Pakistan is a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and has a commitment and
obligation to meet the targets relating to sanitation and water access to under privilege and underserved
people of Pakistan that are vulnerable to the development of safe drinking water as per the standard of World
Health Organization (WHO) and National standards. Poor people of coastal area are not only deprived of
financial resources but they are lacking basic needs such as education, health and safe drinking water.
Provision of safe drinking water in the coastal area is vital for reducing incidence of waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, malaria, trachoma and hepatitis A & B. Present study was, therefore, undertaken to assess the
source and quality of drinking water in two Talukas of Badin district (Badin and Fazul Rahoo). The study areas
as surveyed are not provided with drinking water through water supply and are mostly relying on groundwater
and open ponds, causing various waterborne diseases and health problems. Coastal area of Badin being at tail
end of the water source, having shortages of surface water in the system, compelling people to obtain water
from distance i.e. from ponds and deep groundwater which is polluted and saline, making it unfit for safe
drinking purpose. The results of survey revealed that 88% of the villages of coastal area are getting water from
groundwater, while only 12% from the water supply schemes. On examination of physico-chemical analyses of
175 water samples from 49 villages of coastal area, it was found that 70% water samples contained various
degrees of contamination above the threshold values of WHO quality standard; hence making water unsafe for
drinking purpose
Traditional methods of water conservation in India: Part 1IEI GSC
This presentation was made at a workshop on water conservation at Ahmedabad organised by The Institution of Engineers (India), Gujarat State Center in association with water Management Forum.
Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha Riv...ijtsrd
We wants to present an extensive work on physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Mula-Mutha river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April “ May2016) monsoon (July “ August2016) and post monsoon (October “ November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav"Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/2509/analysis-of-water-quality-using-physico-chemical-parameters-of-mula-mutha-river-pune-maharashtra/sdjadhav
Traditional methods of water conservation in India: Part 1IEI GSC
This presentation was made at a workshop on water conservation at Ahmedabad organised by The Institution of Engineers (India), Gujarat State Center in association with water Management Forum.
Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha Riv...ijtsrd
We wants to present an extensive work on physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Mula-Mutha river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April “ May2016) monsoon (July “ August2016) and post monsoon (October “ November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico-chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico - chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav"Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/2509/analysis-of-water-quality-using-physico-chemical-parameters-of-mula-mutha-river-pune-maharashtra/sdjadhav
Study on groundwater resources and drinking water safety of xiangcheng county...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Through literature research, questionnaire survey, the method of combining of xiangcheng groundwater resource distribution and the investigation of rural drinking water safety, and by the methods of probability and statistics for the data collection, investigation and data analysis, summed up the county of groundwater resources and the basic situation of the safety of drinking water, underground project form the survey data of detailed and reliable, and can provide effective reference for decision-making for the relevant government departments, for the county water resources utilization, protection and planning management is of great significance. Keywords: Water Resource, Drinking Water Safety, Resources Investigation, Rural Environmental Protection
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
NJ Future Sandy One Year Later Design Hensold Oct 29 2013New Jersey Future
Design ideas for increasing resiliency among New Jersey coastal towns, presented by one of the finalists in the HUD Rebuild by Design competition. Part of the Sandy One Year Later conference Oct. 29, 2013, at Monmouth University, co-presented by the Union of Concerned Scientists and the Recovery Fund as well as New Jersey Future and Monmouth University.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
WATER SHORTAGE ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURESIN PAKISTANFarhan Hussain
with two thirds of the earths surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life but equally essential for the socioeconomic development. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related to teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly scarce.
Study on groundwater resources and drinking water safety of xiangcheng county...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Through literature research, questionnaire survey, the method of combining of xiangcheng groundwater resource distribution and the investigation of rural drinking water safety, and by the methods of probability and statistics for the data collection, investigation and data analysis, summed up the county of groundwater resources and the basic situation of the safety of drinking water, underground project form the survey data of detailed and reliable, and can provide effective reference for decision-making for the relevant government departments, for the county water resources utilization, protection and planning management is of great significance. Keywords: Water Resource, Drinking Water Safety, Resources Investigation, Rural Environmental Protection
PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MULA MUTHA RIVER PUNEcivej
Mula-Mutha River in pune (India) is one of the most vulnerable water bodies to pollution because of their
role in carrying municipal and industrial wastes and run-offs from agricultural lands in their vast drainage basins. Despite of the various standards and laws made by government many industries were discharging their waste directly into the river making its quality poor day by day. The restoration of river water quality has been a major challenge to the environmental managers. Detailed research and analysis is needed to evaluate different process and mechanism involved in polluting water. The aim of the work under the title is to analyze the river by dividing it into various sampling station. The present study also identifies the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality during its course through the city. The
indices have been computed for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season at four locations, Khadakwasla , Sangamwadi, Vithalwadi &Bund Garden. It was found that the water quality ranged from satisfactory to marginal category at Khadakwasla and fell under very poor category at all other locations.This research have a vast future scope as the rapid industrialization results in formation of toxic contaminants leading to enormous damages to environment directly putting the lives at risk. Thus, this
gathered information would be handy and helpful for preventing or at-least reducing the hazardous impacts.
NJ Future Sandy One Year Later Design Hensold Oct 29 2013New Jersey Future
Design ideas for increasing resiliency among New Jersey coastal towns, presented by one of the finalists in the HUD Rebuild by Design competition. Part of the Sandy One Year Later conference Oct. 29, 2013, at Monmouth University, co-presented by the Union of Concerned Scientists and the Recovery Fund as well as New Jersey Future and Monmouth University.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
WATER SHORTAGE ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURESIN PAKISTANFarhan Hussain
with two thirds of the earths surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life but equally essential for the socioeconomic development. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related to teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly scarce.
WATER QUALITY IN THIRTY FRESHWATER SPRINGS AND TWENTY FOUR BRACKISH SPRINGS I...Asramid Yasin
Clean water is an unlimited and sustainable need that must be fulfilled every day and meet an appropriate standard in terms of quantity and quality. The research objective in this study was to analyze the quality of water in thirty freshwater springs and twenty four brackish springs in the karst area of Buton Tengah Regency to achieve sustainable water resource management. Data on the quality of freshwater springs and brackish water springs chemically and biologically have been analyzed in the biology laboratory of FMIPA Universitas Halu Oleo, then the results are compared with the standards for water quality contained in the regulations of the Minister of Health and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that the freshwater springs in Talaga Raya District exceeded the water quality standards for hardness parameter, while the brackish springs in Mawasangka Tengah, Mawasangka Timur, Lakudo, and Mawasangka Districts has exceeded the water quality standards for parameters of total dissolved solids, hardness, and chloride. However, these parameters are relatively easy to overcome so that the use of freshwater springs can qualify as drinking water, while the use of brackish springs should be used to meet domestic non-drinking water needs.
Study of Microbial Pollution in River Beehar Water District Rewa Madhya Prade...IJERA Editor
Water is one of the best gifts to all living creature, given by nature. It is compulsory for the growth and maintenance of human body and also for many biological activities. It plays a vital role for the survival of all forms of life of earth and works as a universal solvent. Pollution is caused when a change in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the environment harmfully affect quality of human life including other animal’s life and plant The quality of water is typically determined by monitoring microbial presence, especially total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The total coliform count varied in the range of 836-1987.43 MPN/100 ml, 743-981 MPN/100ml, 1115.4 to 2010 MPN/100 ml; fecal coliform varied in the range of 763-1947.61 MPN/100 ml, 547-979 MPN/100 ml and 1057 to 1378 MPN/100 ml and fecal streptococci varied in the range of 881-1969.53 and 832.63-1098.86 MPN/100 ml, 1155 to 1512 MPN/100 ml during winter, summer and rainy season, respectively.
The urban population of India was 37.11crs as per the Census count of 2011
showing a decadal growth of 31.82% in comparison to the on 12.3% and 17.7%
growth in rural population and overall population respectively (Planning
Commission, 2014). The maximum growth in population has been witnessed in class I
cities. Bhubaneswar is a Class-I as well as the largest and the most populous city of
Odisha. During the period 2001-11 the density of population in the city has increased
at a rapid pace of 24.86% to 3553 persons per sq km. Apart from natural growth
,rural urban migration to the city is being influenced by better infrastructure like
schools and colleges, hospitals, housing, roads, electricity, water supply, drainage
etc. All the above mentioned factors are simultaneously witnessing pressure due to
rising number of users. Water supply and organized drainage system are vital
components for any human settlement. Lack of quality water supply and poor
drainage and sewerage system can lead to multiple health hazards. An estimate puts
that globally 2.5 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water and
improved sanitation facilities (UNICEF /WHO, 2009). The above situation calls for
an urgent attention of the urban planners in our country to make adequate provision
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Well this is my first presentation in the slide share. In this presentation i have mentioned about the concept of water quality and guidelines for it in with the perspective to human health and its management in Nepal.
Suggestion and feedbacks are really welcome.
This is a presentation about the overall hydrogeological conditions of the state of Kerala. Also, I've presented here a case study related to the groundwater resource (of the open-dug well) contamination problem of Kodiyathur village.
Water is essential for ecosystem and has been termed as “Elixir of life”. Ever since the civilization, man has used water for his economic gains and substances. For over thousands of years, human settlements and civilizations have originated, concentrated and thrived around different types of water bodies. It is known that water bodies have played a crucial role in growth and development of human society. Water security is emerging as an important and vital issue for India. Many Indian cities are experiencing moderate to severe water shortages due to implicit effects of agricultural growth, Industrialization and urbanization, these shortages would be further aggravated by population stress and irrigation requirements that are major factors related to water insecurity. Due to constant growth of population, technological ad industrial progress the nature of aquatic environment undergoes numerous changes and deteriorating its quality. In urban area, water pollution problems always influence the biological imbalance are both qualitatively and quantitatively. Most of the water resources are polluted with untreated partially treated wastes from industry, domestic sewage and fertilizer pesticide run off from agriculture fields etc. Prof. Sagar R. Chavhan | Monika Khaladkar | Payal Badak "A Review on Water Quality Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49526.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/49526/a-review-on-water-quality-analysis/prof-sagar-r-chavhan
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
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Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
1. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. 2015), PP 09-15
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal
Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
Mahessar, A.A.1
, Memon, N.A. 2
, Leghari, M.E.H.3
,
Qureshi, A.L.4*
Arain, G.M.5
1
Deputy Director, EMU, Sindh Irrigation & Drainage Authority, Hyderabad, Pakistan
2
Director, Monitoring and Evaluation, Project Coordination Monitoring Unit, Sindh Water
Sector Improvement Project, Karachi, Pakistan
3
Head of Project Management Office, Sindh Barrages Rehabilitation Project, Irrigation Department,
Government of Sindh, Hyderabad, Pakistan
4
Professor, Institute of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Mehran University
Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan
5
Scientific Officer, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Karachi, Pakistan
Abstract: Pakistan is a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and has a commitment and
obligation to meet the targets relating to sanitation and water access to under privilege and underserved
people of Pakistan that are vulnerable to the development of safe drinking water as per the standard of World
Health Organization (WHO) and National standards. Poor people of coastal area are not only deprived of
financial resources but they are lacking basic needs such as education, health and safe drinking water.
Provision of safe drinking water in the coastal area is vital for reducing incidence of waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, malaria, trachoma and hepatitis A & B. Present study was, therefore, undertaken to assess the
source and quality of drinking water in two Talukas of Badin district (Badin and Fazul Rahoo). The study areas
as surveyed are not provided with drinking water through water supply and are mostly relying on groundwater
and open ponds, causing various waterborne diseases and health problems. Coastal area of Badin being at tail
end of the water source, having shortages of surface water in the system, compelling people to obtain water
from distance i.e. from ponds and deep groundwater which is polluted and saline, making it unfit for safe
drinking purpose. The results of survey revealed that 88% of the villages of coastal area are getting water from
groundwater, while only 12% from the water supply schemes. On examination of physico-chemical analyses of
175 water samples from 49 villages of coastal area, it was found that 70% water samples contained various
degrees of contamination above the threshold values of WHO quality standard; hence making water unsafe for
drinking purpose.
Keywords: Badin, Coastal area, Drinking water quality, Groundwater, Health, NEQS
I. Introduction
Coastal area of Sindh province of Pakistan is under privileged, underserved and vulnerable to the
development of water access and sanitation facilities. Up to 1960, it was prosperous due to various fertile
resources but became poor when sea water intrusion led the groundwater and fertile lands saline due to diversion
of waters of the Indus on the upstream and disallowing required flow downstream to the sea. As a result,
agriculture and pasture lands turned into barren consequently affected livelihood of coastal area people
(Panhwar et al. 2006).
The people of the coastal area of Badin have almost zero access to drinking water within the household
level; they are the most marginalized and highly vulnerable. Along with other causes for the rampant
malnutrition in the area, lack of safe drinking water is the critical issue (Phelps, 2003). The lack of safe drinking
water is attributed to discharge of untreated wastewater and dumping of effluent in fresh water bodies (Sohag
and Mahessar, 2005). It is estimated that 25-30% of all hospital admissions are connected to water borne
bacteria and parasitic conditions, with 60% of infant deaths caused by water infections. The long term effects on
human health of unsafe water and other pollutants include bladder cancer, miscarriage, birth defects,
deformation of bones, and sterility (WHO, 1997).
Poor water supply services with lack of sanitation and highly degraded coastal environments are the
most visible consequences of the many waterborne diseases. The coastal area of Badin has almost non-existent
water supply and sanitation infrastructures. Resultantly, the population of coastal area is faced with unhygienic
conditions malnutrition and exposed to waterborne diseases (Report on District Census of BADIN, 2001).
Coastal area is exposed to several crucial issues of safe drinking water and sanitation including saline
and brackish ground water due to intrusion of sea water in the fertile lands, silty and polluted open irrigation
2. Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
water channels, shortage of surface water, frequent rainfall flood and cyclone disasters, and lack of access to
safe water supply and sanitation causing waterborne diseases (diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, typhoid and
cholera) commonly found in the area. Mostly children are widely affected due to consumption of the poor water
quality of groundwater and open channels hauled by the women from long distance in the absence of effective
community participation mobilization (Leghari, 2013).
The safe drinking water is essential for human survival as well as aquatic life. It is estimated that 75 %
of the population of developed nations lack safe drinking water and adequate sanitary facilities and wastes are
dumped into nearest body of flowing water (Memon 2005). World Health Organization estimated that 1.6
million deaths of children per year are attributed to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and lack of hygiene
(WHO, 2003).
In Pakistan, it is estimated that 100-150 children die every day due to diarrhea infection caused by
unsafe drinking water and unhygienic conditions, About 65 to 75 million people of 2010 census are lacking safe
drinking water and sanitation. Urban and rural areas serve 92% and 89% of population respectively with water
supply. As a signatory to the Millennium Development Goal, Pakistan has made significant progress in
providing access to water supply but issue of safe drinking water as per WHO and National standards is still in
question (SWA, GoP, 2012). Moreover, people are ignorant and unaware of hygiene and healthy drinking
practices in homes also caused diarrhea and other diseases, particularly among children (DAWN, 2012).
II. Description Of Study Area
The study area is limited to Talukas Badin and Fazul Rahoo of Badin district in coastal belt of Sindh
province stretching 50 km and 50 km wide as shown in Figure 1. It is located at latitudes 24° 31’ and longitude
68° 39’ at an elevation of about 50 meters above sea level. The population of talukas Badin and Fasul Rahoo is
289,259 and 18,269 people respectively, which comes under coastal and Indus delta region.
The Indus Delta is low lying and bears the full force of the southwest monsoon. The entire coast in
Sindh is spread over Badin, Thatta and Karachi districts. The delta, since ancient times, has shifted from
northwest to the southeast, towards the sea, thereby creating new and fertile lands. Around 1500 A.D., the Indus
Delta was reported to have 23 active creeks. Due to changes in the main course of Indus River in 1517 A.D and
1758 A.D, the delta has moved eastwards of Thatta. Several creeks on the right bank, including those around
Karachi are now inactive. However, the Indus Delta is still reported to comprise 17 major creeks as shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 1: Study/project area
Figure 2: Creeks of Indus Delta and Coastal area Material and methods
3. Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
The study area is located at the tail end of the Indus system along the coast line of Badin district. Being
at tail end of irrigation system, the irrigation water is not adequate for supply of fresh water to the coastal zone
area. Local community in the area therefore rely on groundwater or haul water from long distance, Due to sea
intrusion, the quality of groundwater has deteriorated and fresh water from open channels is inadequate or
unavailable, Hence, local community is facing problems of using unsafe water for drinking and domestic use
causing various water related diseases and immature deaths in this area. This necessitated the comprehensive
study of the area for establishing the status of water quality in relation to safe drinking water as per National and
WHO standards,
Data Collection
Survey of study area was carried out in Talukas Badin and Fazal Rahoo to identify the source of
drinking water and to collect sample of water from randomly selected 14 and 35 villages of Taluka Badin and
Taluka Fazul Rahoo respectively, representing the area. Total of 170 water samples were collected from study
area, five each from selected villages. This way 70 and 100 water samples were collected from Taluka Badin
and Fazul Rahoo respectively. The GPS coordinates were also recorded for each sampling location (see Fig. 3),
which is developed using Global Mapper and Arc GIS softwares. This figure 3 shows locations of sample
collection and name of villages.
Figure 3: Locations of samples collection from 14 and 35 villages of Talukas Badin
and Fazul Rahoo
Out of total samples, 75% water samples have been collected from hand pumps, 7% from water supply,
6% from taps and 3% from ponds (Fig. 4). Majority of water samples were collected from hand pumps while
only few samples were collected from surface water open channels of taluka Badin. These water samples were
collected in polystyrene bottles of 1.5 liter capacity for physico-chemical analysis. Before collecting the
samples, the bottles were washed properly and rinsed thoroughly several times with distilled water. Nitric Acid
and boric acid were used as preservatives in the sampling bottles for trace elements and nitrate (nitrogen).
Samples were transported and brought to the laboratory of Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
(PCRWR) which is located at Drainage and Reclamation Institute of Pakistan (DRIP), Tando Jam for analyses
of microbiological, physico-chemical, Nitrate-Nitrogen and general water quality characteristics.
Figure 4: Source Distribution Of Water Samples From 14 Villages Of Taluka Badin
4. Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
III. Results And Discussions
The results of survey and analysis of water samples collected from two different talukas of Badin
districts are presented in graphical form to show the status of water availability for drinking and domestic use
and level of safety for drinking water compared to National and WHO standards.
Source Of Drinking And Domestic Water Use
From 14 villages of Taluka Badin, the survey results indicated that 78 percent households are using
groundwater from which 71% are using hand pumps and 7% dug wells (Fig. 5) while remaining households are
getting water through water supply schemes available in the area. It is obvious from results that majority of
villages are depending on the groundwater and are deprived of water supply schemes in the Taluka Badin of
district Badin.
Figure 5: Source of drinking to 14 villages of Taluka Badin in coastal area
Similarly survey results of 35 villages of Taluka Fazul Rahoo revealed that 68 percent households of
villages are using hand pumps, 23 percent dug wells and only 3 percent getting water through ponds for drinking
and domestic use while remaining 6% households are merely getting water through water supply (Fig. 6). In this
area, 94% households are deprived of water supply and majority rely on groundwater for drinking and domestic
use.
Figure 6: Source drinking water to 35 villages of Taluka Fazul Rahoo
Fig. 7 exhibits the results of 49 villages of study area revealed that the majority of households (88%)
are dependent on shallow groundwater; only 10% households receive water through schemes. The shallow
groundwater is being extracted through groundwater pumps and open wells. It is evident from the results that
the coastal area is totally dependent on shallow groundwater since deep groundwater is saline, Very minimal
households are provided water supply from Government i.e. only in urban area. Further analysis shows that the
availability of surface water is erratic due to water shortages at the source. The water shortages in open channels
limit the recharge of shallow groundwater further depriving the people of the coastal area of adequate drinking
water.
Fig. 7: Overall source of drinking water to 49 villages of study areaWater Quality
5. Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
The results of physico-chemical analyses of total 245 water samples (70 from Taluka Badin and 175
from Taluka Fazul Rahoo) of study area have been compared with the National/WHO standards for assessment
of the safety of drinking water.
Fig. 8 presents the results of turbidity, pH, total dissolved salts, chloride content, sulfate, sodium,
potassium, magnesium and hardness of 70 water samples of Taluka Badin. Whereas Figures 9 and 10 present
the results of Taluka Fazul Rahoo of Badin district.
Turbidity: Turbidity is a measure of relative clarity of water from suspended substances. High turbidity values
in water samples may indicate the presence of micro-organism. The increase in turbidity may contribute in high
coliform count and risk to human health. The results of Taluka Badin area (Figure 8) show that out of 70 water
samples, 54 (77%) water samples found unfit due to turbidity values greater than 5 NTU as recommended
permissible limit by WHO. The turbidity values ranged between 3 and 200 NTU (Leghari, 2013). In case of
Taluka Fazul Rahoo area, 45% water samples contained higher turbidity level than the permissible limit (Figure
9).
Figure 8: Level Of Contamination (%) Of Water Samples Collected In Taluka Badin
PH: The pH is the intensity of alkalinity or acidity condition of the water. Fresh water is always
slightly alkaline due to presence of carbonates. The pH values of all the water samples from Talukas Badin (Fig.
8) and Fazul Rahoo were under permissible limit and safe for drinking water.
Total Disolved Salts (TDS): Similarly, total dissolved salts (TDS) is a measure of inorganic salts and
amount of organic substances present in water solution. The results show that TDS values were higher than
permissible limit (1000 mg/l) in 49% of the samples (34 of 70 water samples) from Taluka Badin (Figure 8).
Wheras 47% water samples in Taluka Fazul Rahoo were found unfit for safe drinking water due to higher TDS
values than the permissible limit set by WHO (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Number Of Unsafe (%Age) Water Samples Collected In Taluka Fazul Rahoo
Chloride Content (Cc): In case of chloride content (CC), 46% water samples of Taluka Badin
contained higher CC values as compared to permissible limit of 250 mg/l (Figure 8). Similarly 47% water
samples of Taluka Fazul Rahoo were unfit for safe drinking water due to higher chloride content than the
permissible limit (Figure 10). The measured chloride content was in the range of 74 and 1325 mg/l (Leghari,
2013). Increase of chloride content beyond the safe limit does not pose any significant health problem except the
test.
Sulfate Content (SO4): In Taluka Badin area, sulfate content (SO4) was higher than the permissible
limit of 250 mg/l in 20% of water samples (Figure 8). Where as in Taluka Fazul Rahoo 37% water samples
contained higher sulfate level than the recommended limit by WHO (Figure 10). The concentration of sulfate
6. Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
was measured which vary from 07 to 1305 mg/l An increase in sulfate level from the recommended level may
cause diarrhea due to ingestion of water specially to general population that may be at risk from laxative effects
of sulfate.
Bi-Corbonate (HCO3): All the water samples from both the areas were not detected higher Bi-
carbonate values and were under the permissible limit of 1000mg/l. The level of bi-carbonate in all water
samples found within 150-450 mg/l.
Total Hardness (TH): Hardness of water occurs due to entry of water through leaching process of
rocks and its high content may cause hardness of water. According to WHO, the hardness should not exceed 500
mg/l. The analysis of the results of Taluka Badin shows that 38 water samples (54%) found higher hardness of
water than the permissible level (Figure 8). High TH beyond the permissible limit was found in 47% of water
samples from Fazul Rahoo area (Figure 10).
Cation: The analysis of the results of cation of Badin indicate that 17 water samples (24%) found unfit
due to high content of sodium, 21 (30%) of water samples contained high potassium level whereas only 03
(4%) water samples measured high magnesium level crossed the safe limit of drinking water (Figure 8). The
safe limit of Na, K and Mg as recommended by WHO for human consumption is 200, 12 and 150 mg/l
respectively. Similarly, the results of Fazul Rahoo area revealed that 52% water samples were unfit due to high
level of sodium, 32% because of high Potassium level and 30% due to high content of magnesium level (Figure
10).
Figure 10: Number Of Unsafe (%Age) Water Samples Collected In Fazul Rahoo
Nitrogen-Nitrate (NO3): Ground water in the coastal area is exposed for over use of fertilizer for
agriculture which may result in contaminating shallow groundwater aquifer with Nitrite which is toxic for
human health. The results show that the nitrate-nitrogen was not detected in all water samples from both Badin
and Fazul Rahoo areas.
In addition, iron and arsenic concentration in both areas found within safe limits as recommended by
WHO for drinking purpose. The safe limit of arsenic as set by WHO is 50 ppb. Only 5% water samples of Fazul
Rahoo area found higher fluoride content than the permissible limit whereas fluoride content of all water
samples of Badin area were under the permissible limit (Figure 8 and 10).
As a result of physico-chemical analysis of both the coastal areas, it was found that water quality of
drinking water of Talukas Badin and Fazul Rahoo areas was unsafe due to higher contamination than the
permissible limit for 77% and 62% of water samples respectively (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Overall Situation Of Drinking Water Quality For (A) Badin (B) Fazul Rahoo
7. Assessment of Source and Quality of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09110915 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Therefore, only 23 and 38% of water samples passed the criteria of permissible limit for safe drinking
water as set by WHO in Badin and Fazul Rahoo areas respectively.
Overall the drinking water of 70% water samples of coastal area is not safe and unfit for human
consumption. Present results warn that the coastal zone needs to be provided safe drinking water which is
fundamental right of people of the area for their health and environment.
Figure 12: Collected 100 Samples From 35 Villages From Taluka Fasul Rahoo
IV. Conclusions
The results from study of water samples of coastal area zone revealed that 88% of the area is receiving
water from shallow groundwater source and only 12% have the facility of water supply.
The physic-chemical analyses of 175 water samples collected from 49 villages of coastal area (Talukas
Badin and Fazul Rahoo) concludes that only 30% water samples contained safe drinking water in accordance
with the permissible limit as set by WHO but 70% water samples were found unfit due to presence of turbidity,
TDS, chloride content, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium and hardness at high level than the permissible
level for drinking water. Comparatively safe drinking water of Taluka Badin is slightly better than Taluka Fazul
Rahoo.
Coastal zone is the most under privileged and underserved area require attention of Government as
being the signatory of MDG for their fundamental right to receive safe drinking water for protection of health
and environment. There is urgent need to work out detail plan for sustainable development of safe drinking
water to the coastal zone.
It is suggested to develop an alternative plans for groundwater recharge and water quality through rain
harvesting and micro filtration treatment for improvement of water quantity and quality for safe drinking water
to the local communities in coastal area.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh,
Pakistan, for providing facilities to conduct this research work.
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