Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Mandya. Mandya city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides, discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index for the ground water samples of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater samples of about 40 samples were collected and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to provide an overview of present ground water quality for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and effective way for assessing the quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for communicating the information on overall quality of water.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Nandini River (Nasardi), NashikIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study assessing the water quality of the Nandini River in Nashik, India. A group of students from the Department of Civil Engineering at MET's Bhujbal Knowledge City Institute of Technology collected water samples from various locations along the Nandini River and analyzed them to determine levels of various physical and chemical parameters. These parameters included pH, hardness, solids, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and color. Analyzing these parameters at different locations would help identify where the river is becoming polluted along its journey. The results of this study could inform measures to prevent further pollution of the Nandini River and ultimately the Godavari River
IRJET-Water Quality of River Basin Context in Maharashtra RegionIRJET Journal
This document discusses water quality in river basins in the Maharashtra region of India. It provides background on global and Indian water resources. It then analyzes water quality monitoring data from various river basins in Maharashtra, discussing parameters tested, monitoring frequency, and water quality index classifications. Various surface water quality monitoring stations showed classifications from good to very poor water quality. The document concludes that water quality is decreasing due to human activities and discusses the need for effective water quality index assessment and management.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality of wastewater from major drains in Lahore City, Pakistan and assessed its suitability for irrigation. Samples were collected from 8 drains in winter and spring and analyzed for various parameters. Many parameters exceeded standards for irrigation. Long term use of this wastewater for irrigation poses risks to soil quality, accumulation of heavy metals in crops, and potential health impacts. The wastewater quality in the drains needs improvement to reduce pollution and risks to the environment, agriculture and public health.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Guj sw study of trend in wq of locations identified as hot spots)_0chydrologywebsite1
This document provides details about a study conducted by Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI) to analyze water quality trends at 8 locations identified as "hot spots" for pollution in Gujarat, India. The study aimed to assess pollution from human activities by testing for nutrients and micro pollutants over 3 years. Water samples from the Kim, Tapi, Purna, Auranga, Par, Kolak and Damanganga rivers were collected and analyzed for various parameters. The 8 locations selected represented areas impacted by urban, industrial and agricultural runoff near cities like Surat, Navsari and Valsad. Test results would help determine the sources and extent of pollution to guide remedial measures to make development
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of wastewater leaching from Madduana drain in Faisalabad, Pakistan on local groundwater quality. Wastewater and groundwater samples were collected from areas near the drain and analyzed for various water quality parameters. The study found that parameters like COD, BOD, TDS, and hardness in the wastewater exceeded national standards and that the quality of groundwater in the area was unsuitable for drinking or agricultural purposes due to pollution from wastewater leaching into the aquifer. The research concluded that wastewater treatment is needed at industries discharging into the drain to prevent further deterioration of groundwater resources.
Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, ...iosrjce
Pakistan is a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and has a commitment and
obligation to meet the targets relating to sanitation and water access to under privilege and underserved
people of Pakistan that are vulnerable to the development of safe drinking water as per the standard of World
Health Organization (WHO) and National standards. Poor people of coastal area are not only deprived of
financial resources but they are lacking basic needs such as education, health and safe drinking water.
Provision of safe drinking water in the coastal area is vital for reducing incidence of waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, malaria, trachoma and hepatitis A & B. Present study was, therefore, undertaken to assess the
source and quality of drinking water in two Talukas of Badin district (Badin and Fazul Rahoo). The study areas
as surveyed are not provided with drinking water through water supply and are mostly relying on groundwater
and open ponds, causing various waterborne diseases and health problems. Coastal area of Badin being at tail
end of the water source, having shortages of surface water in the system, compelling people to obtain water
from distance i.e. from ponds and deep groundwater which is polluted and saline, making it unfit for safe
drinking purpose. The results of survey revealed that 88% of the villages of coastal area are getting water from
groundwater, while only 12% from the water supply schemes. On examination of physico-chemical analyses of
175 water samples from 49 villages of coastal area, it was found that 70% water samples contained various
degrees of contamination above the threshold values of WHO quality standard; hence making water unsafe for
drinking purpose
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Nandini River (Nasardi), NashikIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study assessing the water quality of the Nandini River in Nashik, India. A group of students from the Department of Civil Engineering at MET's Bhujbal Knowledge City Institute of Technology collected water samples from various locations along the Nandini River and analyzed them to determine levels of various physical and chemical parameters. These parameters included pH, hardness, solids, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and color. Analyzing these parameters at different locations would help identify where the river is becoming polluted along its journey. The results of this study could inform measures to prevent further pollution of the Nandini River and ultimately the Godavari River
IRJET-Water Quality of River Basin Context in Maharashtra RegionIRJET Journal
This document discusses water quality in river basins in the Maharashtra region of India. It provides background on global and Indian water resources. It then analyzes water quality monitoring data from various river basins in Maharashtra, discussing parameters tested, monitoring frequency, and water quality index classifications. Various surface water quality monitoring stations showed classifications from good to very poor water quality. The document concludes that water quality is decreasing due to human activities and discusses the need for effective water quality index assessment and management.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the quality of wastewater from major drains in Lahore City, Pakistan and assessed its suitability for irrigation. Samples were collected from 8 drains in winter and spring and analyzed for various parameters. Many parameters exceeded standards for irrigation. Long term use of this wastewater for irrigation poses risks to soil quality, accumulation of heavy metals in crops, and potential health impacts. The wastewater quality in the drains needs improvement to reduce pollution and risks to the environment, agriculture and public health.
Water is an essential component for the existence of life on the planet earth. It is a
tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless liquid. In some way or the other, it also full
fills the need of minerals in our body up to a certain limit. But the anthropogenic
activities leads to the imbalance of these minerals in water resulting in degradation of
its quality. Today, it is a known fact that the groundwater quality is degrading day by
day which is a serious matter of concern, as poor quality water pose threats to health
and hygiene of living beings. Good quality of water is of utmost importance for
survival of man and animals. The present study aimed at assessing the status of the
groundwater in Sikandra Rao and its adjoining villages. In the light of aforesaid
facts, it becomes necessary to assess the current groundwater quality in study area
on the ground of various parameters such as temperature, pH (6.5-8.5), Turbidity
(0.85 NTU-3.00 NTU), Electrical Conductivity (206 μS/m -931 μS/m ), Chloride (12
mg/l-52 mg/l), Total Hardness (102 mg/l -314 mg/l), Total Alkalinity (84 mg/l-370
Guj sw study of trend in wq of locations identified as hot spots)_0chydrologywebsite1
This document provides details about a study conducted by Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI) to analyze water quality trends at 8 locations identified as "hot spots" for pollution in Gujarat, India. The study aimed to assess pollution from human activities by testing for nutrients and micro pollutants over 3 years. Water samples from the Kim, Tapi, Purna, Auranga, Par, Kolak and Damanganga rivers were collected and analyzed for various parameters. The 8 locations selected represented areas impacted by urban, industrial and agricultural runoff near cities like Surat, Navsari and Valsad. Test results would help determine the sources and extent of pollution to guide remedial measures to make development
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of wastewater leaching from Madduana drain in Faisalabad, Pakistan on local groundwater quality. Wastewater and groundwater samples were collected from areas near the drain and analyzed for various water quality parameters. The study found that parameters like COD, BOD, TDS, and hardness in the wastewater exceeded national standards and that the quality of groundwater in the area was unsuitable for drinking or agricultural purposes due to pollution from wastewater leaching into the aquifer. The research concluded that wastewater treatment is needed at industries discharging into the drain to prevent further deterioration of groundwater resources.
Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, ...iosrjce
Pakistan is a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and has a commitment and
obligation to meet the targets relating to sanitation and water access to under privilege and underserved
people of Pakistan that are vulnerable to the development of safe drinking water as per the standard of World
Health Organization (WHO) and National standards. Poor people of coastal area are not only deprived of
financial resources but they are lacking basic needs such as education, health and safe drinking water.
Provision of safe drinking water in the coastal area is vital for reducing incidence of waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, malaria, trachoma and hepatitis A & B. Present study was, therefore, undertaken to assess the
source and quality of drinking water in two Talukas of Badin district (Badin and Fazul Rahoo). The study areas
as surveyed are not provided with drinking water through water supply and are mostly relying on groundwater
and open ponds, causing various waterborne diseases and health problems. Coastal area of Badin being at tail
end of the water source, having shortages of surface water in the system, compelling people to obtain water
from distance i.e. from ponds and deep groundwater which is polluted and saline, making it unfit for safe
drinking purpose. The results of survey revealed that 88% of the villages of coastal area are getting water from
groundwater, while only 12% from the water supply schemes. On examination of physico-chemical analyses of
175 water samples from 49 villages of coastal area, it was found that 70% water samples contained various
degrees of contamination above the threshold values of WHO quality standard; hence making water unsafe for
drinking purpose
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
IRJET- A Review of Hydrochemical Assessment and GIS Mapping of Groundwater in...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the hydrochemical assessment and GIS mapping of groundwater quality in rural and urban areas of Lucknow, India. Water quality parameters were analyzed and mapped using GIS to determine suitability for drinking and irrigation. The study found that potassium concentrations exceeded limits in over 60% of samples and that water quality is generally better in suburban versus urban areas with lower population densities.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index Using GIS at Tirupathi, IndiaIRJET Journal
- The document analyzes groundwater quality in Tirupati, India using physical and chemical testing of water samples from 20 locations.
- Water Quality Index values showed that over 82% of samples were of "poor" quality and unsuitable for drinking.
- Spatial distribution maps created with GIS showed total dissolved solids were similar across locations while total hardness varied more between sites.
- The study assessed groundwater quality across the area to identify suitable locations for drinking water and inform management of water resources.
IRJET- Seasonal Variations in Physico- Chemical Characteristics of Devara...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variations in physicochemical characteristics of the Devarabelakere Reservoir in Karnataka, India and its suitability for irrigation. Water samples were collected from the reservoir, canal, return flows, and streams in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Various physicochemical parameters were analyzed to determine the water quality index (WQI), which indicated that the reservoir water is suitable for irrigation purposes in both seasons according to WHO standards. The weighted arithmetic index method was used to calculate the WQI.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes In Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations over time. The study analyzed physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, BOD, DO, COD, total hardness, TDS, and alkalinity of water samples collected from three locations on the river in different seasons. The results showed deterioration of water quality with increasing pollution from domestic and industrial waste discharged through drains into the river downstream. Parameters like DO, TDS, and pH indicated severe water quality issues at some sites. Urgent action is needed to restore water quality and protect the aquatic ecosystem of the Gomti River.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes in Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations in India. Samples were collected from three sites on the river - Sitapur, Lucknow, and Sultanpur - during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The results found that water quality varied between locations and seasons, with some sites showing higher levels of pollution based on certain parameters such as BOD, COD, and total dissolved solids. In conclusion, the study provided data on water quality along the Gomti River and showed
The document summarizes a water assessment study conducted in Bajaur, Khyber, and Mohmand agencies in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The study aimed to assess surface water and groundwater availability, develop a water balance model, and prepare a water management plan. Key findings include:
1) Surface water was assessed through analysis of rainfall, snowmelt, and proposed/existing dams. Groundwater was assessed through analysis of recharge, budget, and drawdown.
2) Major water consumers like agriculture, people, and livestock were identified and their current and projected water needs estimated.
3) A water balance model was developed to integrate water availability and consumption data for each agency and
Water is essential for life but is increasingly scarce globally. Pakistan has abundant water resources from rivers and glaciers but also faces water scarcity issues. Water informatics uses information and communication technologies to help manage water resources equitably and efficiently by collecting data, estimating availability, predicting shortages, enabling adequate distribution, and supporting well-planned apportionment approaches. However, challenges remain in Pakistan including difficulties accessing information, lack of coordinated databases, shortage of trained professionals, and underutilization of water informatics potential.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Priority of Water Supply Service for Community in Gresik City, East Java Prov...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Water supply is one of important aspect and a priority in urban planning. The fulfillment of a water supply necessity for Gresik City is still not optimized. Gresik City consists of 2 districts, namely Gresik District and Kebomas District. Based on ministerial regulation 14/2010, coverage of water supply service at Gresik City was classified as bad with water supply service rate less than 50%. Hence, for the sake of optimizing and equity of water supply service at Gresik City, the identification of water supply service ratio of Gresik City and community's perception of water supply service was needed. The research objective was to identify water supply service priority for community at Gresik City. The ratio analysis was done by calculation method based on water supply necessity and availability standard. While, the analysis of water supply service based on community's perception was done by descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the highest ratio of water supply service was on Kroman Sub-District and the lowest ratio of water supply service was on Tenggulunan Sub-District. Based on community's perception analysis, there are 93% of Gresik District residents and 75% of Kebomas District residents that haven't used PDAM (local water supply company) water supply service. Furthermore, water supply service wasn't optimized yet in term of water quality, quantity, continuity, so that the handling of water supply service was focused on sub-district with lowest water supply service ratio.
Characterization of Wastewater in Rajouri Town, Jammu And Kashmir, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water exaggerated physically, chemically as well as biologically is known as wastewater. Thrown away process
of solid waste and its treatment has been the foremost environmental setback for most of the cities in India
especially in rural area. To make people aware about the level of contaminants in wastewater and to suggest the
ways of treatment of wastewater which will result in disposing off of domestic effluents without any danger to
human health, a study on characteristics of wastewater in Rajouri town in Jammu and Kashmir was conducted.
Concentrations of various physicochemical parameters like Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, Turbidity,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Alkalinity, Hardness Chloride
Content, Nitrogen, Ammonium, Phosphorous, Iron and E-coli bacteria were determined. Study was done on five
different sampling locations. All the parameters were found to be generally exceeding the limits set by W.H.O
except for few sampling locations. The sampling site which was found to be the most polluted was Muradpur
(SL 5) thus affecting the population there because of being on the downstream side and the least affected site
was Kheora (SL2). In some sampling stations due to presence of vegetation at the disposal sites, the quality of
sewage to some extent are acceptable may be because the vegetation absorb some of its undesirable constituents.
To treat this wastewater and make it suitable for various purposes like irrigation, vegetation and other domestic
purposes a treatment plant which will benefit population of 37,552 souls. Construction of wetlands will also lead
to effective treatment and management of wastewater.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Rain Water Harvesting through Tanka in Western RajasthanIRJET Journal
This document discusses rainwater harvesting through tankas (underground water storage structures) in western Rajasthan, India. It provides background on water scarcity issues in Rajasthan given its location in the Thar Desert region. Traditionally, tankas ranging in size from 1,000 to 500,000 liters have been used to store rainwater harvested from rooftops and other surfaces for drinking purposes throughout the year. The document examines the design of a 50,000 liter masonry tanka, including estimating the runoff from its catchment area based on rainfall amounts, runoff coefficient, and catchment size. It also reviews traditional and modern rainwater harvesting methods used in Rajasthan.
A Case Study of Ground Water Quality Analysis Surrounding on Gurgaon Canal (...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study analyzing the quality of groundwater surrounding the Gurgaon Canal in the NCR Mewat region of Haryana, India. Samples were taken from hand pumps and wells near the canal and tested for various physicochemical parameters like pH, phosphates, COD, BOD, conductivity, etc. The study found that for many parameters, the water quality exceeded Indian and WHO drinking water standards, indicating the water is polluted from industrial and domestic waste in the canal. As the canal water seeps into the groundwater, it is affecting the quality of the local groundwater supply and posing health risks to humans and livestock that rely on that water. The poor groundwater quality is a serious issue
The document summarizes a 14-month water quality survey of the Musi River in India downstream of Hyderabad. Untreated sewage from Hyderabad's 6.8 million people is disposed into the Musi River. Samples were taken at 8 points along a 40km stretch of the river to analyze E. coli, helminth eggs, BOD and other parameters. The survey found that water quality improved dramatically with distance from the city and between weirs along the river. This was contributed to by natural treatment processes aided by the weirs, which acted as waste stabilization ponds. Pathogen concentrations decreased significantly after each weir such that the last sampling point met standards for safe use in agriculture.
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
Bellary is a rich iron ore city in Karnataka; it is experienced degradation due to rapid urbanization and mining activity. The hydro-chemical investigation in the present study is restricted to the major ions concentrations, distributions, their relative abundance, and the pattern of the variability in groundwater chemistry. The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of rich iron mineral city. For calculating the WQI, the following 16 parameters have been considered: turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, Bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, sodium and potassium. The WQI for these samples ranges from 79.1 to 180.2 the maximum value of 180.2 is observed in the sample 3 (ATP Road) of rich iron mineral city, while the minimum is recorded in 9 (Bislahalli). The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and chlorides in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. Water Quality Index, has been calculated for the Rich iron mineral city and was studied for the suitability of water for drinking purposes and the results showed that 28% of the ground water quality was poor quality category and localities are scoring a water quality index greater than 100. The continuous monitoring of groundwater is required in the rich iron mineral city to protect water in future from any possible contamination due to growing industrialization and agricultural practices.
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in...Premier Publishers
Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+-Cl- and mixed Ca++-Na+-Cl- type. Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Vinegar Containing Waste Water by Mixed Culture Bac...IJERA Editor
The present study is focussed on biodegradation of the vinegar effluents by mixed culture bacteria isolated from the soil. The presence of acetic acid in the vinegar plant effluent contaminates the water and soil erodes if the effluent is released into the soil, ultimately contaminate the ground water table. It is necessary to remove acetic acid from the vinegar plant effluents. The technique used in this study in order to remove biodegradable matter is Aerobic Biodegradation. Varying initial concentrations of vinegar is synthetically prepared in the laboratory, which resembled the effluent released from the vinegar plant by adding the vinegar of 1%, 4%, 7% to 1250 ml water respectively. The mixed culture bacteria from the soil grown on standard Lysogeny Broth medium and introduced into the aerobic fluidized bed reactor after 24 hours and the bacteria (Bacilli, Cocci)biodegraded the organic matter i.e., acetic acid present in the sample. Samples analysed for vinegar concentration, DO and salinity, electrical conductivity for every 24hr, 48hr, and 72hr by volumetric analysis. The pH, DO, salinity, electrical conductivity and concentrations of the each samples measured for every 24hr, 48hr, and 72hr respectively. The pH of 1%, 4% & 7% samples varied from 6 to 9, 5 to 8.5 & 3 to 7 respectively from day1 to day3. The dissolved oxygen altered from 4ppm to 1ppm for 1% sample from day1 to day3 and from 5ppm to 2ppm for 4% vinegar sample for day1 o day3. Electrical conductivity of 1% vinegar sample increased from 52 to 58 from day1 to day3.
A New Approach to Romanize Arabic WordsIJERA Editor
Romanization of Arabic words has been acquired the interest of the researchers due to its importance in many
fields such as security and terrorism fighting, translation, religious purposes, etc.
In this paper, a proposed method was presented to solve the drawbacks of available methods such as lack of
reverse recognition, using of extra letters and punctuation characters, and neglecting the correlation of the letters
in a word.
This method was implemented and tested using a sample of 100 undergraduate Iraqi students and 150 Arabic
words which romanized using five well-known methods in addition to the proposed one. The test showed that
the proposed method dominants the rest method from the recognition and reverse recognition process in
considerable ratio.
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
IRJET- A Review of Hydrochemical Assessment and GIS Mapping of Groundwater in...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the hydrochemical assessment and GIS mapping of groundwater quality in rural and urban areas of Lucknow, India. Water quality parameters were analyzed and mapped using GIS to determine suitability for drinking and irrigation. The study found that potassium concentrations exceeded limits in over 60% of samples and that water quality is generally better in suburban versus urban areas with lower population densities.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index Using GIS at Tirupathi, IndiaIRJET Journal
- The document analyzes groundwater quality in Tirupati, India using physical and chemical testing of water samples from 20 locations.
- Water Quality Index values showed that over 82% of samples were of "poor" quality and unsuitable for drinking.
- Spatial distribution maps created with GIS showed total dissolved solids were similar across locations while total hardness varied more between sites.
- The study assessed groundwater quality across the area to identify suitable locations for drinking water and inform management of water resources.
IRJET- Seasonal Variations in Physico- Chemical Characteristics of Devara...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seasonal variations in physicochemical characteristics of the Devarabelakere Reservoir in Karnataka, India and its suitability for irrigation. Water samples were collected from the reservoir, canal, return flows, and streams in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Various physicochemical parameters were analyzed to determine the water quality index (WQI), which indicated that the reservoir water is suitable for irrigation purposes in both seasons according to WHO standards. The weighted arithmetic index method was used to calculate the WQI.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes In Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations over time. The study analyzed physical and chemical parameters like temperature, pH, BOD, DO, COD, total hardness, TDS, and alkalinity of water samples collected from three locations on the river in different seasons. The results showed deterioration of water quality with increasing pollution from domestic and industrial waste discharged through drains into the river downstream. Parameters like DO, TDS, and pH indicated severe water quality issues at some sites. Urgent action is needed to restore water quality and protect the aquatic ecosystem of the Gomti River.
IRJET- Study and Analysis of Changes in Water Quality of Gomti River at diffe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing changes in water quality of the Gomti River at different locations in India. Samples were collected from three sites on the river - Sitapur, Lucknow, and Sultanpur - during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids. The results found that water quality varied between locations and seasons, with some sites showing higher levels of pollution based on certain parameters such as BOD, COD, and total dissolved solids. In conclusion, the study provided data on water quality along the Gomti River and showed
The document summarizes a water assessment study conducted in Bajaur, Khyber, and Mohmand agencies in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The study aimed to assess surface water and groundwater availability, develop a water balance model, and prepare a water management plan. Key findings include:
1) Surface water was assessed through analysis of rainfall, snowmelt, and proposed/existing dams. Groundwater was assessed through analysis of recharge, budget, and drawdown.
2) Major water consumers like agriculture, people, and livestock were identified and their current and projected water needs estimated.
3) A water balance model was developed to integrate water availability and consumption data for each agency and
Water is essential for life but is increasingly scarce globally. Pakistan has abundant water resources from rivers and glaciers but also faces water scarcity issues. Water informatics uses information and communication technologies to help manage water resources equitably and efficiently by collecting data, estimating availability, predicting shortages, enabling adequate distribution, and supporting well-planned apportionment approaches. However, challenges remain in Pakistan including difficulties accessing information, lack of coordinated databases, shortage of trained professionals, and underutilization of water informatics potential.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Priority of Water Supply Service for Community in Gresik City, East Java Prov...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Water supply is one of important aspect and a priority in urban planning. The fulfillment of a water supply necessity for Gresik City is still not optimized. Gresik City consists of 2 districts, namely Gresik District and Kebomas District. Based on ministerial regulation 14/2010, coverage of water supply service at Gresik City was classified as bad with water supply service rate less than 50%. Hence, for the sake of optimizing and equity of water supply service at Gresik City, the identification of water supply service ratio of Gresik City and community's perception of water supply service was needed. The research objective was to identify water supply service priority for community at Gresik City. The ratio analysis was done by calculation method based on water supply necessity and availability standard. While, the analysis of water supply service based on community's perception was done by descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the highest ratio of water supply service was on Kroman Sub-District and the lowest ratio of water supply service was on Tenggulunan Sub-District. Based on community's perception analysis, there are 93% of Gresik District residents and 75% of Kebomas District residents that haven't used PDAM (local water supply company) water supply service. Furthermore, water supply service wasn't optimized yet in term of water quality, quantity, continuity, so that the handling of water supply service was focused on sub-district with lowest water supply service ratio.
Characterization of Wastewater in Rajouri Town, Jammu And Kashmir, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water exaggerated physically, chemically as well as biologically is known as wastewater. Thrown away process
of solid waste and its treatment has been the foremost environmental setback for most of the cities in India
especially in rural area. To make people aware about the level of contaminants in wastewater and to suggest the
ways of treatment of wastewater which will result in disposing off of domestic effluents without any danger to
human health, a study on characteristics of wastewater in Rajouri town in Jammu and Kashmir was conducted.
Concentrations of various physicochemical parameters like Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, Turbidity,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Alkalinity, Hardness Chloride
Content, Nitrogen, Ammonium, Phosphorous, Iron and E-coli bacteria were determined. Study was done on five
different sampling locations. All the parameters were found to be generally exceeding the limits set by W.H.O
except for few sampling locations. The sampling site which was found to be the most polluted was Muradpur
(SL 5) thus affecting the population there because of being on the downstream side and the least affected site
was Kheora (SL2). In some sampling stations due to presence of vegetation at the disposal sites, the quality of
sewage to some extent are acceptable may be because the vegetation absorb some of its undesirable constituents.
To treat this wastewater and make it suitable for various purposes like irrigation, vegetation and other domestic
purposes a treatment plant which will benefit population of 37,552 souls. Construction of wetlands will also lead
to effective treatment and management of wastewater.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Rain Water Harvesting through Tanka in Western RajasthanIRJET Journal
This document discusses rainwater harvesting through tankas (underground water storage structures) in western Rajasthan, India. It provides background on water scarcity issues in Rajasthan given its location in the Thar Desert region. Traditionally, tankas ranging in size from 1,000 to 500,000 liters have been used to store rainwater harvested from rooftops and other surfaces for drinking purposes throughout the year. The document examines the design of a 50,000 liter masonry tanka, including estimating the runoff from its catchment area based on rainfall amounts, runoff coefficient, and catchment size. It also reviews traditional and modern rainwater harvesting methods used in Rajasthan.
A Case Study of Ground Water Quality Analysis Surrounding on Gurgaon Canal (...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study analyzing the quality of groundwater surrounding the Gurgaon Canal in the NCR Mewat region of Haryana, India. Samples were taken from hand pumps and wells near the canal and tested for various physicochemical parameters like pH, phosphates, COD, BOD, conductivity, etc. The study found that for many parameters, the water quality exceeded Indian and WHO drinking water standards, indicating the water is polluted from industrial and domestic waste in the canal. As the canal water seeps into the groundwater, it is affecting the quality of the local groundwater supply and posing health risks to humans and livestock that rely on that water. The poor groundwater quality is a serious issue
The document summarizes a 14-month water quality survey of the Musi River in India downstream of Hyderabad. Untreated sewage from Hyderabad's 6.8 million people is disposed into the Musi River. Samples were taken at 8 points along a 40km stretch of the river to analyze E. coli, helminth eggs, BOD and other parameters. The survey found that water quality improved dramatically with distance from the city and between weirs along the river. This was contributed to by natural treatment processes aided by the weirs, which acted as waste stabilization ponds. Pathogen concentrations decreased significantly after each weir such that the last sampling point met standards for safe use in agriculture.
APPRAISAL OF GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF RICH IRO...AM Publications
Bellary is a rich iron ore city in Karnataka; it is experienced degradation due to rapid urbanization and mining activity. The hydro-chemical investigation in the present study is restricted to the major ions concentrations, distributions, their relative abundance, and the pattern of the variability in groundwater chemistry. The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of rich iron mineral city. For calculating the WQI, the following 16 parameters have been considered: turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkalinity, Bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulphate, sodium and potassium. The WQI for these samples ranges from 79.1 to 180.2 the maximum value of 180.2 is observed in the sample 3 (ATP Road) of rich iron mineral city, while the minimum is recorded in 9 (Bislahalli). The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and chlorides in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination. Water Quality Index, has been calculated for the Rich iron mineral city and was studied for the suitability of water for drinking purposes and the results showed that 28% of the ground water quality was poor quality category and localities are scoring a water quality index greater than 100. The continuous monitoring of groundwater is required in the rich iron mineral city to protect water in future from any possible contamination due to growing industrialization and agricultural practices.
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in...Premier Publishers
Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.
Groundwater Quality Assessment in hard rock terrain of Rasipuram Taluk, Namak...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is of most important to rural development in many countries of the world. Over exploitation of
groundwater has become a major challenge not only to the present civilization and also for the future
generations. The main focus of this study is to assess the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and
irrigation purposes in vicinity of Rasipuram block in Tamil Nadu. Groundwater samples from 15 locations were
collected from different wells during January 2015 and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The
usefulness of these parameters in predicting groundwater quality characteristics were discussed. The quality of
groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish water, moderately hard to very hard in nature. The piper plot
shows that the most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of Na+-Cl- and mixed Ca++-Na+-Cl- type. Water
quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall groundwater quality status of the area. The WQI for these
samples ranges from 37.34 to 650. Hence majority of the water samples are poor to very poor in water quality.
The area in general is characterized by hard water, hence is not suitable for drinking purpose. The samples
plotted in the piper and USSL diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristic of groundwater for
irrigation purposes. However, the values of SAR, Na% and RSC indicate that groundwater is suitable for
irrigation purposes. Overall water quality of the study area was found satisfactory for drinking purpose except in
few locations and suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence the local government needs to initiate remedial
measures.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Vinegar Containing Waste Water by Mixed Culture Bac...IJERA Editor
The present study is focussed on biodegradation of the vinegar effluents by mixed culture bacteria isolated from the soil. The presence of acetic acid in the vinegar plant effluent contaminates the water and soil erodes if the effluent is released into the soil, ultimately contaminate the ground water table. It is necessary to remove acetic acid from the vinegar plant effluents. The technique used in this study in order to remove biodegradable matter is Aerobic Biodegradation. Varying initial concentrations of vinegar is synthetically prepared in the laboratory, which resembled the effluent released from the vinegar plant by adding the vinegar of 1%, 4%, 7% to 1250 ml water respectively. The mixed culture bacteria from the soil grown on standard Lysogeny Broth medium and introduced into the aerobic fluidized bed reactor after 24 hours and the bacteria (Bacilli, Cocci)biodegraded the organic matter i.e., acetic acid present in the sample. Samples analysed for vinegar concentration, DO and salinity, electrical conductivity for every 24hr, 48hr, and 72hr by volumetric analysis. The pH, DO, salinity, electrical conductivity and concentrations of the each samples measured for every 24hr, 48hr, and 72hr respectively. The pH of 1%, 4% & 7% samples varied from 6 to 9, 5 to 8.5 & 3 to 7 respectively from day1 to day3. The dissolved oxygen altered from 4ppm to 1ppm for 1% sample from day1 to day3 and from 5ppm to 2ppm for 4% vinegar sample for day1 o day3. Electrical conductivity of 1% vinegar sample increased from 52 to 58 from day1 to day3.
A New Approach to Romanize Arabic WordsIJERA Editor
Romanization of Arabic words has been acquired the interest of the researchers due to its importance in many
fields such as security and terrorism fighting, translation, religious purposes, etc.
In this paper, a proposed method was presented to solve the drawbacks of available methods such as lack of
reverse recognition, using of extra letters and punctuation characters, and neglecting the correlation of the letters
in a word.
This method was implemented and tested using a sample of 100 undergraduate Iraqi students and 150 Arabic
words which romanized using five well-known methods in addition to the proposed one. The test showed that
the proposed method dominants the rest method from the recognition and reverse recognition process in
considerable ratio.
The behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete after heat resistanceIJERA Editor
This study is trying to provide the behavior of concrete when additional fibers are added under the effect of
evaluated temperatures. Three types of polypropylene fibers are used with different length respectively 3 mm, 6
mm and 12 mm and two types of steel fibers are used of length respectively of 3cm and 5 cm. Hybrid specimens
of concrete are prepared by using two different combinations: 0.5% steel fibers in combination with 0.2%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete; and 0.25% of steel fibers in combination with 0.1%
polypropylene fibers by the volume of concrete. The specimens were subject to different temperatures. An
electric furnace was used to heat the specimens up to 200 0C, 400 0C and 600 0C. The mass loss and compressive
strength were determined by using twelve different mixtures.
Static Analysis of G+2 Institutional Building in BhopalIJERA Editor
A Seismic design is aimed at controlling the structural damage based on precise estimations of proper response
parameters. Seismic design explicitly evaluates how a building is likely to perform; given the potential hazard it
is likely to experience, considering uncertainties inherent in the quantification of potential hazard and
uncertainties in assessment of the actual building response. It is an interactive process that begins with the
selection of performance objectives, followed by the development of a preliminary design, an assessment as to
whether or not the design meets the performance objectives, and finally redesign and reassessment, if required,
until the desired performance level is achieved.
In this present study one R.C. buildings, of G + 2 storey institutional building (designed according to IS
456:2000) are analysed. Analysis and redesigning by changing the main reinforcement of various frame
elements and again analyzing. The structural analysis has been carried out using STAAD.Pro V8i, a product of
Structural Analysis and Design Program. A total of 1 cases for a particular G + 2 storey institutional building
located in Zone-II have been analyzed. The results of analysis are compared in terms of reinforcement in the
column and beam. The best possible combination of reinforcement that is economical, effective and whose
damage is limited to Grade 2 (slight structural damage, moderate non structural damage) in order to enable
Immediate Occupancy is determined and is termed as Seismic Design.
Implementing Iris in the Railway Control Office Application for Secure Saas i...IJERA Editor
Technology plays a vital role in each and every part of the world. In particular ―Cloud‖ computing - a
moderately recent term, characterizes the path to develop the advancement in the world of computer science.
Further, Cloud provides an affordable environment for its users through different forms of services such as SaaS
(Software as a service), PaaS (Platform as a service), and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). Cloud computing is
also an Internet-based computing where a large pool of systems are connected in private or public networks, and
provide dynamically scalable infrastructure for application data as well as file storage. Security of Cloud
computing is an evolving sub-domain of network security, computer security and information security. In spite
of its advantages, Cloud environment has many security flaws such as loss of important data, data leakage and
something related to cloning, resource pooling etc. Security of Cloud Computing is an emerging area for study.
It includes several security and privacy issues with challenges and solutions for many security issues of cloud
computing. The Control Office Application (COA) is the latest addition to train operations related IT application
of Indian Railways. Along with the Freight Operations Information System (FOIS), COA has led to a complete
transformation in train operations and facilitates all information on train operations being computer generated. It
is this application that feeds the National Train Enquiry System (NTES) which provides passengers with up to
date information on train running. COA also provides train operations information to FOIS and ICMS. The
objective of the Indian Railways is to further improve the operations by using technological aids that enable
quicker data capture and intelligent applications that provide better planning and forecasting tools. To overcome
these issues, in Cloud computing, we can use SaaS (software as a service). In this paper, we have proposed a
new IRIS algorithm to authenticate the users of COA software in the cloud environment.
An Efficient Block Matching Algorithm Using Logical ImageIJERA Editor
Motion estimation, which has been widely used in various image sequence coding schemes, plays a key role in the transmission and storage of video signals at reduced bit rates. There are two classes of motion estimation methods, Block matching algorithms (BMA) and Pel-recursive algorithms (PRA). Due to its implementation simplicity, block matching algorithms have been widely adopted by various video coding standards such as CCITT H.261, ITU-T H.263, and MPEG. In BMA, the current image frame is partitioned into fixed-size rectangular blocks. The motion vector for each block is estimated by finding the best matching block of pixels within the search window in the previous frame according to matching criteria. The goal of this work is to find a fast method for motion estimation and motion segmentation using proposed model. Recent day Communication between ends is facilitated by the development in the area of wired and wireless networks. And it is a challenge to transmit large data file over limited bandwidth channel. Block matching algorithms are very useful in achieving the efficient and acceptable compression. Block matching algorithm defines the total computation cost and effective bit budget. To efficiently obtain motion estimation different approaches can be followed but above constraints should be kept in mind. This paper presents a novel method using three step and diamond algorithms with modified search pattern based on logical image for the block based motion estimation. It has been found that, the improved PSNR value obtained from proposed algorithm shows a better computation time (faster) as compared to original Three step Search (3SS/TSS ) method .The experimental results based on the number of video sequences were presented to demonstrate the advantages of proposed motion estimation technique.
Technologies, Strategies And Algorithm In Green Computing – Solution To Energ...IJERA Editor
A safe and non-polluted environment is the basic need of a living being. But today the situation is getting changed. Our environment is getting polluted day by day at a very high rate. The use of computing devices plays a vital role in harmfulness of environment. To reduce these harmful impacts the concept of Green Computing must be implemented. In this research paper, we includes some technologies, strategies and algorithm which are used for the implementation of green computing. The main reason is the awareness of a common user. If a common user is getting aware about the harmful impacts of use of computing devices over environment and takes some steps at own level to reduce electricity, the concept of green computing will be implemented.
Analysis of Process Parameters in Dry Turning of Medium Carbon Steel En19 by ...IJERA Editor
This document presents an analysis of surface roughness characteristics during dry turning of medium carbon steel EN19. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to evaluate the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on the surface roughness parameters Ra, Rq, and Rz. Grey relational analysis was used to determine the optimal process parameters that minimize all response variables. Regression models were developed to predict the surface roughness, which showed high correlation. Cutting speed was found to have the greatest influence on surface roughness based on ANOVA analysis.
Spectroscopic studies on Mn2+ ions doped Cadmium Aluminum Fluoro Lead Borate ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on the optical properties of manganese ion (Mn2+)-doped cadmium aluminum fluoro lead borate glass. The glass was prepared with the composition 49.5B2O3-10PbO-30CdO-10AlF3 doped with 0.5% Mn2+. Optical absorption spectroscopy showed a broad absorption band at 473 nm, confirming the presence of Mn2+ ions. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed a red emission at 618 nm under excitation at 467 nm, attributed to the 4T1g(G) → 6A1g(S) transition of Mn2+ ions in an octahedral environment. The
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Underground Water from Silchar Municipal Area of...IJERA Editor
Water samples were collected from different sources of Silchar Municipal area of Cachar district, Assam, India.
Physicochemical parameter such as PH
, EC, Hardness, Chloride, Fluorides, Iron, TDS of sixteen water samples
from different sampling sites of Silchar were determined. The experimental results were compared with
drinking water quality standards laid down by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and World Health
Organization (WHO) and it was found that only a few water samples are not suitable for drinking and other
domestic purposes due to high concentration of iron. Overall all the ground water is clear, odourless and soft.
Even few samples contain fluoride ion but the values are much below the permissible limits.
Network Performance Enhancement for 1G-EPON by DBA AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
This document proposes and evaluates a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm called TD-WIN AND WIN ALGORITHM for Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs). The algorithm aims to improve network performance for triple play services (voice, video, data) by classifying traffic into delay-sensitive and delay-insensitive types and prioritizing allocation of bandwidth accordingly. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm maintains a better tradeoff between throughput and delay compared to the existing DBA_GATE ALGORITHM, especially when delay-sensitive traffic is high. The algorithm helps avoid bandwidth starvation and performs better in terms of throughput and delay.
Road Safety Audit: A Case Study for Wardha Road in Nagpur CityIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a case study of a road safety audit conducted on Wardha Road in Nagpur City, India. The study aimed to identify safety deficiencies, develop mitigating strategies, and calculate crash rates. Traffic and accident data were collected for the road. A checklist was used to examine the road for potential hazards. Crash rates were calculated using a Microsoft Visual Studio program and found to decrease when the road width was increased by 2 meters. The study concluded that road safety audits can help minimize future accident risks from infrastructure changes and reduce long-term costs associated with road planning decisions.
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to create a landslide vulnerability zonation map for parts of the Nilgiri District in Tamil Nadu, India. The researchers adopted a methodology called the Landslide Distribution Data Model (LDDM) which involves generating GIS databases on geosystem parameters like lithology, lineament density, and drainage density from data sources like topographic sheets and satellite imagery. These parameters were weighted and integrated to create the landslide vulnerability zonation map. The map was then validated. Finally, the study aimed to identify causative factors for landslides in vulnerable zones and suggest suitable mitigation measures.
Green Roofs and Green Building Rating SystemsIJERA Editor
The environmental benefits for green building from the Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)
and Ecology, Energy, Waste, and Health (EEWH) rating systems have been extensively investigated; however,
the effect of green roofs on the credit-earning mechanisms is relatively unexplored. This study is concerned with
the environmental benefits of green roofs with respect to sustainability, stormwater control, energy savings, and
water resources. We focused on the relationship between green coverage and the credits of the rating systems,
evaluated the credits efficiency, and performed cost analysis. As an example, we used a university building in
Keelung, Northern Taiwan. The findings suggest that with EEWH, the proposed green coverage is 50–75%,
whereas with LEED, the proposed green coverage is 100%. These findings have implications for the application
of green roofs in green building.
EU-Cycle is a self balancing electric unicycle. A regular unicycle is powered by pedal and is balanced by a rider, whilst the EU-Cycle runs by an electric motor and balance by control system in the roll direction. The simple thing to do by rider is to lean forward for acceleration, to lean backward for braking. EU-Cycle is designed as to be a fast and portable means of transport among crowded area, home and office. Therefore, The EU-Cycle gives tough challenge to the unicycle. EU-Cycle has attracted print media including future stories in radio, television. Thus in addition to successful development of EU-Cycle in urban use, the project has to implement the EU-cycle as an educative device.
TNM Method Results Compared with Finite Element Analysis for a 30 KW SCIM MotorIJERA Editor
The Thermal network model (TNM) of ten node 37 thermal resistances is considered as the highly detailed one
for thermal distribution of all the TNM models. This model is reported to be the one that can take care of most
of the complexities in geometry and estimation of convective heat transfer coefficients. Results obtained for the
30 KW motor using the above TNM model have been compared with that of Finite element Analysis using
ANSYS. Listing of the MATLAB programs is presented as annexure.
Deterministic Assessment of Continuous Flight Auger Construction Durations Us...IJERA Editor
One of the primary functions of construction equipment management is to calculate the production rate of equipment which will be a major input to the processes of time estimates, cost estimates and the overall project planning. Accordingly, it is crucial to stakeholders to be able to compute equipment production rates. This may be achieved using an accurate, reliable and easy tool. The objective of this research is to provide a simple model that can be used by specialists to predict the duration of a proposed Continuous Flight Auger job. The model was obtained using a prioritizing technique based on expert judgment then using multi-regression analysis based on a representative sample. The model was then validated on a selected sample of projects. The average error of the model was calculated to be about (3%-6%).
An Improved Parallel Activity scheduling algorithm for large datasetsIJERA Editor
Parallel processing is capable of executing a large number of tasks on a multiprocessor at the same time period, and it is also one of the emerging concepts. Complex and computational problems can be resolved in an efficient way with the help of parallel processing. The parallel processing system can be divided into two categories depending on the nature of tasks such are homogenous parallel system and the heterogeneous parallel processing system. In the homogeneous environment, the number of processors required for executing different tasks is similar in capacity. In case of heterogeneous environments, tasks are allocated to various processors with different capacity and speed. The main objective of parallel processing is to optimize the execution speed and to shorten the duration of task execution with independent of environment. In this proposed work, an optimized parallel project selection method was implemented to find the optimal resource utilization and project scheduling. The execution speeds of the task increases and the overall average execution time of the task decreases by allocating different tasks to various processors with the task scheduling algorithm.
Synthesis, Electrical and Optical Properties of Nickel Sulphate Hexa Hydrate ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of nickel sulfate hexa hydrate (NSH) single crystals doped with L-arginine. NSH crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with L-arginine doping concentrations from 0.2 to 1 mole%. The grown crystals were characterized through X-ray diffraction, dielectric, and optical studies. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the doped crystals. Dielectric measurements showed an increase in dielectric constants and conductivity with increasing temperature. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that doping altered the band gap of pure NSH crystals. The study suggests doped crystals could have applications in microelectronics due to their low dielectric properties.
Unsteady Free Convection MHD Flow of an Incompressible Electrically Conductin...IJERA Editor
In this paper we investigate unsteady free convection MHD flow of an incompressible viscous electrically
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appropriate boundary conditions are solved by the Integral Transform Technique. The obtained results of
velocity and temperature distributions are shown graphically and are discussed on the basis of it. The effects of
Hartmann number, Darcy parameter, Prandtl number and the decay factor, and effects of adiabatic plate on the
velocity and temperature fields are discussed.
An Assesment of Groundwater Quality Index in Bommasandra Area,Bengaluru city,...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and
industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing
urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers
and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of
Bommasandra. Bommasandra city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition
among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides,
discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also
contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
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ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY USING WATER QUALITY INDEX WITHIN 4KM RADIU...IRJET Journal
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IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the River Godavari in India. Water quality parameters were measured monthly from 2009-2012 at two monitoring stations on the river. An index called the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using 8 parameters to evaluate overall water quality. Models were developed to forecast WQI values from 2012-2015. Results showed the future water quality at both stations would be excellent to good. WQI is a useful tool for assessing water quality trends and informing management and public decisions.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
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quality of Aligarh city, (India). Groundwater samples were
collected from 40 wells and analyzed for 20 water quality
parameters in post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013. High
coefficient of variance indicates variability of physico-chemical
parameters concentrations in ground water. The descriptive
statistical analysis was done beside Pearson correlation. From
correlation analysis it was observed that very strong correlations
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hardness (0.88), TDS and Chloride (0.87). In 100% of the
samples recorded alkalinity and magnesium concentration were
found higher than maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS.
Concentration of hardness, cadmium, pH, iron, lead, and total
dissolved solids were also found above the standard limits
prescribed by BIS. This reveals deterioration of water quality. It
is therefore, suggested to take up regular monitoring of
groundwater in areas of Aligarh city.
Investigation Work Carried Out at Nidubrolu Water Treatment PlantIRJET Journal
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Investigation on Groundwater Quality in parts of Ramdurg Taluk of Malaprabha ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into groundwater quality in parts of Ramdurg Taluk, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from 9 locations before and after irrigation and analyzed for various chemical parameters. The results show the groundwater is generally alkaline with electrical conductivity and nitrate levels above permissible limits, indicating saline and contaminated water. Nitrate levels were highest at Godachi at 68.6 mg/l before irrigation and 58.2 mg/l after. Other parameters like potassium, sodium, chloride and sulfate also exceeded acceptable levels at some locations. The high fertilizer and pesticide usage in agriculture is concluded to be contaminating the groundwater. Ongoing monitoring is needed to properly manage water quality issues in
Guj sw study of wq fluctuation in river vishwamitri_0bhydrologyproject0
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POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF MEENACHIL RIVER IN KOTTAYAM DISTRICTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on assessing and improving the water quality of the Meenachil River in Kottayam District, Kerala, India. The river flows through many towns where it is used for drinking water and agriculture. However, with increasing population and development, pollution from various sources has become a concern. The study involved collecting and testing water samples from 13 locations on the river to analyze various water quality parameters. It aims to assess the current pollution levels, provide suggestions to improve the water quality, and compare results to previous studies. The objectives are to examine wet and dry season water quality, improve public health by reducing pollution impacts, and encourage better waste management. The scope includes continued monitoring and assessing pollution levels over time
Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaip...ijtsrd
Validate the suitability of water for agriculture on the basis of the quality indices is the key objective of this study. The quality of water was evaluated by analyzing parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, alkalinity and bicarbonates. The quality indices were evaluated and ranged as Sodium Absorption Ratio 0.54 to 5.80 ppm, Soluble Sodium percentage 10.47 to 59.17 ppm, Residual Sodium Carbonate 26.25 to 1.24 ppm, Permeability Index 25.16 to 79.78 and Kelly’s Ratio 0.12 to 1.45 ppm. The outcomes were compared to the WHO and BIS standards. According to salinity hazard in which based on EC, 18.33 samples are unsuitable for irrigation, while 26.67 samples are utilize by suitable water treatment, On the basis of TDS 5 of water samples are belongs to moderately saline category which is reduce by some irrigation practices. On the other side based on Sodium hazard all the samples are found within the range of excellent category, which means water is suitable for irrigation purpose. The calculated indices were fit in agreement by means of WHO and BIS. The documentation contains information about the impact of the irrigation water quality on the agriculture. Katara P. | Mittal H. K. | Maheshwari B. L. | Singh P. K. | Dashora Y. "Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Irrigation of Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30429.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30429/assessment-of-water-quality-indices-for-irrigation-of-dharta-watershed-udaipur-rajasthan-india/katara-p
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Water and soil quality aspects of nelligudde reservoir catchment and command ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET - Underground Water Recharge through Rainwater Harvesting using Rem...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS technologies to identify suitable locations for underground water recharge through rainwater harvesting. It identifies five major factors that influence groundwater recharge potential: lithology, land use/cover, lineaments, drainage, and slope.
2) GIS is used to spatially analyze these factors, assign weights to each, and demarcate zones in the basin according to groundwater recharge potential. Direct surface recharge techniques like infiltration basins are discussed as the most widely used method to enhance natural percolation of water into subsurface aquifers.
3) Literature on previous studies of groundwater issues in the local region is reviewed, covering topics like seasonal water
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
IRJET- Assessment of Water Quality Index of Hiran River at Sihora Region in J...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Hiran River in the Sihora region of Jabalpur City, India. Water samples were collected from five locations along the river and analyzed for various physical, chemical, and biological parameters, including temperature, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results found that most parameters were within acceptable limits for domestic and irrigation use, but some locations had higher levels of chloride, indicating pollution from agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste sources. In general, the study found variations in water quality at different sampling points along the river.
Water quality variables from peerwadi well, uranPrabhakar Pawar
Physico-chemical characteristics of water are of vital concern to human as it is directly related to human health.
Water quality is an important criterion used for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and recreation.
During present investigation, water quality variables of ground water were assessed from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach, Dist
– Raigad, Navi Mumbai from October 2010 to August 2013. Various physico-chemical parameters assessed includes pH, Temperature, Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Conductance, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Salinity, Chloride, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium
hardness. This study reveals that except the high values of chlorides and salinity, values of other physico-chemical variables are within the guideline values of WHO Standard for potable water. The quality of water from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach was found to be safe and utilizable for drinking and other purposes.
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Nellikkuzhy Panchayat, Kerala, India. 11 physicochemical parameters were used to calculate a Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater samples collected during the monsoon and summer seasons. The WQI ranged from 50.47-63.18 during monsoon and 33.74-64.69 during summer, indicating the water quality was good at all locations according to the classification system. While some parameters like pH and electrical conductivity exceeded guidelines at some locations, overall the groundwater was determined to be suitable for drinking and irrigation based on WQI.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
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A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, Mandya City, Karnataka State, India
1. Shivaprasad H et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 1), July 2014, pp.112-123
www.ijera.com 112 | P a g e
A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, Mandya City, Karnataka State, India Shivaprasad H1 , Nagarajappa D P2 , Sham Sundar K M3 1Post Graduate Student, Department of Studies in Civil Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere-5770 04, India 2Professor, Department of Studies in Civil Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere- 5770 04, India 3Professor, Department of Studies in Civil Engineering, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere- 5770 04, India Abstract Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Mandya. Mandya city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides, discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index for the ground water samples of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater samples of about 40 samples were collected and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to provide an overview of present ground water quality for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and effective way for assessing the quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for communicating the information on overall quality of water. Keywords: Groundwater, Water quality standards, Water quality characteristics, Water quality index.
I. Introduction
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial, water supply and irrigation all over the world. In the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid growth of population and the accelerated pace of industrialization. Human health is threatened by unsanitary conditions through open drain carrying and disposing wastewater into natural water bodies. Rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries like India, has affected the availability and quality of groundwater due to its overexploitation and improper waste disposal, especially in urban areas. According to WHO organization, about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the assessment and management of groundwater. WQI is defined as a rating, reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters. WQI is calculated from the point of view of the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The objective of the present work is to discuss the suitability of groundwater for human consumption based on computed, groundwater characteristics, quality assessment and water quality index values.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the study area
Mandya district is lies between North latitude 12013‟ to 13004‟ and East longitudes 76019‟ to 77020‟ and is bounded on northwest by Hassan district, on the north and northeast by Tumkur district, on the east by Ramanagar district and south by Mysore and Chamarajnagar district. Total geographical area of the district is 4961 Sqkms. The city is situated at an elevation of 669.47 m above MSL.The district is divided into seven taluks coming under two subdivisions (Mandya and Pandavapura). The Mandya subdivision comprises Mandya, Maddur and Malavalli taluks. The Pandavapura subdivision
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Shivaprasad H et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 1), July 2014, pp.112-123
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comprises of Pandavapura, Srirangapattana, Nagamangala and K.R.Pet taluks. 2.2 Population growth and density As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Mandya in 2011 is 1,37,735; of which male and female are 68,748 and 68,987 respectively. The sex ratio of Mandya city is 1003 per 1000 males. In education section, total literates in Mandya city are 105,938 of which 55,442 are males while 50,496 are females. Average literacy rate of Mandya city is 85.11 percent of which male and female literacy was 89.54 and 80.74 percent. Total children (0-6) in Mandya city are 13,269 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 6,826 boys while 6,443 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is 944 per 1000 boys. In Mandya city more than 99% of the population speaks Kannada. Mandya City Municipality Council (CMC) is spread up to 17.03 Sq.km in which 1, 37,735 persons reside. The population density on an average in 8,629 per Sq.km which is thickly populated and the city is developing steadily; the projected population growth in the CMC is given in the Table2.1. Since the city is the district head quarter the floating population is moderate and works out to be 15000 per day. Table3.2 shows details of ward wise population distribution and there components, these details will be use full to design solid waste management system. 2.3 Geomorphology
The district is located in the southern maiden region of the state. The surface topography is in the form of undulating plain situated at an average elevation of 750- 900m above MSL. There are few sporadic out crops of rocks as hills and few fertile shallow valleys. In the south-eastern part of the district the Biligirirangana hill ranges extending from Mysore District tapers off here. In this portion Cauvery river breaks through the hill ranges and forms the famous Gaganachukki and Barachukki waterfalls. The Melukote range of hills fallen a broken series of conspicuous peaks, which reach the altitude of 1159m above MSL, 1064m above MSL, 1050m above MSL and 1046m above MSL.The Hulikere-Kartigatta hill range near S.R.Patna and bold rugged low peaks near Sindhugatta are also conspicuous. The general slope in the district is in southeast direction. 2.4 Groundwater sampling in the Study area Careful planning and preparation of a groundwater- sampling trip was made to save time and help reduce the number of difficulties that commonly occur with fieldwork. Correct sampling procedure begins with thorough preparation in the office and laboratory before sample collection. Each sample bottle is to be thoroughly cleaned and protected from any contamination during sample collection, preservation, and shipment to assure a high quality sample. Filtering equipment is to be rinsed thoroughly to remove any mineral deposits in hoses or support container vessels. The sample containers and hoses for organic analyses are to be acid-washed and rinsed several times with deionised water. Grab sampling has been adopted to collect groundwater samples. 40 groundwater samples were collected in polythene containers of 2 litres capacity for chemical analysis after pumping out sufficient quantity of water from the source such that, the sample collected served as a representative sample. The samples thus collected were transported to the laboratory condition. 2.5 Analysis of Groundwater Samples
The groundwater quality was assessed by the analysis of chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness, Nitrates, Sulphates, Iron and Fluorides. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water quality for various parameters is presented in the table 2.The analytical methods used to measure chemical parameters of groundwater samples collected from all the sampling stations are listed in the table 1.The water samples were analysed adopting standard methods in the Environmental Laboratory.
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MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA LOCATION,INDIA (NOT FOR SCALE)
SUGAR TOWN AREA
Figure 2.1: Layout of Sugar town area, Mandya city.
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2.6 Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater samples: All the reagents used were of analytical grade and solutions were made of distilled water. Various water quality parameters such as alkalinity, hardness, chlorides etc., were determined using standard analytical methods and procedures (table-1). The instruments used were calibrated before use for observing readings. The repeated measurements were made to ensure precision and accuracy of results Table 1: Methods Used for Groundwater analysis (Laboratory analytical methods)
Sl.No
Physico-chemical Parameters
Methods
1
pH
Potentiometry (pH meter)
2
Conductivity
Conductivity probe
3
Alkalinity
Argentometry (Titration)
4
Chloride
Argentometry (Titration)
5
Total Hardness
Complexometry by EDTA titration
6
Calcium
Argentometry (Titration)
7
Magnesium
Argentometry (Titration)
8
Total Dissolved Solids
TDS Probe
9
Fluoride
Ion Analyser
10
Iron
Spectrophotometry
11
Nitrate
Spectrophotometry
12
Sulphate
Spectrophotometry
Table 2: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water (IS 10500: 2003)
Sl. No.
Characteristics
Desirable limit
Permissible limit
1
Colour, (Hazen units)
5
25
2
Odour
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
3
Taste
Agreeable
Agreeable
4
pH value
6.5-8.5
No relaxation
5
Total hardness (mg/l as CaCO3)
300
600
6
Iron (Fe), mg/l
0.3
1.0
7
Manganese
0.1
0.3
(Mn), mg/l
8
Chloride, mg/l
250
1000
9
Total dissolved solids, mg/l
500
2000
10
Calcium, mg/l
100
200
11
Sulphate, mg/l
200
400
12
Nitrate, mg/l
45
100
13
Fluoride, mg/l
-
1.5
14
Alkalinity, mg/l
200
600
15
Mercury, mg/l
0.001
-
16
Cadmium, mg/l
0.01
-
17
Lead, mg/l
0.05
-
18
Zinc, mg/l
5
15
III. Results and Discussions
In this chapter for the purpose of revealing the water quality of 40 bore wells of covering the study area have been established by determining the physical and chemical characteristics as per standard methods4. They have been listed systematically and represented in table2. The parameters viz., pH, total dissolved solids and Electrical conductivity know the physical characteristics of the ground water under the study area. The chemical characteristics of the ground water under the study area are known by the parameters viz., total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, iron, fluoride, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity.
The pH of the groundwater samples are neutral or close to it as they all range from 6.45 to 7.89 which are within the permissible limits 6.5- 8.5 given by Indian Standards, also complies with standard 0f 7.0-8.0 given by WHO17. One of the main objectives in controlling pH is to produce water that minimizes corrosion or incrustation. These processes, which can cause considerable damage to the water supply systems, result from complex interactions between pH and other parameters, such as dissolved solids, dissolved gases, hardness, alkalinity, and temperature. The variation of pH in the study period is shown figure 3.1
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Figure 3.1: pH- Hydrogen ion concentration variations during the study period
The Conductivity of the groundwater in Sugar town, Mandya city ranges from 585-1109μs/cm. Conductivity itself is not a human or aquatic health concern, but because it is easily measured, it can serve as an indicator of other water quality problems. Water with high mineral content tends to have higher conductivity, which is a general indication of high dissolved solid concentration of the water10. Therefore, conductivity measurements can be used as a quick way to locate potential water quality problems. The variation of Electrical conductivity in the study period is shown figure 3.
Total dissolved solids level in ground water is 359-665 mg/L which exceeds the permissible limit of 500 mg/L as per Indian standards and 1000 mg/l as per WHO Standards. The term total dissolved solids refer mainly to the inorganic substances that are dissolved in water. The effects of TDS on drinking water quality depend on the levels of its individual components; excessive hardness, taste, mineral depositions and corrosion are common properties of highly mineralized water.
The variation of total dissolved solids in the study period is shown figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2: EC- Electrical conductivity, TDS- Total dissolved solids concentration variations during the study period
Total Hardness varies from 255-410 mg/l as CaCO3. The hardness values for the study area are found to be hard for almost all locations and determined to fall higher edge of the desirable limit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Concentrated variations
Sample locations
pH
pH
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Concentration variations
Sample locations
EC, μS/cm
TDS, ppm
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of WHO specification and Indian standards. According to Sawyer and McCarty‟s classification for hardness, water samples collected from study area are falls under the hard class 28.21%. The variation of total alkalinity and total hardness in the study period is shown figure 3.3. Hardness is caused by polyvalent metallic ions dissolved in water, which in natural water are principally magnesium and calcium. So the adverse effects of such hard water are i. Soap consumption by hard water cause economic loss to water, ii. MgSO4 has laxative effects in person unaccustomed to it, iii. precipitation by hard water adhere to the surface of tubs and sinks and may stain clothing, dishes and other items1 Table-3: Classification of water based on hardness by Sawyer and McCarthy
Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l)
Water quality
Percent
0-75
Soft
10.26
75-150
Moderately hard
33.33
150-300
Hard
28.21
Above 300
Very hard
28.21
Alkalinity of the samples are in the range of 352-465 mg/L. The alkalinity levels of all the water samples are high thus, resisting acidification of the groundwater samples. The variation of total alkalinity and total hardness in the study period is shown figure 4
Figure 4: TH- Total Hardness, TA- Total Alkalinity variations during the study period
The presence of calcium in water results from its passage through the deposits of limestone, dolomite, gypsum and other calcium bearing rocks. Calcium contributes to the total hardness of water and is an important micro nutrient in aquatic environment. Small concentrations of calcium carbonate prevent corrosion of metal pipes by laying down a protective coating. But increased concentration of calcium precipitates on heating to form harmful scales in boilers, pipes and utensils. As per BIS and WHO standards, the permissible limit for calcium is 200 mg/l. In the present study, the groundwater samples have calcium concentration varying from 48-84.8 mg/l. Variation of calcium in the study area is shown in the figure 5
Magnesium is one of the abundant elements in the earth„s crust, It is found in all natural waters and its source lies in rocks. It is an important element contributing to hardness and a necessary constituent of chlorophyll. High concentrations of magnesium reduce utility of water for domestic use, while a concentration above 500mg/l imparts an unpleasant taste to water and renders it unfit for drinking. As per IS 10500: (2003), the desirable limit of magnesium is 30 mg/l and permissible limit is 100 mg/l. In the present study, the groundwater samples have magnesium concentration varying from 32.80-52.08 mg/l. Variations of Magnesium in the study area is shown in the figure 5.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Concentration variations
Sample locations
TH,mg/L
TA, mg/L
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Figure 5: Ca- Calcium, Mg- Magnesium variations during the study period
Chloride present in ground water samples are in the range of 80.12-120.12 mg/l, which exceeds the permissible limit of 250 mg/l as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards and this obviously affects the taste of the water. Similarly study of Chemical characteristics of groundwater in and around Sugar town, Mandya city chloride content is beyond the permissible limit24. This occurs may be due to saline water intrusion. Chloride is a widely distributed element in all types of rocks in one or the other form. Its affinity towards sodium is high. Therefore, its concentration is high in ground waters, where the temperature is high and rainfall is less. Soil porosity and permeability also has a key role in building up the chlorides concentration17. The variation of Chlorides in the study period is shown figure 6
Sulphate concentration in collected groundwater samples is ranged from 69.1-183 mg/l as in the permissible limit of 200mg/l as per Indian standards and 250mg/l as per WHO Standards. Health concerns regarding sulphate in drinking water have been raised because of reports that diarrhoea may be associated with the ingestion of water containing high levels of sulphate. The variation of Sulphate in the study period is shown figure 6
Figure 6: Cl- Chloride, SO4- Sulphate variations during the study period
In the groundwater of Sugar town, Mandya City, Nitrate is varies from 6.20-8.45 mg/l which complies with the permissible limit of 45 mg/l as per Indian standards and 50 mg/L as per WHO Standards. Nitrates themselves are relatively non-toxic. Nitrogen essential component of amino acids, and therefore all proteins and nucleic acids, and therefore needed for all cell division and reproduction. The formation of
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Concentration variations
Sample locations
Ca2+,mg/L
Mg2+,mg/L
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Concentration variations
Sample locations
Cl-,mg/L
SO42-,mg/L
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nitrates is an integral part of the nitrogen cycle in our environment. Nitrate levels above 45 mg/l NO3 may cause methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease) in infants .Sources of nitrate contamination in Sugar town, Mandya city may include septic tanks and municipal sewage treatment systems. The ability of nitrate to enter well water depends on the type of soil and bedrock present, and on the depth and construction of the well13.The variation of Nitrate in the study period is shown figure7
Figure 7: NO3- Nitrate variations during the study period
The levels of Flouride in the groundwater samples ranged from 0.60-0.72 mg/l which are within the permissible limit of 1 mg/l as per Indian standards as well as WHO Standards. The variation of fluoride is dependent on a variety of factors such as amount of soluble and insoluble fluoride in source rocks, the duration of contact of water with rocks and soil temperature, rainfall, oxidation- reduction process12. The presence of small quantities of fluoride in drinking water may prevent tooth decay. Fluoride is poisonous at high levels, and while dental fluorosis is easily recognized, skeletal damage may not be clinically obvious until advanced stages have occurred. Often, ground waters will contain more than 1.0 ppm, and in these cases, the water should probably be deflouridated for drinking. The variation of Fluoride in the study period is shown figure 8
Iron concentration of groundwater samples in the study area are varies from 0.32-0.56 mg/L and The Bureau of Indian Standards has recommended 0.3 mg/l as the desirable limit and 1.0 mg/L as the maximum permissible limit for iron in drinking water (BIS, 1991). Hence it is within the permissible limit. The ground water samples exhibited high Iron contamination which is an indication of the presence ferrous salts that precipitate as insoluble ferric hydroxide and settles out as rusty silt. High concentration of iron is may contributed by industrial estate located at the sampling site, Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. Toxic effects have resulted from the ingestion of large quantities of iron, but there is no evidence to indicate that concentrations of iron commonly present in food or drinking water constitute any hazard to human health. At concentrations above 0.3 mg/l, iron can stain laundry and plumbing fixtures and cause undesirable tastes. Iron may also promote the growth of certain microorganisms, leading to the deposition of a slimy coat in piping14 .The variation of Iron in the study period is shown figure 8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Concentration variations
Sample locations
NO32-,mg/L
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B14
7.01
713
428
333
54
47.52
95.84
352
0.62
0.49
6.88
72.6
B15
7.11
798
479
364
66.4
47.52
103.1
395
0.61
0.53
8.02
70.9
B16
7.23
733
440
290
49.6
39.84
91.9
333
0.66
0.36
7.12
76.2
B17
7.56
658
395
369
67.6
48
120.2
399
0.7
0.41
5.54
84.6
B18
7.65
698
419
348
55.6
50.16
101
402
0.72
0.51
8.54
98
B19
7.89
623
374
316
53.2
43.92
98.89
360
0.65
0.56
6.54
85.1
B20
6.85
705
423
288
48
40.32
82.28
364
0.61
0.48
7.54
84.6
B21
6.55
789
473
299
49.6
42
84.32
342
0.65
0.32
7.01
86.8
B22
6.45
585
351
321
52
45.84
85.58
358
0.69
0.39
7.77
79.3
B23
6.33
599
359
354
63.6
46.8
88.25
398
0.7
0.45
8.15
69.1
B24
6.85
701
421
400
84
45.6
120
450
0.63
0.51
8.02
86.2
B25
6.42
658
395
368
67.6
47.76
94.25
389
0.6
0.55
8.33
84.9
B26
6.75
988
593
321
54
44.64
95.25
360
0.66
0.49
8.45
97.34
B27
7.06
1025
615
268
48
35.52
82.01
362
0.69
0.45
8.66
84.5
B28
7.45
598
359
279
50
36.96
84.23
368
0.72
0.33
7.55
89.2
B29
7.33
912
547
299
49.2
42.24
86.96
375
0.71
0.48
7.96
79.8
B30
7.66
888
533
312
51.6
43.92
84.36
382
0.68
0.56
6.66
76.2
B31
7.84
645
387
354
64
46.56
95.25
400
0.6
0.52
6.54
85.6
B32
7.65
633
380
387
68
52.08
102.3
421
0.66
0.49
6.12
116
B33
6.45
655
393
395
71.6
51.84
111.1
435
0.63
0.46
6.09
80.35
B34
6.66
1000
600
410
75.2
53.28
120.2
465
0.61
0.43
7.87
123
B35
6.85
987
592
265
47.8
35.28
88.25
360
0.62
0.4
7.68
99.8
B36
6.39
658
394
284
49.2
38.64
89.98
355
0.66
0.46
7.95
106.8
B37
6.49
845
507
302
51.6
41.52
91.25
350
0.67
0.39
8.01
94.12
B38
7.04
888
533
333
52.8
48.24
94.25
375
0.69
0.51
8.02
136
B39
6.94
869
521
400
84.8
45.12
115.2
465
0.7
0.48
7.12
142
B40
7.28
1021
613
270
48
36
82.25
343
0.6
0.39
7.65
99.89
Where B indicates borewell water
Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI)
For computing WQI three steps are followed. In the first step, each of the all parameters has been assigned a weight (wi) according to its relative importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes (table-7). The maximum weight of 5 has been assigned to the parameter nitrate due to its major importance in water quality assessment. Magnesium which is given the minimum weight of 1 as magnesium by itself may not be harmful. In the second step, the relative weight (Wi) is computed from the following equation:
..…………………….(1) Where, Wi is the relative weight, wi is the weight of each parameter and n is the number of parameters. Calculated relative weight (Wi) values of each parameter are also given in table-7
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In the third step, a quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration of each water sample by its respective standard according to the guideline laid down in the BIS 10500 and the result is multiplied by 100.
…..……………………(2) Where, qi is the quality rating, Ci is the concentration of each chemical parameter of each water sample in mg/l,Si is the sta ndard value for each chemical parameter, mg/l according to the guidelines of BIS (BIS 10500-1991). For computing the WQI, the sub index SI is first determined for each chemical parameter, which is then used to determine the WQI using the following equation SIi = Wi * qi ...........…………………………... (3)
………………………………….(4) Where, SIi is the sub index of Ith parameter, qi is the rating based on concentration of ith parameter and n is the number of parameter. The computed WQI values are classified into five types and are as shown in table no. 6 Table 6: Water quality classification based on WQI value 2, 1
WQI Value
Water Quality
<50
Excellent
50-100
Good
100-200
Poor
200-300
Very poor
>300
Water Unsuitable for drinking
Table 7: Relative weight (Wi) of each parameters
Sl. Nos
Parameters
Indian Standards
Weightage (wi)
Relative Weight (Wi)
Quantity Rating (qi)
Sub Index (SIi)
1
pH
6.5-8.5
4
0.0952
82.47
7.85
2
EC, μS/cm
2000
4
0.0952
39.19
3.73
3
TDS, ppm
500-1500
4
0.0952
23.51
2.23
4
TH, mg/l
300-600
3
0.071
53.7
3.81
5
Ca2+ , mg/l
75-200
2
0.0476
28.95
1.37
6
Mg2+ , mg/l
30-100
2
0.0476
42.6
2.02
7
Fe, mg/l
0.3-1.0
4
0.0952
45
4.28
8
TA, mg/l
200-600
3
0.071
62.8
4.45
9
Cl- , mg/l
250-1000
3
0.071
9.63
0.68
10
F, mg/l
1-1.5
4
0.0952
43.33
4.12
11
NO32- , mg/l
45-100
5
0.119
7.54
0.89
12
SO42- , mg/l
200-400
4
0.0952
25.32
2.41
wi=42
Wi=0.998
qi=464.04
WQI=37.84
Hence, WQI for the groundwater samples from the study area is 37.84
IV. Conclusions
After the careful study of analysis, interpretation and discussions of the numerical data following conclusions have been drawn for the ground water of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater is crystal clear, odorless, and palatable. Most of the bore wells yield potable water with moderate mineral or dissolved salts. Water is soft in almost all the sampling points. As there is no considerable increase in chloride and sulphate, it shows that there is no possible contamination of groundwater due to percolation of polluted surface water. The concentration of nitrate and fluoride in the entire Sugar town, Mandya City is well within the
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permissible limit. The hardness is reported, it is by calcium itself, which is also little higher than the permissible limits. Scaling of utensils, household boilers have been reported by survey. It has been revealed by the analysis that industrial effluents have negative effect on the quality of ground water of Sugar town, Mandya City. The water quality index (WQI) falls in the Excellent Range and hence the ground water of Sugartown, Mandya city is as considered as Excellent. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area, needs certain degree of treatment before consumption (at least disinfection), and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination.
V. Acknowledgement
Thanks to the principals, HOD‟s,and guide of UBDT‟s davanagere, for encouragement and support. References [1] Mangukiya R., Bhattacharya T., and Chakraborty S (2012),“Quality Characterization of Groundwater using Water Quality Index in Surat city, Gujarat, India”, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 1(4): 14-23 [2] Nagarajappa D P., Rajappa B., Manjappa s., and Puttaiah E T., (2011), “Physico chemical analysis of underground water of Harihara taluk of Davanagere district, Karnataka, India”, Advances in applied science research, 2(5): 143-150 [3] Shivasharanappa., Srinivas P., and Mallikarjun Huggi S (2011), “Assessment of ground water quality characteristics and Water Quality Index (WQI) of Bidar city and its industrial area, Karnataka State, India”, International journal of environmental sciences, 2(2): 965-976 [4] APHA, American Public Health Association (2003), standard method for examination of water & wastewater specifications, Washington DC, 6, 19th Edition. [5] Bureau of Indian Standards, 1993, (IS 10500:1991), Edition 2.1 [6] WHO (World Health Organization) Guidelines for drinking water quality (1993), second edition, Vol. 1, 188. [7] Shivasharanappa., Srinivas P., and Mallikarjun Huggi S (2011), “Study on physic-chemical characterictics of ground water of Bidar city and its Industrial area”, International journal of applied biology and pharmaceutical technology, 3(1): 359-367
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