30 ? , 45 ? and 60 ? ) on electromyography i.e. EMG activity of forearm muscles for a screwing task in an experimental simulation. The eight participants performed the screw driving task for a 2 minutes duration (supination). The EMG activities of forearm muscles were recorded during this task. The muscles selected for EMG recording were FCR, FCU, FDS and ECRB muscles. The results showed that the flexor muscles were more activated than extensor muscles. Among giving conditions, 40mm handle size using loose grip with 60 ? stroke was most comfortable.
[Study on the efficacy of orthopedic footwear in treating lumbar intervertebr...Jaiani Iacha
The study evaluated the efficacy of orthopedic footwear in treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with spinal manipulation in 44 patients. Surface electromyography tests showed less asymmetry in lumbar muscle activity with orthopedic footwear. Patients receiving spinal manipulation with orthopedic footwear had a shorter healing time of 20.36 days compared to 28.14 days for patients receiving spinal manipulation only. Orthopedic footwear improved lumbar muscle symmetry and balance, creating favorable conditions for spinal manipulation to shorten the healing time.
This summary provides the key details about an experiment conducted to test the effectiveness of an exoskeleton device.
1) The experiment tested an exoskeleton device, called a personal ergonomic device (PED), on welders and painters at a manufacturing facility to see if it reduced fatigue and increased productivity.
2) The experiment aimed to test the hypothesis that using the exoskeleton device would increase productivity and quality of tasks by reducing operator fatigue and soreness.
3) The results of the experiment and effectiveness of the exoskeleton device were evaluated based on prior studies that examined fatigue in welders' muscles from overhead work and tests for measuring functional performance and fatigue in patients
EFFECT OF STUDENT LEARNING MODEL ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCEIAEME Publication
The era of globalization requires someone to have intelligence in facing all
difficulties and challenges, not closing the possibility of physical education learning. In
this study, an increase in emotional intelligence was developed using learning models
The document is from the International Journal of Management (IJM) and discusses a study on the effect of speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training on vital capacity in hockey players. 30 male hockey players participated in the study and were randomly assigned to an experimental group that underwent 6 weeks of SAQ training or a control group. Results showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in vital capacity after training, while the control group did not, supporting the hypothesis that SAQ training improves vital capacity.
The document summarizes a study that examines job stress among Indian mariners using Karasek's Job Demand-Control model. The study classified job demand-control attributes into five factors using factor analysis. It compared stress levels between deck side and engine side seafarers by testing two hypotheses about whether there are significant differences between the job demand-control factors and each job type. The study aimed to examine if the job demand-control model dimensions hold true and test the association between job demand-control factors and job categories. Factor analysis confirmed the general structure of the job demand-control model but some items were distributed differently across its dimensions.
Prediction of kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometrical and phys...iaemedu
This document summarizes a study that aimed to predict kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometric and physical variables among college-level players. 144 male kabaddi players aged 18-28 were assessed for anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and limb lengths. Physical fitness tests included speed, flexibility, leg strength, muscular power and endurance. Playing ability was subjectively assessed by coaches. Correlation analysis found playing ability significantly correlated with speed and leg strength. Regression analysis identified leg strength, muscular power, speed, leg length and arm length as the best predictors of playing ability, accounting for 87% of the variance. The study concluded that kabaddi requires qualities like strength, speed, endurance and coordination
This document summarizes a student's project work on investigating work-related musculoskeletal disorders among hand screen printing workers. The student conducted statistical analysis on 385 participants to identify risk factors for lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Experimental analysis was also conducted on 11 participants to analyze muscle activity and fatigue in the upper extremities and lower back during printing using electromyography. The results found independent risk factors like age, experience and gender were associated with lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Electromyography analysis found the deltoid, trapezius major and subcapularis muscles experience the highest loads during printing.
THE VARIATION IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTS THE VERTICAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGT...IAEME Publication
The present work was undertaken to determine the physical properties i.e. mass, sphericity, surface area, total surface volume changes the compressive strength of bead. The vertical compressive strength of beads was monitored under compression mode. Results showed that the compressive strength was increasing with small variations in geometrical parameters of bead. The range of compressive strength was found between 0.36 MPa to 0.80 MPa (N/mm2), and it was also observed that compressive strength increasing with incremental change in total surface volume and mass, but decreases with increase in cortical thickness.
Evaluation of the Impact of Engineering Ergonomic Interventions on Musculoske...CSCJournals
Improper work-system designs and physical demands lead to awkward postures in packaging workers in food factories, particularly with tasks that require a high instance of repetitive motions (e.g., assembly), which causes musculoskeletal disorders and affects psychosocial factors in the workplace. This study aimed to determine the effect of ergonomic engineering interventions on musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial factors among packaging workers in a food factory in Saudi Arabia. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were used to examine musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial aspects, respectively among 52 male workers which were divided into intervention group control group. Two evaluation periods were used after implemented the interventions (3 months and 6 months post-intervention). The results showed that the engineering ergonomic interventions significantly decreased the musculoskeletal risks at neck, shoulders, upper back and lower back of workers in both evaluation periods at 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. The intervention improved only three aspects in JCQ: decision latitude, physical job demand and psychological job demands before and post-intervention.
This document discusses ergonomic design recommendations for VDT workplaces for Indian software professionals. It analyzes anthropometric data collected from Indian males and females aged 20-50 to determine recommended dimensions. Key findings include average stature is taller for males than females, and females have larger thigh clearances. Recommended adjustable seat heights are 334.6-472.2mm based on 5th-95th percentiles of popliteal height data. The analysis aims to design workstations that fit natural body dimensions to prevent musculoskeletal issues from poorly fitted workspaces.
An ergonomic study of work related musculoskeletal disorder risks in Indian S...IOSR Journals
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are amongst the most common work-related problems throughout
the world and India is no exception. MSD risk factors can be an appropriate base for planning and
implementing ergonomics intervention programs in the workplace. The present study is focused on identifying
the occupational health and safety risks of workers in Indian sawmills. The workers in saw mills are exposed to
MSD risks, hard environmental conditions (high temperatures, slippery and uneven ground), heavy works
(manual handling of loads, awkward postures, ) and dangerous tools and machineries such as chainsaws, band
saw, chippers, etc. . In this study we have considered different logger groups working in saw mills in Karnataka
State and analyzed their MSD risk exposure, occupational health hazards and noise exposure. In a developing
country like India, where labor is cheap and most of the workers are economic migrants, proper occupational
health, hygiene and ergonomic factors are neglected . The workers accept the adverse working conditions as
part of the job and mostly work in such work environments. NORDIC musculoskeletal questionnaire was used
to analyze areas of pain and their occurrence in the past. Postural analysis using REBA, RULA indicates that
the workers are working above the safe limit. The average REBA score observed was 7.5. The hazardous
postures and MSD’s were also justified by the questionnaires and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) techniques.
Moreover the workers were exposed to noise levels above the OSHA’s safe limits for prolonged time. These
methods indicated that different body parts at specific postures are vulnerable to injury and musculoskeletal
disorders and warrant immediate ergonomics intervention
Efficacy of PNF Training Vs Agility Training on Mobility and Balance in Unila...ijtsrd
This study compared the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) training and agility training on mobility and balance in 15 unilateral transtibial amputees each. Both groups received their respective training (PNF or agility) in addition to conventional occupational therapy, three times per week for four weeks. Outcome measures of Berg Balance Scale and Amputee Mobility Predictor showed significant improvements within each group after the intervention. When comparing the groups, there was no significant difference in balance improvement but agility training led to significantly greater gains in mobility. Thus, the study concluded that agility training may be more effective than PNF training at improving mobility in unilateral transtibial ampute
1. The document discusses 3D printing bio-models of the ilium and femur bones to study their biomechanics through finite element analysis (FEA).
2. FEA was performed on 3D printed models of the ilium and femur bones under different loads to understand their stress responses. For the ilium bone, stresses were found to be within safety limits under normal loads but high stresses were observed near the symphysis under high impact loads.
3. For the femur bone, high stresses were observed in the neck region under single-leg loading, indicating this is a likely fracture point, especially for people with osteoporosis and low bone mineral density. The analyses provide insights into
In order for the apparel industry to maintain and improve its competitiveness in the world market place, it must adopt many emerging technologies and achieve the maximum benefit from them.
During the transition to a high technology manufacturing environment, jobs and workplaces should be designed to promote employee productivity, comfort and safety. Design of jobs and equipment to match the physical and mental characteristics and limitations of the equipment operators is the goal of the science of ergonomics.
Hydrodistention is a treatment for frozen shoulder (FS) that is gaining popularity again. However, no large, long-term outcome data has been published yet. Our aims were to evaluate hydrodistension for the treatment of primary frozen shoulder (FS) in a large cohort of patients with long follow-up period.
We present a case series of eighty-nine patients (36 males and 53 females) with a mean age of 52 years (33-73). Eleven (12.4%) had disease associations. We excluded post-operative secondary stiff shoulders. The mean volume injected was 33.7ml (16-66). 36/89 (40%) had capsular rupture. Six (6.7%) had adverse effects. The mean follow-up was 104.5 weeks (8-238).
Mean improvement in forward flexion was 165.4, abduction 111.6, external rotation was hand above head with elbow back (and internal rotation in extension to T12. Mean improvement in quickDASH score was 17.1 (p<0.001) and Constant Score was 70.0 (p<0.001). Mean improvement in VAS was 7.3 (p<0.001). No patients had night pain (p<0.001). Eighty-eight (99%) returned to their previous occupation. Seventy-six (85%) returned to their previous level of sport. Gender, previous intra-articular steroid injection, volume of the injectate, type of steroid used, capsular rupture and underlying aetiology had no impact on outcome.
STUDY ON POSTURAL ANALYSIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER RISK ON THE DOMESTIC ...IRJET Journal
This study analyzed the postures and risk of musculoskeletal disorders for domestic ironing workers. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was used to evaluate 20 postures for 10 workers. For ironing postures, 8 of 10 were found to be high risk according to REBA scores. Common pains reported by workers included shoulder (100%), lower back (100%), knee (90%), and neck (90%) pain. Prolonged standing, awkward postures, and heavy equipment contributed to risks. The study recommends adjusting worktables, reducing equipment weight, and adding rest breaks to improve worker comfort and safety.
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) - Human Factors Isra' Abu Rumman
The document provides an overview of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool for evaluating ergonomic risks. It describes the original development of RULA, the procedure for using it to assess postures, and examples of scoring body positions. It also summarizes research evaluating RULA's validity/reliability through physiological and survey measures. Strengths are its ease of use without special equipment, while limitations include only assessing one side at a time and lack of engineering controls. Applications discussed are in productivity optimization through digital modeling and use in virtual assembly simulations to provide warnings.
EMG Investigations Regarding Handle Size, Grip Force and Stroke Rotation In S...Waqas Tariq
The present study investigated the effect of handle size (35mm and 40mm), grip type (loose grip and tight grip) and supine stroke rotation (30 ? , 45 ? and 60 ? ) on electromyography i.e. EMG activity of forearm muscles for a screwing task in an experimental simulation. The eight participants performed the screw driving task for a 2 minutes duration (supination). The EMG activities of forearm muscles were recorded during this task. The muscles selected for EMG recording were FCR, FCU, FDS and ECRB muscles. The results showed that the flexor muscles were more activated than extensor muscles. Among giving conditions, 40mm handle size using loose grip with 60 ? stroke was most comfortable.
[Study on the efficacy of orthopedic footwear in treating lumbar intervertebr...Jaiani Iacha
The study evaluated the efficacy of orthopedic footwear in treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with spinal manipulation in 44 patients. Surface electromyography tests showed less asymmetry in lumbar muscle activity with orthopedic footwear. Patients receiving spinal manipulation with orthopedic footwear had a shorter healing time of 20.36 days compared to 28.14 days for patients receiving spinal manipulation only. Orthopedic footwear improved lumbar muscle symmetry and balance, creating favorable conditions for spinal manipulation to shorten the healing time.
This summary provides the key details about an experiment conducted to test the effectiveness of an exoskeleton device.
1) The experiment tested an exoskeleton device, called a personal ergonomic device (PED), on welders and painters at a manufacturing facility to see if it reduced fatigue and increased productivity.
2) The experiment aimed to test the hypothesis that using the exoskeleton device would increase productivity and quality of tasks by reducing operator fatigue and soreness.
3) The results of the experiment and effectiveness of the exoskeleton device were evaluated based on prior studies that examined fatigue in welders' muscles from overhead work and tests for measuring functional performance and fatigue in patients
EFFECT OF STUDENT LEARNING MODEL ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCEIAEME Publication
The era of globalization requires someone to have intelligence in facing all
difficulties and challenges, not closing the possibility of physical education learning. In
this study, an increase in emotional intelligence was developed using learning models
The document is from the International Journal of Management (IJM) and discusses a study on the effect of speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training on vital capacity in hockey players. 30 male hockey players participated in the study and were randomly assigned to an experimental group that underwent 6 weeks of SAQ training or a control group. Results showed that the experimental group had a significant increase in vital capacity after training, while the control group did not, supporting the hypothesis that SAQ training improves vital capacity.
The document summarizes a study that examines job stress among Indian mariners using Karasek's Job Demand-Control model. The study classified job demand-control attributes into five factors using factor analysis. It compared stress levels between deck side and engine side seafarers by testing two hypotheses about whether there are significant differences between the job demand-control factors and each job type. The study aimed to examine if the job demand-control model dimensions hold true and test the association between job demand-control factors and job categories. Factor analysis confirmed the general structure of the job demand-control model but some items were distributed differently across its dimensions.
Prediction of kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometrical and phys...iaemedu
This document summarizes a study that aimed to predict kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometric and physical variables among college-level players. 144 male kabaddi players aged 18-28 were assessed for anthropometric measurements like height, weight, and limb lengths. Physical fitness tests included speed, flexibility, leg strength, muscular power and endurance. Playing ability was subjectively assessed by coaches. Correlation analysis found playing ability significantly correlated with speed and leg strength. Regression analysis identified leg strength, muscular power, speed, leg length and arm length as the best predictors of playing ability, accounting for 87% of the variance. The study concluded that kabaddi requires qualities like strength, speed, endurance and coordination
This document summarizes a student's project work on investigating work-related musculoskeletal disorders among hand screen printing workers. The student conducted statistical analysis on 385 participants to identify risk factors for lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Experimental analysis was also conducted on 11 participants to analyze muscle activity and fatigue in the upper extremities and lower back during printing using electromyography. The results found independent risk factors like age, experience and gender were associated with lower back pain and upper extremity disorders. Electromyography analysis found the deltoid, trapezius major and subcapularis muscles experience the highest loads during printing.
THE VARIATION IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFFECTS THE VERTICAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGT...IAEME Publication
The present work was undertaken to determine the physical properties i.e. mass, sphericity, surface area, total surface volume changes the compressive strength of bead. The vertical compressive strength of beads was monitored under compression mode. Results showed that the compressive strength was increasing with small variations in geometrical parameters of bead. The range of compressive strength was found between 0.36 MPa to 0.80 MPa (N/mm2), and it was also observed that compressive strength increasing with incremental change in total surface volume and mass, but decreases with increase in cortical thickness.
Evaluation of the Impact of Engineering Ergonomic Interventions on Musculoske...CSCJournals
Improper work-system designs and physical demands lead to awkward postures in packaging workers in food factories, particularly with tasks that require a high instance of repetitive motions (e.g., assembly), which causes musculoskeletal disorders and affects psychosocial factors in the workplace. This study aimed to determine the effect of ergonomic engineering interventions on musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial factors among packaging workers in a food factory in Saudi Arabia. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) were used to examine musculoskeletal risks and psychosocial aspects, respectively among 52 male workers which were divided into intervention group control group. Two evaluation periods were used after implemented the interventions (3 months and 6 months post-intervention). The results showed that the engineering ergonomic interventions significantly decreased the musculoskeletal risks at neck, shoulders, upper back and lower back of workers in both evaluation periods at 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. The intervention improved only three aspects in JCQ: decision latitude, physical job demand and psychological job demands before and post-intervention.
This document discusses ergonomic design recommendations for VDT workplaces for Indian software professionals. It analyzes anthropometric data collected from Indian males and females aged 20-50 to determine recommended dimensions. Key findings include average stature is taller for males than females, and females have larger thigh clearances. Recommended adjustable seat heights are 334.6-472.2mm based on 5th-95th percentiles of popliteal height data. The analysis aims to design workstations that fit natural body dimensions to prevent musculoskeletal issues from poorly fitted workspaces.
An ergonomic study of work related musculoskeletal disorder risks in Indian S...IOSR Journals
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are amongst the most common work-related problems throughout
the world and India is no exception. MSD risk factors can be an appropriate base for planning and
implementing ergonomics intervention programs in the workplace. The present study is focused on identifying
the occupational health and safety risks of workers in Indian sawmills. The workers in saw mills are exposed to
MSD risks, hard environmental conditions (high temperatures, slippery and uneven ground), heavy works
(manual handling of loads, awkward postures, ) and dangerous tools and machineries such as chainsaws, band
saw, chippers, etc. . In this study we have considered different logger groups working in saw mills in Karnataka
State and analyzed their MSD risk exposure, occupational health hazards and noise exposure. In a developing
country like India, where labor is cheap and most of the workers are economic migrants, proper occupational
health, hygiene and ergonomic factors are neglected . The workers accept the adverse working conditions as
part of the job and mostly work in such work environments. NORDIC musculoskeletal questionnaire was used
to analyze areas of pain and their occurrence in the past. Postural analysis using REBA, RULA indicates that
the workers are working above the safe limit. The average REBA score observed was 7.5. The hazardous
postures and MSD’s were also justified by the questionnaires and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) techniques.
Moreover the workers were exposed to noise levels above the OSHA’s safe limits for prolonged time. These
methods indicated that different body parts at specific postures are vulnerable to injury and musculoskeletal
disorders and warrant immediate ergonomics intervention
Efficacy of PNF Training Vs Agility Training on Mobility and Balance in Unila...ijtsrd
This study compared the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) training and agility training on mobility and balance in 15 unilateral transtibial amputees each. Both groups received their respective training (PNF or agility) in addition to conventional occupational therapy, three times per week for four weeks. Outcome measures of Berg Balance Scale and Amputee Mobility Predictor showed significant improvements within each group after the intervention. When comparing the groups, there was no significant difference in balance improvement but agility training led to significantly greater gains in mobility. Thus, the study concluded that agility training may be more effective than PNF training at improving mobility in unilateral transtibial ampute
1. The document discusses 3D printing bio-models of the ilium and femur bones to study their biomechanics through finite element analysis (FEA).
2. FEA was performed on 3D printed models of the ilium and femur bones under different loads to understand their stress responses. For the ilium bone, stresses were found to be within safety limits under normal loads but high stresses were observed near the symphysis under high impact loads.
3. For the femur bone, high stresses were observed in the neck region under single-leg loading, indicating this is a likely fracture point, especially for people with osteoporosis and low bone mineral density. The analyses provide insights into
In order for the apparel industry to maintain and improve its competitiveness in the world market place, it must adopt many emerging technologies and achieve the maximum benefit from them.
During the transition to a high technology manufacturing environment, jobs and workplaces should be designed to promote employee productivity, comfort and safety. Design of jobs and equipment to match the physical and mental characteristics and limitations of the equipment operators is the goal of the science of ergonomics.
Hydrodistention is a treatment for frozen shoulder (FS) that is gaining popularity again. However, no large, long-term outcome data has been published yet. Our aims were to evaluate hydrodistension for the treatment of primary frozen shoulder (FS) in a large cohort of patients with long follow-up period.
We present a case series of eighty-nine patients (36 males and 53 females) with a mean age of 52 years (33-73). Eleven (12.4%) had disease associations. We excluded post-operative secondary stiff shoulders. The mean volume injected was 33.7ml (16-66). 36/89 (40%) had capsular rupture. Six (6.7%) had adverse effects. The mean follow-up was 104.5 weeks (8-238).
Mean improvement in forward flexion was 165.4, abduction 111.6, external rotation was hand above head with elbow back (and internal rotation in extension to T12. Mean improvement in quickDASH score was 17.1 (p<0.001) and Constant Score was 70.0 (p<0.001). Mean improvement in VAS was 7.3 (p<0.001). No patients had night pain (p<0.001). Eighty-eight (99%) returned to their previous occupation. Seventy-six (85%) returned to their previous level of sport. Gender, previous intra-articular steroid injection, volume of the injectate, type of steroid used, capsular rupture and underlying aetiology had no impact on outcome.
STUDY ON POSTURAL ANALYSIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER RISK ON THE DOMESTIC ...IRJET Journal
This study analyzed the postures and risk of musculoskeletal disorders for domestic ironing workers. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was used to evaluate 20 postures for 10 workers. For ironing postures, 8 of 10 were found to be high risk according to REBA scores. Common pains reported by workers included shoulder (100%), lower back (100%), knee (90%), and neck (90%) pain. Prolonged standing, awkward postures, and heavy equipment contributed to risks. The study recommends adjusting worktables, reducing equipment weight, and adding rest breaks to improve worker comfort and safety.
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) - Human Factors Isra' Abu Rumman
The document provides an overview of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool for evaluating ergonomic risks. It describes the original development of RULA, the procedure for using it to assess postures, and examples of scoring body positions. It also summarizes research evaluating RULA's validity/reliability through physiological and survey measures. Strengths are its ease of use without special equipment, while limitations include only assessing one side at a time and lack of engineering controls. Applications discussed are in productivity optimization through digital modeling and use in virtual assembly simulations to provide warnings.
EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF BODY MECHANICS IN IMPROVING POSTURE IN STUDENTSIRJET Journal
- The document discusses evaluating the efficacy of body mechanics in improving posture in students. It notes that many students have adopted poor posture habits that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders if not corrected.
- The study aimed to analyze students' posture, create awareness of good posture and body mechanics principles, and evaluate how body mechanics training impacts students' posture. It found that most students were unaware of their poor posture and an awareness session on body alignment and mechanics was effective in improving students' body posture.
- Proper application of body mechanics principles like maintaining center of gravity, open base of support, and good body alignment can help individuals adopt and maintain good posture. This is important for students engaging in online learning to prevent pain and disorders from
This study analyzed work-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers in saw mills in northern Karnataka, India. Most work is done manually without machinery. Questionnaires found that 80% of workers experienced thigh, leg, and back pain, while 50% experienced arm and shoulder pain. Direct observation revealed workers frequently lifting and moving heavy logs manually into positions requiring twisted trunks and arms. Postural analysis tools REBA and RULA found most tasks scored above safe limits. Workers were also exposed to noise above OSHA limits from saws. The study identified high risk of musculoskeletal disorders from manual material handling, prolonged awkward postures, forceful exertions, and noise exposure. Immediate ergonomic interventions were recommended to reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks
Ergonomics Analysis of Blanket Lifting Technique Using Posture Evaluation In...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Ergonomic analysis of blanket lifting technique using Posture Evaluation Index (PEI) Method in Virtual Environment. This research was conducted to study the ergonomic aspect of blanket/linens patient lifting technique in a virtual environment. Analysis phase was done using software Jack 6.1 which is one of ergonomic software that using digital human modeling technology. PEI was used as an approach that integrated results of three methods: lower back analysis (LBA), ovako working posture analysis (OWAS), and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA). The research objective is to analysis ergonomic aspects of blanket patient lifting process and to determine the most ergonomic posture during the patient lifting process. The ergonomic analysis only bed to bed blanket lifting process. The results show that the posture during lifting process had enough amount of risk that can injure the musculoskeletal system of the nurses. This research enriches the body of is the first research in Indonesia that applied virtual environment approach to ergonomics analysis in nursing process.
Ergonomics Analysis of Blanket Lifting Technique Using Posture Evaluation Ind...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Ergonomic analysis of blanket lifting technique using Posture Evaluation Index (PEI) Method in Virtual Environment. This research was conducted to study the ergonomic aspect of blanket/linens patient lifting technique in a virtual environment. Analysis phase was done using software Jack 6.1 which is one of ergonomic software that using digital human modeling technology. PEI was used as an approach that integrated results of three methods: lower back analysis (LBA), ovako working posture analysis (OWAS), and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA). The research objective is to analysis ergonomic aspects of blanket patient lifting process and to determine the most ergonomic posture during the patient lifting process. The ergonomic analysis only bed to bed blanket lifting process. The results show that the posture during lifting process had enough amount of risk that can injure the musculoskeletal system of the nurses. This research enriches the body of is the first research in Indonesia that applied virtual environment approach to ergonomics analysis in nursing process.
The document summarizes an ergonomic study conducted on the work postures of sewing machine operators in a lean manufacturing textile industry in Sri Lanka. The study found high occurrences of musculoskeletal symptoms among operators, particularly in the lower body. An assessment using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) tool found the operators' postures presented medium risk levels for the trunk, neck, legs, upper arms, lower arms, and wrists. The study recommended solutions like adjusting sewing machine heights, providing inclined work tables, anti-fatigue mats, job rotation, and exercises to address the ergonomic issues identified.
STUDY ON POSTURAL ANALYSIS ON THE TRUCK BODY MAKING INDUSTRIAL WORKERSIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on the postural analysis of workers in truck body making industries. The study assessed the postures of workers performing tasks like hammering, cutting, drilling, grinding, and welding using tools like RULA, REBA, and QEC. The study found that workers adopted awkward postures like bending and twisting that increased their risk of musculoskeletal disorders. It recommended improvements like providing sit-stand chairs, ergonomic tables, adjustable ladders, and rubber grips on tools to reduce risks and improve postures.
Ergonomics can roughly be defined as the study of people in their working environment.
scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles and methods to design to optimize overall human performance.”
Improves job process by eliminating unnecessary tasks,steps and efforts.
Reduce potential for overexertion injury.
Minimize mental/physical fatigue potential.
Leverage workers’ skills & knowledge .The objective is to improve the efficiency of operation by taking into account a typical person’s size, strength, speed, visual activity and physiological stresses such as fatigue, speed of decision making, and demands on memory and perception.
To maximize productivity while lowering the risk of musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs).MSDs develop as a result of long term exposure to a combination of ergonomic risk factors such as repetition, high forces and awkward postures.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMECHANIC METHODS FOR ERGONOMIC EVALUATION: COMPARISON WITH ...IAEME Publication
Various methods have been developed to evaluate workload in everyday life, and various methods of observation have been carried out. But it is still a debate until now. In this journal, the development of biomechanical methods for evaluating workloads which ergonomics will then be compared with the observation method. The observation method used is the SCANIA Ergonomics Standard (SES) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) methods which will be used to assess ergonomic workloads on two simulation workstations such as tightening, loosening, or increasing the number of pipes, and carrying out other actions. Sensors are also used to measure biomechanical data (Inclinometers, Accelerometers, and Goniometers). The results obtained show an assessment of the risk factors of RULA and SES according to the final results using biomechanical methods. However, there is a mismatch in the neck and wrist posture. In conclusion, the biomechanical approach is more appropriate than the observation method, but several risk factors are evaluated by unmeasured observation methods with biomechanical techniques that have been developed.
Designing an Ergonomics-Based Public Wudu Place for Indonesian Population Usi...Waqas Tariq
This research studied about ergonomics aspect for designing public wudu place in virtual environment. Data collection is conducted with Vicon System and analyzed by Software Jack 6.1. The method of this research is Posture Evaluation Index (PEI) which integrates three methods: Low Back Analysis, Ovako Working Posture Analysis, and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the design of public wudu place and determine the most ergonomics design based on the movement while doing wudu. As for the results, the recommendation for the valve height from floor is 115 cm, the height of feet holder is 30 cm, and the distance between the man and the valve is 35 cm.
Computer Assisted System for Enhancing the Application of Ergonomics in Manuf...Waqas Tariq
The current paper focuses on the need and a plan for the development of a Computer Assisted Interactive and Intelligent Ergonomics System which, through a user friendly consulting mode presents the guidelines and formalized procedures for the application of ergonomics knowledge and data in manufacturing organizations. The system is expected to allow a production engineer or supervisor or even a worker with minimal ergonomics knowledge, to understand, analyze and find solutions to problems related to industrial ergonomics. A survey which is conducted in this regard is also described in this paper and through the out come of the survey it is shown that the poor acceptance and application of ergonomics is due to lack of exposure to ergonomics knowledge and non-availability of ergonomics knowledge in a suitable form for its application in manufacturing systems. 10
RISK ASSESSMENT IN MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING OF TEXTILE INDUSTRYIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a risk assessment study of manual material handling activities among truck loading operators in the textile industry. Sixteen male operators participated in the study. Their tasks involved repetitively lifting and moving boxes weighing 15kg from a stacking area to trucks. Various ergonomic assessment tools were used to evaluate risk, including the NIOSH lifting equation, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), and a software to measure compression force. The initial results found high risk levels, with REBA scores over 12 and a lifting index of 7.591. A questionnaire also found high levels of musculoskeletal discomfort. The study then proposed modifications, such as implementing a conveyor system, and re-assessed the risks finding a 50
1) Occupational therapists play an important role in hand rehabilitation by providing a comprehensive evaluation and assessment to optimize patients' ability to return to their occupations, daily activities, recreation, social participation, and work.
2) Occupational therapists use various interventions including physical and orthotic treatments, work-based programs, psychosocial support, injury prevention education, and functional capacity evaluations to facilitate a fast and sustainable return to work.
3) An important part of occupational therapy is conducting work place assessments to identify needed modifications, such as changes to tools, equipment, job duties, and environmental factors, in order to support an injured worker's safe return to their job.
“Multi-Purpose Manually Operated Cart” is a cart which is designed ergonomically to improve the working conditions of laborers and workers at
construction sites, factories, ports, railway stations, etc. The main objective is to prevent various occupational hazards and improve the quality of life for
workers everywhere. The simple, durable, light weight and cost effective carrier is intended to reduce the pressure put on the spine when load is carried
on the head. There is also a good hand grip which reduces stress on the spine when load is carried on the back or while pushing a cart. In due course of
our study we analyzed working condition of laborers and people living around our city, usually they carry goods or materials on their head, back,
shoulders which make the task more difficult for them and they are more prone to injuries thereby aroused the need of an ergonomic push cart which
would help them to carry materials easy and without injuries. The easily usable carrier, made up of cane which underwent bending process for giving it a
designed shape. This cane structure weighs 1 kg which is provided with cushions and belt. The main objective of the design is to prevent various
occupational hazards and improve the quality of life of the laborer. This product will help them in their work. The carrier can be used into three different
forms. This allows the user to carry lighter loads on the head, medium loads at the back and heavier loads on a trolley. Ergonomically the load is
distributed on the shoulder and at the lumber support by softer material.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of human interactions with elements of a work system to optimize human well-being and system performance. Poor ergonomics in offices can cause repetitive strain injuries from tasks like computer use. Common risk factors are repetition, sustained postures, awkward postures, and contact stress. Improving ergonomics reduces injuries and improves productivity. Recommendations include adjustable seating and workstations, taking breaks, avoiding strain, and controlling lighting, temperature, humidity, and noise.
Twelve workers had their biomechanical exposure assessed through recordings of trapezius muscle activity and posture during a 4-hour workday. Handling tasks, such as manual box handling, demonstrated the highest biomechanical demand on the upper body, with high peak loads on the upper trapezius muscle and forward flexion of the upper back. However, handling tasks also showed high variation in exposure. Interventions aimed at decreasing loads in handling tasks can help reduce peak loads and risks of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs. The study assessed biomechanical exposure during regular job tasks in a real industrial context to understand how manual box handling compares to other tasks.
This document summarizes an ergonomics project report. It defines ergonomics as the study of natural laws governing human work. The report discusses how ergonomics can enhance safety, reduce fatigue and stress, and improve employee morale and quality. It analyzes specific tasks at a car manufacturing plant and identifies ergonomic issues like repetitive motions, forceful exertions, and awkward postures. The report describes improvements made like adjustable workstations and material reorganization. It evaluates tasks using the REBA method to assess risk levels. Overall, the report shows how ergonomic changes can benefit workers through reduced injuries, illness, and costs while improving productivity.
This document summarizes a case study analyzing recommended weight limits (RWL) and safe lifting practices for workers in a Bangladeshi brick industry. It discusses how repetitive or prolonged lifting can lead to fatigue, injuries, and decreased productivity over time. The study examines anthropometric measurements of workers to determine individual lifting capacities and recommends maximum weight limits. It applies the revised NIOSH lifting equation, which calculates a recommended weight limit based on load weight and six task variables, to identify lifting guidelines. The goal is to prevent musculoskeletal injuries and back pain by applying safe lifting limits tailored to each worker's physical dimensions and tasks.
This document discusses ergonomics and its relevance to occupational therapy. It defines ergonomics as the science of work and the interaction between humans and the working environment. The document outlines how ergonomic principles can help optimize function, work performance, safety and productivity. It discusses various ergonomic assessment tools and interventions that occupational therapists can use in practice, such as modifying tools/equipment, education, and adapting the working environment. Common ergonomic risk factors like force, repetition, posture are also defined. The high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among occupational therapists is noted.
Similar to Intervention of Ergonomics in Hand Driven Cotton Spinning Operation (20)
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetWaqas Tariq
Widget is a kind of application provides a single service such as a map, news feed, simple clock, battery-life indicators, etc. This kind of interactive software object has been developed to facilitate user interface (UI) design. A user interface (UI) function may be implemented using different widgets with the same function. In this article, we present the widget as a platform that is generally used in various applications, such as in desktop, web browser, and mobile phone. We also describe a visual menu of Java Swing’s components that will be used to establish widget. It will assume that we have successfully compiled and run a program that uses Swing components.
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
Passive sensing of the 3D geometric posture of the human hand has been studied extensively over the past decade. However, these research efforts have been hampered by the computational complexity caused by inverse kinematics and 3D reconstruction. In this paper, our objective focuses on 3D hand posture estimation based on a single 2D image with aim of robotic applications. We introduce the human hand model with 27 degrees of freedom (DOFs) and analyze some of its constraints to reduce the DOFs without any significant degradation of performance. A novel algorithm to estimate the 3D hand posture from eight 2D projected feature points is proposed. Experimental results using real images confirm that our algorithm gives good estimates of the 3D hand pose. Keywords: 3D hand posture estimation; Model-based approach; Gesture recognition; human- computer interface; machine vision.
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
Camera mouse has been widely used for handicap person to interact with computer. The utmost important of the use of camera mouse is must be able to replace all roles of typical mouse and keyboard. It must be able to provide all mouse click events and keyboard functions (include all shortcut keys) when it is used by handicap person. Also, the use of camera mouse must allow users troubleshooting by themselves. Moreover, it must be able to eliminate neck fatigue effect when it is used during long period. In this paper, we propose camera mouse system with timer as left click event and blinking as right click event. Also, we modify original screen keyboard layout by add two additional buttons (button “drag/ drop” is used to do drag and drop of mouse events and another button is used to call task manager (for troubleshooting)) and change behavior of CTRL, ALT, SHIFT, and CAPS LOCK keys in order to provide shortcut keys of keyboard. Also, we develop recovery method which allows users go from camera and then come back again in order to eliminate neck fatigue effect. The experiments which involve several users have been done in our laboratory. The results show that the use of our camera mouse able to allow users do typing, left and right click events, drag and drop events, and troubleshooting without hand. By implement this system, handicap person can use computer more comfortable and reduce the dryness of eyes.
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledWaqas Tariq
The Web is providing unprecedented access to information and interaction for people with disabilities. This paper presents a Web accessibility framework which offers the ease of the Web accessing for the disabled Arab users and facilitates their lifelong learning as well. The proposed framework system provides the disabled Arab user with an easy means of access using their mother language so they don’t have to overcome the barrier of learning the target-spoken language. This framework is based on analyzing the web page meta-language, extracting its content and reformulating it in a suitable format for the disabled users. The basic objective of this framework is supporting the equal rights of the Arab disabled people for their access to the education and training with non disabled people. Key Words : Arabic Moon code, Arabic Sign Language, Deaf, Deaf-blind, E-learning Interactivity, Moon code, Web accessibility , Web framework , Web System, WWW.
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
The document proposes a new method for real-time blinking detection based on Gabor filters. It begins by reviewing existing methods and their limitations in dealing with noise, variations in eye shape, and blinking speed. The proposed method uses a Gabor filter to extract the top and bottom arcs of the eye from an image. It then measures the distance between these arcs and compares it to a threshold: a distance below the threshold indicates a closed eye, while a distance above indicates an open eye. The document claims this Gabor filter-based approach is robust to noise, variations in eye shape and blinking speed. It presents experimental results showing the method can accurately detect blinking across different users.
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
A method for computer input with human eyes-only using two Purkinje images which works in a real time basis without calibration is proposed. Experimental results shows that cornea curvature can be estimated by using two light sources derived Purkinje images so that no calibration for reducing person-to-person difference of cornea curvature. It is found that the proposed system allows usersf movements of 30 degrees in roll direction and 15 degrees in pitch direction utilizing detected face attitude which is derived from the face plane consisting three feature points on the face, two eyes and nose or mouth. Also it is found that the proposed system does work in a real time basis.
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Waqas Tariq
Mobile multimedia service is relatively new but has quickly dominated people¡¯s lives, especially among young people. To explain this popularity, this study applies and modifies the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to propose a research model and conduct an empirical study. The goal of study is to examine the role of Perceived Enjoyment (PE) and what determinants can contribute to PE in the context of using mobile multimedia service. The result indicates that PE is influencing on Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and directly Behavior Intention (BI). Aesthetics and flow are key determinants to explain Perceived Enjoyment (PE) in mobile multimedia usage.
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeWaqas Tariq
This paper presents recent research into methods used in Australian Indigenous Knowledge sharing and looks at how these can support the creation of suitable collaborative envi- ronments for timely organisational learning. The protocols and practices as used today and in the past by Indigenous communities are presented and discussed in relation to their relevance to a personalised system of knowledge sharing in modern organisational cultures. This research focuses on user models, knowledge acquisition and integration of data for constructivist learning in a networked repository of or- ganisational knowledge. The data collected in the repository is searched to provide collections of up-to-date and relevant material for training in a work environment. The aim is to improve knowledge collection and sharing in a team envi- ronment. This knowledge can then be collated into a story or workflow that represents the present knowledge in the organisation.
Our research aims to propose a global approach for specification, design and verification of context awareness Human Computer Interface (HCI). This is a Model Based Design approach (MBD). This methodology describes the ubiquitous environment by ontologies. OWL is the standard used for this purpose. The specification and modeling of Human-Computer Interaction are based on Petri nets (PN). This raises the question of representation of Petri nets with XML. We use for this purpose, the standard of modeling PNML. In this paper, we propose an extension of this standard for specification, generation and verification of HCI. This extension is a methodological approach for the construction of PNML with Petri nets. The design principle uses the concept of composition of elementary structures of Petri nets as PNML Modular. The objective is to obtain a valid interface through verification of properties of elementary Petri nets represented with PNML.
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardWaqas Tariq
The main aim of this paper is to build a system that is capable of detecting and recognizing the hand gesture in an image captured by using a camera. The system is built based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 board, which contains a Nios II soft core processor. Image processing techniques and a simple but effective algorithm are implemented to achieve this purpose. Image processing techniques are used to smooth the image in order to ease the subsequent processes in translating the hand sign signal. The algorithm is built for translating the numerical hand sign signal and the result are displayed on the seven segment display. Altera’s Quartus II, SOPC Builder and Nios II EDS software are used to construct the system. By using SOPC Builder, the related components on the DE2 board can be interconnected easily and orderly compared to traditional method that requires lengthy source code and time consuming. Quartus II is used to compile and download the design to the DE2 board. Then, under Nios II EDS, C programming language is used to code the hand sign translation algorithm. Being able to recognize the hand sign signal from images can helps human in controlling a robot and other applications which require only a simple set of instructions provided a CMOS sensor is included in the system.
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceWaqas Tariq
A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a proficient result in the research field of human- computer synergy, where direct articulation between brain and an external device occurs resulting in augmenting, assisting and repairing human cognitive. Advanced works like generating brain-computer interface switch technologies for intermittent (or asynchronous) control in natural environments or developing brain-computer interface by Fuzzy logic Systems or by implementing wavelet theory to drive its efficacies are still going on and some useful results has also been found out. The requirements to develop this brain machine interface is also growing day by day i.e. like neuropsychological rehabilitation, emotion control, etc. An overview on the control theory and some advanced works on the field of brain machine interface are shown in this paper.
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
There is growing ageing phenomena with the rise of ageing population throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (2002), the growing ageing population indicates 694 million, or 223% is expected for people aged 60 and over, since 1970 and 2025.The growth is especially significant in some advanced countries such as North America, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and so forth. This growing older adult population has significantly impact the social-culture, lifestyle, healthcare system, economy, infrastructure and government policy of a nation. However, there are limited research studies on the perception and usage of a mobile phone and its service for senior citizens in a developing nation like Malaysia. This paper explores the relationship between mobile phones and senior citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of a developing country. We conducted an exploratory study using contextual interviews with 5 senior citizens of how they perceive their mobile phones. This paper reveals 4 interesting themes from this preliminary study, in addition to the findings of the desirable mobile requirements for local senior citizens with respect of health, safety and communication purposes. The findings of this study bring interesting insight to local telecommunication industries as a whole, and will also serve as groundwork for more in-depth study in the future.
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
Visual techniques for proper arrangement of the elements on the user screen have helped the designers to make the screen look good and attractive. Several visual techniques emphasize the arrangement and ordering of the screen elements based on particular criteria for best appearance of the screen. This paper investigates few significant visual techniques in various web user interfaces and showcases the results for better understanding and their presence.
This document discusses the progress of virtual teams in Albania. It provides context on virtual teams and how they differ from traditional teams in their reliance on technology for communication across distances. The document then examines the use of virtual teams in Albania, noting the growing infrastructure and technology usage that enables virtual collaboration. It highlights some virtual team examples in Albanian government and academic projects.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
A paradox has been observed whereby web site usability is proven to be an essential element in a web site, yet at the same time there exist an abundance of web pages with poor usability. This discrepancy is the result of limitations that are currently preventing web developers in the commercial sector from producing usable web sites. In this paper we propose a framework whose objective is to alleviate this problem by automating certain aspects of the usability evaluation process. Mainstreaming comes as a result of automation, therefore enabling a non-expert in the field of usability to conduct the evaluation. This results in reducing the costs associated with such evaluation. Additionally, the framework allows the flexibility of adding, modifying or deleting guidelines without altering the code that references them since the guidelines and the code are two separate components. A comparison of the evaluation results carried out using the framework against published evaluations of web sites carried out by web site usability professionals reveals that the framework is able to automatically identify the majority of usability violations. Due to the consistency with which it evaluates, it identified additional guideline-related violations that were not identified by the human evaluators.
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Intervention of Ergonomics in Hand Driven Cotton Spinning Operation
1. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 12
Intervention of Ergonomics in Hand Driven Cotton Spinning
Operation
Dhananjay Ikhar dhananjayikhar@yahoo.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Datta Meghe Institute of Engineering Technology & Research,
Wardha-442001, India
Dr. V. S. Deshpande deshpandevs@rknec.edu
Principal, Ramdeobaba Kamla Nehru Engineering College,
Nagpur-440013, India
Abstract
Cotton spinning is an important operation in small scale and cottage textile industries in India. A
large number of women workers in these industries perform cotton spinning task adopting
squatting posture in traditional workshops. A Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (DMQ) was
used to evaluate 40 operators regarding work related musculoskeletal disorders WMSDs. Among
the operators, severe cervical and lumber joint problems along with knee, joint pains and
shoulders were found more prevalent compared to other body regions. They were observed and
evaluated with the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) technique and their exposure to the
WMSDs was assessed. Based on the problems found, a new workstation was developed and ten
operators were asked to work in the same workstation. Certain aspects regarding the ergonomic
evaluation for those workers are discussed in this study. It is revealed that the suggested
workstation improves working posture and results in reduced postural stress on operators’ bodies
and, consequently, reduce prevalence of MSDs symptoms.
Keywords: Ergonomics Evaluation, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Workstation Design, RULA
1. INTRODUCTION
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the greatest occupational health
concerns today. Of the many types of WMSDs, low back disorders (LBDs) are the most prevalent
and by themselves constitute a major health and socioeconomic problem[1]. Decades of research
has identified certain physical workplace factors that increase the risk for MSDs. Perhaps
nowhere is the problem of stooped and squatting postures of greater magnitude than in
developing countries such as India [1]. An adaptation of such postures is frequently observed in
small scale industries in India. Most of the manually energized operations in these industries are
evident of such postures. An industry is identified in central India where operators are mostly
women operators and 91% of them are suffering from WMSDs [2]. The majority of the work is
performed on cotton spinning wheel by operator. The wheel is manually energized. It is hand-
powered device for spinning cotton yarn from pressure clamp. Spinning operation is performed in
a squatting position in which operators, rotate spinning wheel sitting down on the hard and flat
surface with folded knees without any backrest. Figure 1 shows the details of posture adapted.
The task of rotating the wheel for cotton spinning is repetitive and continuous throughout 8 hours
of working in a whole day. In this condition, the back is bent excessively and postures of different
parts of body dramatically deviate from the neutral. Most of the experienced operators leave their
jobs because of poor working conditions and musculoskeletal problems.
2. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 13
FIGURE 1: A typical working posture adapted in order to perform spinning operation
The ergonomic guidelines and principles are meant to provide an orientation towards the
physiological and psychological needs of the operator. The design is essentially a compromise
between the operators’ biological needs, as determined by the ergonomics guidelines and
physical requirements of the equipment [3]. Basically when one sits down on a hard surface
without any back rest, the ischial tuber sites (inferior protuberances of the pelvic bones) acts as
fulcra around which the pelvic girdle rotates under the weight of upper body [4]. This is the major
cause of MSDs in women operators. It has been reported in ergonomics that squatting posture is
very tiresome [5]. Ergonomics studies in industrial workers were many, but the specific study on
the women operators working on the hand driven cotton spinning machine has not been carried
so far. Hence the knowledge regarding their working posture, work intensity, rest pause is not
available. Therefore, it was considered to carry out the issues of ergonomic study of women
operators regarding WMSDs, LBDs aspects in small scale labor-intensive industry. From the
literature review, ergonomic methods those can be applied to the concerned activity are
identified. An ergonomics investigation has been conducted towards present mode of spinning
operation. The present study had the following objectives:
1. To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in operators’ population
2. To improve the working condition by suggesting new workstation
3. To assess the working condition improvement
2. MATERIALS & METHODS
The present work is carried out in two phases.
2.1 Phase 1
A cross-sectional observational type of survey was conducted in spinning section of small scale
labor-intensive workshops by name “Gram Seva Mandal“ and “Magan Sangrahalay” in city
Wardha, Maharashtra State. From both workshops, 40 woman operators in the age ranging
between 18 to 60 years were randomly selected for the study by convenient sampling from
volunteers after taking consent from them. To ascertain the effect of work posture, the qualitative
assessment procedure was followed [5]. The Qualitative evaluation consists of the direct
observation method and questionnaire survey. During the survey, it is observed that the operator
adopts squatting posture sitting down on the hard and flat floor with folded knees without backrest
which results in stress generated in trunk muscles and bones, affecting efficiency of the operator.
Through direct observation, it was revealed that long term seated work had a cumulative load on
the musculoskeletal structures, including the vertebral column, which was reflected in the form of
high prevalence of discomfort and pain in different body parts. A Dutch Musculoskeletal
Questionnaire (DMQ) was used for the assessment of work. The DMQ allows ergonomists and
3. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 14
occupational health professional to measure work-related musculoskeletal risk factors and
symptoms in worker populations in a quick and standardized way [6]. The questionnaire seeks to
obtain a simple representation of the relationship between work tasks and musculoskeletal
symptoms. The DMQ includes background variables like age, gender, education, service in
employment, work history. Besides this, task demands, musculoskeletal workload, psychosocial
working conditions, health etc.are included. All 40 women participants were questioned and the
relevant information on task performance, equipment, and working posture was obtained. The
data collected through questionnaire reflects the health problem like MSDs, LBDs etc.
Job analysis indicated that spinning operation consisted of 7 tasks. Out of which most of the tasks
are light & normal and hence not considered for the posture analysis. Further analysis shows that
operator experienced bending stress & strain in body if raw cotton thread breaks during the
spinning. Operator has to stop rotating the handle and use both hand for rejoining the thread for
which they have to bend. Major tasks like rotating the spinning wheel, rejoining of thread are
selected for further assessment. In these tasks, working postures were accessed by RULA
technique [7]. In RULA assessment technique, a score is calculated for the Shoulder, Elbow,
Wrist, Neck, Trunk and Leg movements during operation. The RULA score ranges from 1 to 4.
Score 1 indicates the most neutral posture and score 4 shows the worst position. The combined
individual scores for shoulder, elbow and wrist give score A and those for neck, trunk and legs
give score B. Muscle use and force exerted in each task are attributed a score of 1 and 0,
respectively, because they are static posture or highly repetitive without considerable loading.
These scores are added to scores A and B to obtain scores C and D, respectively. Combination
of scores C and D, called grand score (ranging from 1 to 7), shows the musculoskeletal loading
associated with the operators posture. Low grand scores (1 or 2) indicate acceptable working
posture (action level 1). For grand scores of 3 or 4, further investigation is needed and changes
may be required (action level 2). Prompt investigation and changes are required soon for scores
of 5 or 6 (action level 3). Finally, immediate investigation and changes are required for grand
score of 7(action level 4).
Present Work routine is studied. Women operators having age group 18-60 year, carry out
spinning task. As per normal routine, they work for 8 hours continuously in a whole day. The
lunch period is approximately about half an hour. At first 3 hours they, continuously work without
any single rest pause. The experiments revealed that, walking without load on horizontal place at
2-7 km/hr consumes 7.6 to 14.2 KJ/Min of energy. Thus energy consumption is within +-10% of
the same activity for intra and inter differences. In spite of this, female factory workers expend
2980 Kcal/ day of the maximum energy to 1970 Kcal/day of minimum energy. However such kind
of light effort tasks (for upper body work) aerobic requires are 2.6 Kcal/min or 185 watts [5].
Murrel (1965) states that the output of morning and at afternoon period decreases due to empty
stomach that tends to nervous condition [3]. So these sedimentary female workers get fatigue at
1.30 PM that results in reduced cotton hanks production and thus they need pause for meal &
rest. Later on they again start their work at 2 PM and work continuously till 5 PM. It is revealed
that irrespective of their ages, output varies.
The existing plant layout was studied which indicates that sufficient gaps between spinning
machine and the operators are provided. Sufficient space for accessories arrangement and leg
relaxation was provided. However, the individual use of equipment in particular working area
requires flexibility indeed providing freedom from individual variation from conventional norm
acknowledges that female workers differ in physique i.e. anthropometric data.
Work environment was also studied with respect to illumination intensity and ventilation which
occupied a wider importance during day time. Current illumination level at workstation is 450 lux
approximately, which is enough for the workstation but not for some particular workplace [5].
The methods discussed above are incorporated in this study to perceive the correct ergonomics
evaluation values which are needed for redesigning workstation to increase production and
comfort values for women operators working on spinning machine.
4. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 15
2.2 Phase 2
In order to improve working conditions, a workstation was designed and constructed. To
determine design specification of the new workstation, anthropometric data of women operators
was collected. Table 1 shows the anthropometric data of female operators with 5th
, 50th
and 95th
percentiles. The 95th
percentile of the data has been selected for the workstation design as it fit
the smallest and also the largest one in the workstation [5]. It seems obvious that to give
maximum output with minimum strain, it is desired to use leg muscle power. Pedal power is a
philosophical work which explores the full human potential inherent in the use of bicycle for work.
The literature suggests scores of tasks which can be easily and effectively accomplished by pedal
devices [12]. Mechanism similar to sewing machine which has significant use in India was
preferred for new workstation. Pedal sewing machine has been studied thoroughly and the
dimensions used in this lever crank mechanism were noted down. Power transmission system
was fully depended on the four bar chain mechanism of sewing machine. It adapts class four bar
chain mechanism. This mechanism is analyzed ergonomically and mechanically. For adapting
this mechanism for cotton spinning machine, synthesis of mechanism was carried out with
variations in transmission angle [13]. Finally, based on optimized transmission angle, new
workstation was designed. Figure 2 shows newly designed workstation specifications. Spinning
machine is mounted on wooden table top. Pedal was redesigned for better comfort of operator
feet. Changes were made in existing sewing machine to reach the small operator and fit the large
considering anthropometric data. Pulleys were redesigned to maintain velocity ratio 1:7.
FIGURE 2: Specifications for New workstation design
Energy expenditure of an individual operator on conventional workstation and newly designed
workstation was calculated. The amount of energy expended in doing physical work closely
related to the amount of oxygen consumed, so the method of measurement attempts to assess
this amount directly or indirectly. The radial pulse rate of individual worker was recorded as it is
5. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 16
simple, less time consuming and equally reliable method as energy expenditure advocated by
Christensen [14]. The records were collected before, during and after work. The process was
repeated for the operator working on pedal driven machine. Using relevant formula, energy
expenditure values for ten operators were calculated. These values differed from operator to
operator.
Body Dimensions (cm) Female Subject under study (N=40)
5th Mean 95th
Tibial Ht 41 44 48
Knuckle Ht 59 63 70
Elbow Ht 85 94 105
Shoulder Ht. 118 124 137
Stature 145 151 165
Func. overhead reach 54 57 62
Hip Breadth 34 36 40
Elbow to Fist Breadth 36 38 41
Front View 55 60 69
Side View 47 51 56
TABLE 1: Anthropometric Data of Female operators (N=40)
Working posture of operator for newly designed workstation was assessed by the RULA
technique and the results were compared with the conventional working condition (squatting on
the ground). Upon completion of each test, operators’ perception about the new working condition
was investigated.
3. RESULT
3.1 Phase 1
Table 2 shows the personal details of spinning operators that were participated in the study. The
daily working hours of operators are long; about 57% of operators worked more than 8 Hr/day.
Age (year) Work Experience (yr)
Weekly working
Hours
Mean SD Range Mean SD Range Mean SD
38.5 8.96 18-60 8 4.69 1-18 48 1.35
TABLE 2: Details of women operator population studied (n=40)
RULA technique resulted as score of 7 for arm & wrist analysis (score A) and score 8 for neck,
trunk and leg analysis (score B) for the task of rotating the spinning wheel. From these, final
grand score for the task is found out to be 7 which need action level 4 attention i.e. immediate
investigation and changes are required in existing workstation. For the other task that is rejoining
of broken thread, the grand score is found to be 5 which leads to action level 3 i.e. prompt
investigation and changes are required in existing workstation. Table 2 shows the RULA scores in
different tasks of spinning operation while working on the suggested mechanism and in the
conventional posture.
3.2 Phase 2
In all tasks, grand scores of conventional working condition those working are higher than those
of working on the pedal driven cotton spinning machine and consequently action levels were
higher. In all, 33% women operators perceived their postures in the new working conditions as a
6. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 17
no change in comfort level. Figure 3 shows the general judgment of the operators about the
new workstation in comparison to the traditional working condition. 57% of the operators found
working on the pedal driven machine better than working in the traditional conditions.
FIGURE 3: General Judgment of operators about working on new workstation compared to conventional
working
3. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
In hand driven cotton spinning operation, awkward postures in different parts of body (i.e. bent
back, folded knees, bent neck) were very common. The survey revealed that among the
operators, symptoms from knees, back and shoulders over the course of time were significantly
more prevalent compared to other body regions. This indicates that any interventional program
for working condition improvement should focus on eliminating awkward posture of the mentioned
body regions. A similar study regarding goldsmith working in awkward posture in India adopts
ergonomic intervention to improve workstation design [15]. This study indicates that the workers
by adopting awkward posture at work, most often suffer from MSDs particularly affecting the low
back and neck region.
The literature had analyzed the dependency between occupational work performance and heart
rate [16]. In our study, there was mean increase in pulse rate by 15 beats/minute from before
work and after work recordings in a whole day. There was a progressive rise in pulse rate with
time indicating physiological fatigue. But the maximum heart rate recorded while performing
spinning activity was below 100 beats/minute which indicates that workload is light.
Similar studies at different workstations were also compared for the validation of the method
adopted in this study. Intervening ergonomics especially RULA, in carpet mending operation in
Iran were improved workstation posture noticeably [17]. RULA survey indicated that after the
intervention, there was evidence of improvement of scores. Table 3 shows details. Working on
the suggested mechanism body posture less deviated from neutral such that action level was
reduced from 4 in conventional working condition to 2 in new working conditions. Working on the
new workstation improved neck, trunk and leg postures reducing the risk of MSDs. Further
investigation should be concentrated on improving the upper limb posture. Increasing the table
height, as some operators suggested, may improve upper limb posture, but then to maintain
optimal visual distance the inclination of neck and trunk may be increased and, therefore, should
be taken into account. The results also demonstrated that there was a direct association between
RULA risk level and prevalence rate of WMSDs with the significant associations.
7. Dhananjay Ikhar & Dr. V. S. Deshpande
International Journal of Ergonomics (IJEG), Volume (1) : Issue (1) : 2011 18
Tasks Working condition
Conventional New workstation
Grand score Action Level Grand score Action Level
Rotating an
input wheel
7 4 4 2
Rejoining of
broken thread
5 3 3 2
TABLE 3: Working posture evaluation by the RULA technique in different tasks of spinning operation while
working on the suggested mechanism and in the conventional posture
The operators participated in the second phase of the study found their working postures in the
new condition good and reported comfort. They believed that the new working conditions were
better than the traditional conditions. It indicates that the operators feel that the ergonomic
intervention has improved their working postures. The working conditions of operators on cotton
spinning machine especially the working postures need improvement. In this study, the working
posture was improved by developing a new workstation. Although the workload was light,
incidence of musculoskeletal pain was high Indicating that there were definite ergonomic factors
responsible for the musculoskeletal problems. So based on the observations made in this study it
could be concluded that there is an ample scope for improvement in workstation design, work
environment, plant layout and working conditions in small scale industries under study from
ergonomic view point with the objective of providing maximum comfort to the women operators
for promotion of their health and well being and consequently enhancement of productivity.
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