This document summarizes a study on using coagulation-flocculation with micro sand to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study examined different particle sizes of micro sand in combination with PAC, alum, or ferric chloride coagulants. The highest removal efficiencies for SS, color, COD, and ammoniacal nitrogen were achieved using PAC and cationic polymer with micro sand sizes of 75-90μm or 181-212μm. Removal rates of over 90% were achieved for SS and color, while COD and ammoniacal nitrogen removal rates were over 60% and 50% respectively. Micro sand provided improved removal compared to micro zeolite, though efficiencies were slightly lower
This document summarizes a study that examined using micro zeolite combined with coagulants and coagulant aids to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study tested different dosages of polyaluminum chloride (PAC), alum, and ferric chloride combined with micro zeolite and a polymer. The micro zeolite was tested at different particle sizes. The combination of PAC and micro zeolite achieved the highest removal rates for suspended solids (99.7%), color (96%), chemical oxygen demand (76%), and ammoniacal nitrogen (68%) with a settling time of 30 minutes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Application of guar gum for the removal of dissolved lead from wastewaterSoumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses the use of guar gum for removing dissolved lead from wastewater. Guar gum, extracted from guar beans, was able to achieve 83% removal of lead (initial concentration of 15 mg/L) at an optimal dose and pH level. The removal mechanism involves hydrogen bonding between lead ions and guar gum, as shown by FTIR analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed guar gum forming compact flocs. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process parameters of guar gum dose, pH, and initial lead concentration to maximize lead removal. Guar gum is a potential alternative to inorganic coagulants for wastewater treatment since it produces less sludge and does not introduce additional pollutants.
Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using bana...Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used banana peel as a biosorbent to remove oil from produced water.
2) Characterization of the banana peel showed it contained mainly carbon (88.52%) and had a surface area of 0.1135 m2/g.
3) Batch experiments showed that banana peel could effectively remove up to 194 mg/L of oil from produced water within 35 minutes of contact time.
Nano-adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking waterPranjalSaheb
Fluoride occurs naturally in most water supplies.
Main sources of fluoride in groundwater-
The weathering and leaching of fluorinated minerals.
Industrial wastewater discharges .
With increased human industrial activities, high fluoride-content water has become a widespread problem in the world.
WHO has given a guideline limitation of less than 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water.
Various industries such as glass and ceramic production, fertilizer and semiconductor manufacturing contribute to fluoride pollution to a large extent. The effluents of these industries may reach to thousands of mg per L, which is higher than natural water.Depending on the concentration and water temperature, the effect of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial or harmful to mankind. The presence of small quantities of fluoride in ingested water is often considered to have a beneficial effect on human health and helps in the normal mineralization of bones and dental formation.
On the contrary, excessive intake of fluoride leads to osteoporosis, Alzheimers syndrome, skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, cancer, infertility, and thyroid disorder.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes a study that examined using micro zeolite combined with coagulants and coagulant aids to treat stabilized landfill leachate. The study tested different dosages of polyaluminum chloride (PAC), alum, and ferric chloride combined with micro zeolite and a polymer. The micro zeolite was tested at different particle sizes. The combination of PAC and micro zeolite achieved the highest removal rates for suspended solids (99.7%), color (96%), chemical oxygen demand (76%), and ammoniacal nitrogen (68%) with a settling time of 30 minutes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
STUDY ON EFFECT OF SOIL WASHING WITH DIFFERENT WASHING CYCLES ON PARTICLE SIZ...ijsrd.com
Soil contamination by heavy metals is a major problem at many contaminated sites now a day. According to EPA’s list of priority pollutants cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc are the most hazardous heavy metals found at many soil contaminated sites. Many techniques are employed for the decontamination of soils. This consists of various physiochemical as well as biological methods. Among these process soil washing is a physiochemical method, which has a very high efficiency for heavy metal removal from contaminated soils. It is a simple, ex situ remediation technology. In this process by the addition of washing water, heavy metals can be transferred from the degraded sediment to wash solution. This process can be enhanced by addition of acid washing, chelating agents or surfactants. Particle size always plays an important role in the removal of heavy metals. In this research paper an attempt has made to soil washing technology for removal of Pb and Cr from contaminated soil with the help of different combination of EDTA and DI water cycle. Another attempt has also made to find out the effect of particle size i.e. soil, silt and clay on the soil washing.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
Application of guar gum for the removal of dissolved lead from wastewaterSoumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses the use of guar gum for removing dissolved lead from wastewater. Guar gum, extracted from guar beans, was able to achieve 83% removal of lead (initial concentration of 15 mg/L) at an optimal dose and pH level. The removal mechanism involves hydrogen bonding between lead ions and guar gum, as shown by FTIR analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed guar gum forming compact flocs. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process parameters of guar gum dose, pH, and initial lead concentration to maximize lead removal. Guar gum is a potential alternative to inorganic coagulants for wastewater treatment since it produces less sludge and does not introduce additional pollutants.
Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using bana...Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used banana peel as a biosorbent to remove oil from produced water.
2) Characterization of the banana peel showed it contained mainly carbon (88.52%) and had a surface area of 0.1135 m2/g.
3) Batch experiments showed that banana peel could effectively remove up to 194 mg/L of oil from produced water within 35 minutes of contact time.
Nano-adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking waterPranjalSaheb
Fluoride occurs naturally in most water supplies.
Main sources of fluoride in groundwater-
The weathering and leaching of fluorinated minerals.
Industrial wastewater discharges .
With increased human industrial activities, high fluoride-content water has become a widespread problem in the world.
WHO has given a guideline limitation of less than 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water.
Various industries such as glass and ceramic production, fertilizer and semiconductor manufacturing contribute to fluoride pollution to a large extent. The effluents of these industries may reach to thousands of mg per L, which is higher than natural water.Depending on the concentration and water temperature, the effect of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial or harmful to mankind. The presence of small quantities of fluoride in ingested water is often considered to have a beneficial effect on human health and helps in the normal mineralization of bones and dental formation.
On the contrary, excessive intake of fluoride leads to osteoporosis, Alzheimers syndrome, skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, cancer, infertility, and thyroid disorder.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Surfactant-modified native soil in the treatment of oil field (Nimr) produc...mahfoodhshuely
This document presents a study investigating the use of surfactant-modified native soil to treat oil field produced water. Specifically, it examines using dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide to modify Omani native sand for removing aromatic crude oil components from water produced at the Nimr oil field in Oman. The researchers pumped contaminated water containing varying concentrations of the surfactant through columns packed with unmodified or surfactant-modified native sand. They analyzed permeate samples using fluorescence spectroscopy to estimate the rejection of aromatic hydrocarbons. Their results showed that surfactant-modified sand achieved near complete rejection of aromatics at surfactant concentrations at or above the critical micelle concentration, while rejection decreased over
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Potential Of graphene in Agriculture and Food industryKiran Qamar Kayani
This document discusses the potential uses of graphene in agriculture and food industries. It begins with definitions of graphene as a 2D hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms. It then discusses graphene's history, structure, and chemical reactivity due to its exposed edges. The document outlines several potential applications of graphene in agriculture, such as water treatment filters and enhancing seed germination. In food industries, graphene could improve food packaging to reduce waste and increase safety. It may also enable cheaper and better food processing. The document concludes with advantages like energy storage and conductivity, and disadvantages including toxicity and lack of a bandgap.
Recovery of Lead (II) from electroplating industrial wastewater by Bio-func...Rajmohan Govindarajan
Heavy metal removal from wastewater through adsorption is more effective, eco-friendly and recyclable.
Use of activated carbon, Graphene nanosheets, nanotubes etc. have higher specific area.
Use of immobilized biomass increase the pore structure and adsorption sites areas.
Magnetic adsorption by magnetic nanoparticles are easy to separate from the treatment system.
Combining of adsorbent particle constituting magnetic particles and immobilized biomass alginated beads have advantages of increased pore structure, surface area and ability of recycling.
IRJET - Potential Impact of Nanoclay on the Atterberg Limits of Clayey SoilIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into the potential impact of adding montmorillonite nanoclay on the Atterberg limits of clayey soil. The researchers obtained a kaolinite clay soil and montmorillonite nanoclay to test. Varying amounts of nanoclay from 0.2% to 3.5% by mass were added to the soil. Testing found that the liquid limit and plastic limit increased with nanoclay content up to 2%, while the plasticity index decreased. This was due to the nanoclay absorbing water and filling pores between clay particles. The nanoclay thus had the potential to stabilize the soil through stronger bonding of particles.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH on clay that has been contaminated by various substances. The study artificially contaminated kaolinite clay samples with different concentrations of pore fluids, salts, heavy metals, and non-metals to determine how these contaminants affect the pH level of the clay. The initial pH of the uncontaminated kaolinite clay was 6.5. Tests found that the pH decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride contaminants, but increased with calcium chloride contamination. The changes in clay pH levels due to different contaminants can impact the geotechnical properties and chemical characteristics of the clay.
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
Iaetsd purification of water by natural adsorption processIaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes a natural purification process to remove contaminants like calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and fluoride from water. The process involves passing contaminated water through different natural materials including red soil, brick ash, and sand. In the first step, water is passed through red soil where no reactions occur. In the second step, fluoride is adsorbed from the water by brick ash. Finally, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are adsorbed by sand, resulting in purified drinking water. The process provides a low-cost way to purify water without using external energy sources.
Nano porous membranes for water purification by shrinath ghadgeShrinath Ghadge
Continuous population growth and urbanization as well as rapid industrialization, causing huge contamination of potable water or underground water, has been a serious concern all over the world. Due to incompetency of conventional water purification technologies to deliver complete pollutants free water at an economical price, a high performance, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable separation system is an urgent need which should not only remove macro-, micro- and nano-pollutants but also desalinate water to a significant extent. In this milieu, nanotechnology based carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes have shown impressive breakthroughs towards water purification as compared to existing energy intensive water purification systems and thus, this technology has immense potential for large scale commercial water purification in a cost effective manner.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document describes a study that developed silicone foul-release nanocomposites by incorporating Cu2O nanocubes into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for use as environmentally friendly antifouling coatings.
2. A series of PDMS/Cu2O nanocube composites with different nanofiller concentrations were synthesized via solution casting and characterized. The addition of low amounts of Cu2O nanocubes improved surface properties like contact angle and surface free energy without changing bulk properties.
3. Laboratory assays showed that the nanocomposites with lower surface energy and elastic modulus exhibited less adherence of marine microfouling like bacteria and yeast over 30 days. The best
Environmental Nanotechnology Applications in water Remediationkhaled elkoomy
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in water treatment. It discusses how nanomaterials have properties like high surface area to volume ratio that allow them to be used to detect and remove contaminants from water. Some mechanisms by which nanomaterials can treat water include nanofiltration membranes that remove particles down to 0.001 microns, magnetic nanoparticles that can be easily separated from water, and ferritin which can transform toxic metals and chlorocarbons. The document examines how these nanotechnology approaches can provide lower cost and more effective alternatives to traditional water treatment methods.
This document discusses the topic of nanobioremediation. It begins with introductions to nanoscience and bioremediation. Nanobioremediation uses nanoscience and nanoparticles to enhance microbial activity and remove pollutants more quickly. Examples are given of using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to modify microbes for improved bioremediation. The document concludes that nanobioremediation can clean environmental hazards faster and safer than other methods while meeting economic, social, and environmental criteria.
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
The document summarizes research on removing zinc ions from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from corn cobs. It first discusses the issues caused by heavy metals like zinc in wastewater and its toxicity. It then reviews literature that has optimized methods for making activated carbon from corn cobs and used it to adsorb zinc ions. The objectives and methodology of the study are to examine zinc ion removal efficiency of this activated carbon by studying factors like contact time and dosage, and the effect of interfering ions like sulfate and chloride.
This presentation outlines research on nano-enabled membranes for water and wastewater treatment. It discusses the global water crisis and factors contributing to it. It then introduces membrane technology and how nanomaterials can enhance membranes' performance. Several studies are summarized that developed membranes incorporating nanomaterials like iron-manganese binary oxides, TiO2, and graphene oxide to improve arsenic removal, photocatalytic degradation, and desalination, respectively. Challenges and opportunities for commercializing nano-enabled water treatment are addressed. The presentation concludes by highlighting some commercial products developed by the speaker's research center.
This document summarizes research on two nanomaterials for groundwater remediation: carbon-based nanomaterials and nano-zero valent iron. Carbon nanotubes like SWCNTs and MWCNTs show potential to sorb metals and organic contaminants more effectively than granular activated carbon due to their high surface area. Nano-zero valent iron is a strong reducing agent that can directly degrade a variety of contaminants when injected into groundwater. However, mobility of nanomaterials in porous media is complex and not fully understood. Further research is also needed to evaluate environmental and health impacts of nanomaterial use.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
The Influence of Swine-Waste Biochar on the Early-Age Characteristics of Ceme...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of swine-waste biochar (SB) on the early-age characteristics of cement pastes. Using a water/binder ratio of 0.28, SB modified cement pastes were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), flow, and Vicat setting tests. Notably, SB reduced the flow and initial setting times of SB modified cement pastes. Due to its porous and negatively charged surfaces, capillary water was adsorbed into the pores of the carbonaceous SB and this reduced the flow of the SB modified cement pastes. Furthermore, it is suspected that the reductions in initial setting times may have been because with the addition of water to the dry SB/cement binder mix, chemical reactions between the calcium cations from Portland cement and carboxylate anions from SB resulted in the development of Calcium Polycarboxylate Salts (C-P-S). Improvements in the properties of SB could enhance its applications in rapid-setting and flow-reducing concrete.
This document summarizes different types of virtualization technologies including hardware virtualization, presentation virtualization, and desktop virtualization. Hardware virtualization uses software to create virtual machines that emulate physical computers, allowing multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on one physical machine. Presentation virtualization separates an application's user interface from the physical machine it runs on. Desktop virtualization addresses issues like application incompatibility with operating systems by running older operating systems in a virtual machine.
This document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) using MATLAB simulation. It simulates OFDM transmissions with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and multipath propagation effects. The BER is observed to increase with higher number of carriers, SNR, and multipath effects. At low SNR, multipath has little impact on BER, but more impact at high SNR. Transmissions with fewer carriers show more immunity to multipath effects. The simulation allows changing variables like carrier number, noise level, delay, and amplitude of multipath echoes to observe their effects on BER.
Surfactant-modified native soil in the treatment of oil field (Nimr) produc...mahfoodhshuely
This document presents a study investigating the use of surfactant-modified native soil to treat oil field produced water. Specifically, it examines using dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide to modify Omani native sand for removing aromatic crude oil components from water produced at the Nimr oil field in Oman. The researchers pumped contaminated water containing varying concentrations of the surfactant through columns packed with unmodified or surfactant-modified native sand. They analyzed permeate samples using fluorescence spectroscopy to estimate the rejection of aromatic hydrocarbons. Their results showed that surfactant-modified sand achieved near complete rejection of aromatics at surfactant concentrations at or above the critical micelle concentration, while rejection decreased over
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Potential Of graphene in Agriculture and Food industryKiran Qamar Kayani
This document discusses the potential uses of graphene in agriculture and food industries. It begins with definitions of graphene as a 2D hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms. It then discusses graphene's history, structure, and chemical reactivity due to its exposed edges. The document outlines several potential applications of graphene in agriculture, such as water treatment filters and enhancing seed germination. In food industries, graphene could improve food packaging to reduce waste and increase safety. It may also enable cheaper and better food processing. The document concludes with advantages like energy storage and conductivity, and disadvantages including toxicity and lack of a bandgap.
Recovery of Lead (II) from electroplating industrial wastewater by Bio-func...Rajmohan Govindarajan
Heavy metal removal from wastewater through adsorption is more effective, eco-friendly and recyclable.
Use of activated carbon, Graphene nanosheets, nanotubes etc. have higher specific area.
Use of immobilized biomass increase the pore structure and adsorption sites areas.
Magnetic adsorption by magnetic nanoparticles are easy to separate from the treatment system.
Combining of adsorbent particle constituting magnetic particles and immobilized biomass alginated beads have advantages of increased pore structure, surface area and ability of recycling.
IRJET - Potential Impact of Nanoclay on the Atterberg Limits of Clayey SoilIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into the potential impact of adding montmorillonite nanoclay on the Atterberg limits of clayey soil. The researchers obtained a kaolinite clay soil and montmorillonite nanoclay to test. Varying amounts of nanoclay from 0.2% to 3.5% by mass were added to the soil. Testing found that the liquid limit and plastic limit increased with nanoclay content up to 2%, while the plasticity index decreased. This was due to the nanoclay absorbing water and filling pores between clay particles. The nanoclay thus had the potential to stabilize the soil through stronger bonding of particles.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH on clay that has been contaminated by various substances. The study artificially contaminated kaolinite clay samples with different concentrations of pore fluids, salts, heavy metals, and non-metals to determine how these contaminants affect the pH level of the clay. The initial pH of the uncontaminated kaolinite clay was 6.5. Tests found that the pH decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride contaminants, but increased with calcium chloride contamination. The changes in clay pH levels due to different contaminants can impact the geotechnical properties and chemical characteristics of the clay.
The document discusses a study that examined the ability of the fungus Fusarium oxysporium to remediate heavy metals in irradiated and non-irradiated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were incubated with or without the fungus over time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The highest cadmium levels were found in non-irradiated sewage sludge without fungus, while the lowest levels were found in irradiated sewage sludge without fungus. Cadmium levels generally decreased over time in all treatments as incubation continued. The fungus was able to reduce levels of some heavy metals like copper and lead in the sewage sludge compared to treatments without fungus
Iaetsd purification of water by natural adsorption processIaetsd Iaetsd
The document describes a natural purification process to remove contaminants like calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and fluoride from water. The process involves passing contaminated water through different natural materials including red soil, brick ash, and sand. In the first step, water is passed through red soil where no reactions occur. In the second step, fluoride is adsorbed from the water by brick ash. Finally, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate are adsorbed by sand, resulting in purified drinking water. The process provides a low-cost way to purify water without using external energy sources.
Nano porous membranes for water purification by shrinath ghadgeShrinath Ghadge
Continuous population growth and urbanization as well as rapid industrialization, causing huge contamination of potable water or underground water, has been a serious concern all over the world. Due to incompetency of conventional water purification technologies to deliver complete pollutants free water at an economical price, a high performance, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable separation system is an urgent need which should not only remove macro-, micro- and nano-pollutants but also desalinate water to a significant extent. In this milieu, nanotechnology based carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes have shown impressive breakthroughs towards water purification as compared to existing energy intensive water purification systems and thus, this technology has immense potential for large scale commercial water purification in a cost effective manner.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document describes a study that developed silicone foul-release nanocomposites by incorporating Cu2O nanocubes into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for use as environmentally friendly antifouling coatings.
2. A series of PDMS/Cu2O nanocube composites with different nanofiller concentrations were synthesized via solution casting and characterized. The addition of low amounts of Cu2O nanocubes improved surface properties like contact angle and surface free energy without changing bulk properties.
3. Laboratory assays showed that the nanocomposites with lower surface energy and elastic modulus exhibited less adherence of marine microfouling like bacteria and yeast over 30 days. The best
Environmental Nanotechnology Applications in water Remediationkhaled elkoomy
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in water treatment. It discusses how nanomaterials have properties like high surface area to volume ratio that allow them to be used to detect and remove contaminants from water. Some mechanisms by which nanomaterials can treat water include nanofiltration membranes that remove particles down to 0.001 microns, magnetic nanoparticles that can be easily separated from water, and ferritin which can transform toxic metals and chlorocarbons. The document examines how these nanotechnology approaches can provide lower cost and more effective alternatives to traditional water treatment methods.
This document discusses the topic of nanobioremediation. It begins with introductions to nanoscience and bioremediation. Nanobioremediation uses nanoscience and nanoparticles to enhance microbial activity and remove pollutants more quickly. Examples are given of using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to modify microbes for improved bioremediation. The document concludes that nanobioremediation can clean environmental hazards faster and safer than other methods while meeting economic, social, and environmental criteria.
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
The document summarizes research on removing zinc ions from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from corn cobs. It first discusses the issues caused by heavy metals like zinc in wastewater and its toxicity. It then reviews literature that has optimized methods for making activated carbon from corn cobs and used it to adsorb zinc ions. The objectives and methodology of the study are to examine zinc ion removal efficiency of this activated carbon by studying factors like contact time and dosage, and the effect of interfering ions like sulfate and chloride.
This presentation outlines research on nano-enabled membranes for water and wastewater treatment. It discusses the global water crisis and factors contributing to it. It then introduces membrane technology and how nanomaterials can enhance membranes' performance. Several studies are summarized that developed membranes incorporating nanomaterials like iron-manganese binary oxides, TiO2, and graphene oxide to improve arsenic removal, photocatalytic degradation, and desalination, respectively. Challenges and opportunities for commercializing nano-enabled water treatment are addressed. The presentation concludes by highlighting some commercial products developed by the speaker's research center.
This document summarizes research on two nanomaterials for groundwater remediation: carbon-based nanomaterials and nano-zero valent iron. Carbon nanotubes like SWCNTs and MWCNTs show potential to sorb metals and organic contaminants more effectively than granular activated carbon due to their high surface area. Nano-zero valent iron is a strong reducing agent that can directly degrade a variety of contaminants when injected into groundwater. However, mobility of nanomaterials in porous media is complex and not fully understood. Further research is also needed to evaluate environmental and health impacts of nanomaterial use.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Biosorption of Cadmium (ii) from Aqueous Solution onto Garden Grass (GAG)
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (1), 2014, 12–22
B.O. Evbuomwan, M.M. Atuka
The Influence of Swine-Waste Biochar on the Early-Age Characteristics of Ceme...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of swine-waste biochar (SB) on the early-age characteristics of cement pastes. Using a water/binder ratio of 0.28, SB modified cement pastes were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), flow, and Vicat setting tests. Notably, SB reduced the flow and initial setting times of SB modified cement pastes. Due to its porous and negatively charged surfaces, capillary water was adsorbed into the pores of the carbonaceous SB and this reduced the flow of the SB modified cement pastes. Furthermore, it is suspected that the reductions in initial setting times may have been because with the addition of water to the dry SB/cement binder mix, chemical reactions between the calcium cations from Portland cement and carboxylate anions from SB resulted in the development of Calcium Polycarboxylate Salts (C-P-S). Improvements in the properties of SB could enhance its applications in rapid-setting and flow-reducing concrete.
This document summarizes different types of virtualization technologies including hardware virtualization, presentation virtualization, and desktop virtualization. Hardware virtualization uses software to create virtual machines that emulate physical computers, allowing multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on one physical machine. Presentation virtualization separates an application's user interface from the physical machine it runs on. Desktop virtualization addresses issues like application incompatibility with operating systems by running older operating systems in a virtual machine.
This document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) using MATLAB simulation. It simulates OFDM transmissions with varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and multipath propagation effects. The BER is observed to increase with higher number of carriers, SNR, and multipath effects. At low SNR, multipath has little impact on BER, but more impact at high SNR. Transmissions with fewer carriers show more immunity to multipath effects. The simulation allows changing variables like carrier number, noise level, delay, and amplitude of multipath echoes to observe their effects on BER.
The document discusses keystroke authentication using local search algorithms. It proposes using an individual's typing pattern and measuring the time period between keystrokes. A local search algorithm is presented as an alternative to k-means clustering for representing each user's typing pattern as a cluster that can be differentiated from other users. The local search algorithm directly minimizes an error function through iterative local searching along decent directions, requiring only a forward path without backpropagation. This makes it simpler to implement than backpropagation-based methods. Experimental results found local search algorithms can provide effective keystroke authentication.
This document discusses a new approach for clustering in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) called the cluster head gateway (CHG) approach. The CHG approach aims to reduce overhead, increase energy efficiency, and improve reliability in MANETs. It removes the election of separate cluster heads and gateway nodes, instead having a single node act as both the cluster head and gateway for its cluster. This node is called the CHG node. The approach also introduces a prediction table to select a backup CHG node in case the primary CHG moves or fails. This helps maintain the cluster structure and routing information for increased reliability.
This document summarizes and compares two routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). It provides an overview of how each protocol functions, specifically noting that DSR uses source routing while AODV uses a table-driven approach with destination sequence numbers. It then discusses the motivation and goals for evaluating the performance and differences between the two protocols using network simulations.
The document describes the design of a dedicated fixture with a chain conveyor arrangement for a multistage special purpose machine. The fixture is designed to hold engine components like a rear axle carrier, bull gear, and shaft during cleaning operations on a conveyorized automated washing machine. Dedicated fixtures are designed for each component to locate and support them properly. The rear axle carrier fixture uses vertical resting pads. The shaft fixture uses V-shaped rods to locate the shaft. The individual fixtures are mounted on holding plates attached to the conveyor chain to move the components through the washing stages. The chain conveyor and dedicated moving fixtures allow reliable cleaning of complex engine components in an automated process.
Modo de-desarrollo-organización-territorial-y-cambio-constituyente-en-el-ecuadorRobert Gallegos
Este documento discute tres temas principales: 1) El cambio de paradigma hacia el concepto de Buen Vivir y su inclusión en la nueva Constitución ecuatoriana. 2) La organización territorial del Ecuador y su historia. 3) La descentralización, el desarrollo territorial y el debate constituyente sobre este tema. El documento analiza los debates que ocurrieron durante la Asamblea Constituyente sobre estos temas.
Este documento fornece um resumo dos resultados financeiros da Triunfo Participações e Investimentos S.A. no terceiro trimestre de 2012. Destaca um aumento de 23,1% na receita líquida e de 37,8% no EBITDA ajustado. Também discute investimentos de capital, desempenho por segmento de negócios, e eventos subsequentes.
O documento discute um projeto de lei que propõe estender a responsabilidade técnica por atividades relacionadas à produção e análise de sementes aos biólogos. Um deputado apresenta voto em separado argumentando que biólogos não têm qualificação técnica para essas atividades, que requerem conhecimentos de engenharia agronômica e florestal. A aprovação do projeto poderia encarecer custos e não melhorar a produção de sementes no país.
This document contains information about tile products from Bluwhale, including 70 tile series organized into categories like Wave Series, Classic Series, Blossom Series, Frozen Series, and Glass Mosaic. It provides details on each tile like sheet size, thickness, and chip size. The document aims to showcase Bluwhale's tile collections and options for pool, floor, and wall applications.
1) O documento fornece recomendações para se tornar um leitor eficiente, enfatizando a prática fora da sala de aula.
2) Ele explica os mecanismos da leitura e como as técnicas de leitura dinâmica podem melhorar a velocidade e compreensão.
3) O documento descreve exercícios para melhorar os movimentos oculares e eliminar hábitos negativos como a vocalização durante a leitura.
Fabiano é um homem pobre e ignorante que vive no sertão nordestino com sua família. Eles passam por muitas dificuldades tentando sobreviver à seca, incluindo fome, doenças e exploração. Apesar disso, Fabiano mantém sua honestidade e esperança em dias melhores.
El documento discute el rol del Estado en la diversificación y transformación productiva. Analiza experiencias exitosas en países asiáticos y europeos que utilizaron políticas industriales selectivas para fomentar sectores estratégicos. También examina casos en América Latina como Chile, que combinó estabilidad macroeconómica con incentivos e inversiones estatales enfocadas a aumentar la productividad y competitividad. El documento concluye que las lecciones aprendidas apuntan a la necesidad de políticas público-privadas coordinadas y condic
Traiborg é uma nova rede social que permite compartilhar fotos, vídeos, blogs e negócios em um só lugar. Os usuários podem se tornar afiliados e ganhar dinheiro por indicações ou se tornar membros VIP por 16€/ano para ganhar comissões dobradas. O sistema também oferece um programa de marketing multinível que promete rendimentos ilimitados por meio de uma roda giratória de três níveis.
El documento presenta un módulo sobre seguridad informática que tiene como objetivos reconocer la importancia de la seguridad, analizar riesgos y vulnerabilidades, diagnosticar riesgos en proyectos tecnológicos, conocer políticas de seguridad y planificar dichas políticas basadas en diagnósticos. Explica conceptos como confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad de la información, y medidas para proteger activos informáticos y garantizar estas propiedades.
O documento discute a interação entre os elementos do clima (temperatura, umidade e pressão) e os fatores do clima (latitude, altitude, correntes marítimas etc.) na atmosfera terrestre. Os elementos do clima são manifestados através de precipitação, vento e nebulosidade e são afetados pelos fatores do clima, como a altitude, que afeta a pressão atmosférica.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on removing hexavalent chromium from water using low-cost adsorbents like rice husk silica, rice husk, and sawdust. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of parameters like pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose on chromium removal. Column adsorption experiments studied the effects of flow rate and bed height. Results showed rice husk silica was the most effective adsorbent, removing 64.25% of chromium in batch tests and 98.08% in column tests with optimal conditions of lower flow rate and higher bed height. Column tests provided better removal than batch tests. Comparing to activated carbon, rice husk silica
This research article examines the utilization of brine sludge waste from chlor-alkali manufacturing in nonstructural building materials like paver blocks and bricks. The authors characterize the chemical and physical properties of the brine sludge and investigate its effects when added to cement-fly ash binders at different concentrations. They find that brine sludge can be safely added up to 35% for paver blocks and 25% for bricks without negatively impacting the engineering properties of the final products. Leachability studies also show that metals and impurities in the sludge become immobilized within the hardened matrix. The use of brine sludge in construction materials provides an alternative solution to disposal and reduces pollution from this industrial waste.
This research article examines the utilization of brine sludge, a waste product from chlor-alkali manufacturing, in nonstructural building components like paver blocks and bricks to provide a sustainable waste management solution. The article characterizes the properties of brine sludge and investigates its effect when added in varying concentrations to cement-fly ash binders. Test results show that brine sludge can be safely utilized up to 35% for paver blocks and 25% for bricks. Leachability studies confirm that metals and impurities in the sludge become immobilized in the hardened matrices and do not readily leach out. The use of brine sludge in construction materials could serve as an alternative to disposal and reduce pollution
Comparative Sorption of Diatomic Oxyanions onto HDTMA-Br Modified Kaolinite Clayresearchinventy
The adsorption isotherms and kinetic models were tested on the comparative sorption of oxyanions onto hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) surfactant modified kaolinite clay also known as organo-kaolinite clay. The percentage removal of sulphate ion sorption was 40.42% and 78.13% onto MMC and BMC respectively, while chromate ion sorption was 26.72% and 58.62% onto MMC and BMC respectively. Thus, sulphate ion sorption shows better removal compared to chromate ion sorption of 33.60% and 24.97% onto MMC and BMC respectively. Langmuir and Frumkin isotherm models best described the adsorptive mechanism, hence the validity of the Langmuir-type separation factor RL (0<rl><1) was highly favourable and acceptable while the Frumkin isotherm gave the best regression correlation R2 although sulphate ion sorption responded better than the chromate ion sorption. The initial adsorption rate ‘α’ and the extent of surface coverage ‘β’ was higher on sulphate ion sorption compared to chromate ion sorption. In general the models tested predicts exothermic and chemisorption processes.
IRJET- Effect of Chrome Tanning Effluent on Cohesive SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of chrome tanning effluent on cohesive soils. The researchers collected chrome tanning effluent from a tannery in India and mixed it with natural clay soil at different percentages to test how the effluent impacts the soil properties. Their results showed that the liquid limit and plastic limit of the clay soil increased as the percentage of tannery effluent added increased. They also tested how adding waste stone powder and lime to the contaminated soil could increase its unconfined compressive strength. The goal of the study was to evaluate how tannery effluent impacts engineering properties of soil and how industrial byproducts can be used to stabilize contaminated soils.
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CALCIUM BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Geopolymer concrete is a cement less concrete gaining popularity globally towards the sustainable development. It is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Beside fly ash, alkaline solution is utilized to make geopolymer paste which binds the aggregates to form geopolymer concrete. In this experiment an attempt is made to study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm or 150 x 150 x 150 mm, beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length are prepared and cured under ambient curing. The compressive strength was found out at 7 days and 28 days.
Long-term sulfuric and hydrochloric acid resistance of silica fume and colema...Publ 2022
Yurdakul Aygörmez (Main and Corresponding Author)
Yildiz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering Davutpasa Campus 34220, Esenler, Istanbul (Turkey)
aygormez@yildiz.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-2450
Orhan Canpolat
Yildiz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering Davutpasa Campus 34220, Esenler, Istanbul (Turkey)
canpolat@yildiz.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-7876
ABSTRACT
For this paper, silica fume (SF), slag (S), and colemanite waste (C) were added to metakaolin (MK)-based geopolymer composites and exposed to 10% (by volume) hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions for up to 12 months. Geopolymer composites were examined in terms of weight loss, compressive strength, and flexural strength at 3, 6, and 12 months in solutions. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Microcomputed Tomography (micro-CT), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out to examine the microstructure before and after acid attacks. An important decrease in flexural and compressive strengths was seen when geopolymer mortars were subjected to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid attacks. The main cause of this situation is the deterioration of the oxy-aluminum bridge (-Al-Si-O) when exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. The oxy-aluminum bridge (-Al-Si-O), the primary factor in the geopolymer matrix, plays a significant role in consolidating the gel and enhancing the bond formed between the matrix components. Despite this, geopolymer mortar samples maintain the aluminosilicate structure. Compared to hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid is a stronger solution, resulting in a greater loss of compressive and flexural strengths.
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Use of Clay and Cemented Clay as Landfill Lin...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the use of clay and cement-stabilized clay as landfill liner materials. It describes how two reactors were set up, with one using clay and the other using cement-stabilized clay as liners. Leachate was synthetically prepared and passed through the liners. Laboratory analysis was conducted on the leachate before and after passing through the liners to analyze pH, turbidity, chloride content, and COD over a 28 day period. The study found that both clay and cement-stabilized clay were able to significantly reduce pollutants in the leachate, with the cement-stabilized clay performing slightly better at removing turbidity and COD.
This document summarizes research on biomass aggregate geopolymer concrete in Malaysia. The research explored using biomass aggregate and fly ash to produce self-compacting geopolymer concrete as an alternative to Portland cement concrete. The highest compressive strength achieved was 80 MPa with a slump flow of 530 mm. Geopolymer concrete specimens had lower water penetration and less cracking in acid tests compared to Portland cement concrete. The geopolymer concrete also exhibited less strength reduction when exposed to acid.
Analysis on utilization of cement kiln dust stabilized red mud for road const...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study analyzing the utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) stabilized red mud for road construction. Red mud is a solid waste from alumina production that is expensive to dispose of. The study mixed red mud with 2-12% CKD by dry weight and tested the unconfined compressive strength, split tensile strength, and California bearing ratio at curing periods from 1 to 28 days. Results showed strength values increased with higher CKD content up to 8%, beyond which strength decreased. The 8% CKD mixture achieved the highest strength at all curing periods and showed potential for use as sub-base or sub-grade material in road construction.
The document describes a column study that investigated the efficiency of removing phosphate from wastewater using drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) and red mud (RM) as adsorbents. Experiments were conducted in glass columns packed with different ratios of DWTS and RM. The effects of adsorbent dose, bed height, contact time, agitation speed, pH, and DWTS-RM ratio on phosphate adsorption were evaluated. The results showed that adding RM to DWTS can significantly increase the operating time of the column, with 33% and 50% RM weight ratios decreasing operating time by 18% and 30% respectively compared to DWTS alone.
Waste materials in Geon environmental applicationsDr. Naveen BP
This document summarizes research on using various industrial waste materials for ground improvement applications. It discusses how fly ash, blast furnace slag, red mud, and organically modified clays can be used to stabilize soils and immobilize contaminants. The waste materials improve soil properties like strength, workability, and permeability when used to solidify or stabilize hazardous wastes before landfill disposal. Laboratory tests are needed to evaluate the mechanical properties and leachability of toxins from the stabilized waste mixtures.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIO-SELF CURED MARBLE POWDER BASED WITH M25 GRADE CONCRETEANUJVERMA142
This document presents an experimental study on bio-self cured marble powder based M25 grade concrete. The objectives are to study the compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths of concrete mixes with 10% marble powder and different internal curing agents like Spinacea Oleracea, Calotropis Gigantea, and Polyethylene Glycol. The methodology involves mix design and casting specimens to test the strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results show that the mix with 10% marble powder and 0.6% Spinacea Oleracea has the highest compressive strength at 28 days, around 9.63% more than conventional mix. The mix with 10% marble powder and 1% Polyethylene
Water pollution due to several factors such as industrial
and agricultural waste, deforestation, volcanic eruption,
mining, oil spills, radioactive waste, etc., has become a
very critical issue for the human race as the human body
contains water as the main portion of its constitution and
very important to maintain a healthy human race. Global
warming has led to an increase in the sea levels resulting
in an increase in the volume of salted water. As per the
WHO report, around 765 million people across the world
lack basic drinking water, of which around 144 million
depend upon surface water and around 2 billion people
use contaminated water. It leads to several epidemic diseases
like diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, etc. which result in
around 500,000 deaths every year. This estimate clearly
shows the importance of improving water quality for
decreasing diarrheal disease burdens. Apart from the thirst
crisis, there could be a food crisis due to water pollution.
Wastewater contain heavy metal ions and azo dyes as the
most common toxic materials is a huge concern for the
human health and the conservation of our ecosystem
(Pru¨ss et al., 2002; Pru¨ss-Ustu¨n et al., 2014; Molinari
et al., 2004; Al-Degs et al., 2006; Sadegh et al., 2015;
Babel and Kurniawan, 2003; Karimi and Zohoori, 2013;
Islam et al., 2017; Abdulla et al., 2020; Abdulla et al.,
2019; Fatima et al., 2019a; Fatima et al., 2019b; Rathi
et al., 2020; Rathi et al., 2018). Furthermore, heavy
metals pass into food through irrigation and thereby enter
the human body and lead to fatal diseases like liver or
kidney damage and cancer (Cui et al., 2015; Siddiqui and
Chaudhry, 2017a,b,c,d; Siddiqui et al., 2017; Siddiqui
et al., 2020). Therefore, it is essential to individual, government,
as well as the scientific communities to have a
sense of responsibility towards humanity for providing
the basic necessity of safe water to all individuals. The
traditional techniques employed in water treatment have
proven to be less efficient owing to high energy utilization
and production of secondary pollutants. It is crucial
to develop innovative technologies with high efficiency
and low energy consumption. In recent years, nanotechnology
has appeared as a promising technique where it
utilizes novel functional nanomaterials for water treatment
(Siddiqui et al., 2018a,b,c,d; Siddiqui and Chaudhry,
2018a,b; Siddiqui et al., 2019a,b,c,d; Siddiqui and
Chaudhry, 2019; Tara et al., 2020a,b,c; Zaidi et al.,
2019). Carbon-based 2-D materials like graphene, GO
(graphene oxide) and rGO (reduced graphene oxide) have
exhibited great potential for water treatment, especially
for drinking water because of their remarkable properties,
for example good anti-fouling property, chemical stability,
high mechanical strength, and easy membrane accessibility
(Nausad, 2019; Yin et al., 2016).
IRJET- Greywater and POME: Characteristics and Treatment AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the characteristics and treatment potential of greywater and palm oil mill effluent (POME) using various agricultural and plastic waste materials as filtration media. The media tested included coconut coir, sugar cane bagasse, charcoal, and plastic. Results showed that charcoal and plastic most effectively reduced total suspended solids and turbidity in greywater, while coconut coir worked best for POME. Plastic was most effective at reducing total organic carbon in greywater. Turbidity and total suspended solids were strongly correlated but weakly correlated with total organic carbon. The study demonstrates the potential for using waste materials to improve the quality of greywater and POME.
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Sodium Carbonate and Calcium C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study on the effectiveness of stabilizing black cotton soil with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate. Black cotton soil samples were prepared with chemical solutions containing 0.5-3% of each chemical by weight of soil. Tests were conducted to determine the index properties, compaction characteristics, unconfined compression strength, and triaxial shear strength of the treated soils at 0, 3 and 7 days of curing. The results showed that both chemicals increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil compared to the untreated soil. Calcium carbonate was found to be more effective than sodium carbonate in improving the strength and stability of the black cotton soil.
A Study on Behaviour of Marble Dust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using marble dust as a partial replacement for cement and sand in concrete. The study aims to reduce construction waste and costs by reusing marble dust, a byproduct of the marble industry. Tests were conducted by replacing cement with 0-25% marble dust and replacing sand with 0-50% marble dust. Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests on concrete cubes and cylinders were performed to determine the optimal replacement levels. The results showed that marble dust can partially replace cement and sand in concrete mixes due to its pozzolanic properties, providing strength and reducing the environmental impacts of cement production.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...
Am25227236
1. Lee Mao Rui, Zawawi Daud, Abd Aziz Abdul Latif / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
Coagulation-Flocculation In Leachate Treatment By Using Micro
Sand
Lee Mao Rui, Zawawi Daud, and Abd Aziz Abdul Latif
F. A. Author is with the Civil Engineering Department, University of Tun Hussein onn, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
S. B. Author, was with Civil Engineering Department, University of Tun Hussein onn, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
T. C. Author is with the Civil Engineering Department, University of Tun Hussein onn, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
Abstract
Leachate was treated by using fill and facilitates transfer of contaminants from solid
coagulation-flocculation. Coagulation-flocculation phase to liquid phase (Parkes et al., 2007). Due to the
as a relatively simple physical-chemical technique inhomogeneous nature of the waste and because of the
was applied in this study. This study examined differing compaction densities, water percolates
micro sand combination with coagulant and through and appears as leachate at the base of the site.
coagulant aids in treating a stabilized leachate, and
compared the results in respect to the removal of Depending of the on the geographical and
suspended solid (SS), chemical oxygen demand geological nature of a landfill site, leachate may seep
(COD), color and ammoniacal nitrogen. The into the ground and possibly enter groundwater
optimum pH for the tested coagulants was 7. The sources. Thus it can be major cause of groundwater
dosages were 2000 mg/L for PAC, alum and ferric pollution (Cook & Fritz 2002; Mor et al., 2006).
chloride combination with 10 mg/L dose of Landfill leachate has an impact on the
polymer. the dose of micro sand were 1500 mg/L environment because it has very dangerous pollutants
for PAC, 5000 mg/L for alum and 3000 mg/L for such as ammonium nitrogen, biodegradable and
ferric chloride. The micro sand was sieved in 6 refractory organic matter and heavy matals. In fact, the
different particle sizes. Among the experiments, ammonium concentration in leachtae found to be up to
micro sand combination with PAC and cationic several thousand mg/L. in addition, leachate cause
polymer showed the highest SS removal efficiency serious pollution to groundwater and surface waters. It
(99.5%), color removal efficiency (94.8%), COD is important to note that the chemical characteristic of
removal efficiency (73%), ammoniacal nitrogen leachate varies and as a function of a number of factors
(65%) and with settling time for 30 minute. such as waste composition, the degradation degree of
waste, moisture content, hydrological and climatic
Keywords—Leachate, coagulation-flocculation, conditions (Sartaj et al., 2010).
coagulant micro sand Contamination of groundwater by landfill
leachate, posing a risk to downstream surface waters
I. INTRODUCTION and wells, is considered to constitute the major
Leachates are defined as the aqueous environmental concern associated with the measures to
effluent generated as a consequence of rainwater control leaking into the groundwater, and the
percolation through wastes, biochemical processes in significant resources spent in remediation, support the
waste’s cells and the inherent water content of wastes concern of leachtae entering the groundwater (Veli et
themselves. Leachate usually contain large amounts of al., 2008). Leachate treatment facility is required
organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, before discharging leachate into the environment and
chlorinated organic and inorganic salts, which are this depends on several factors such as the
toxic to living organisms and ecosystem (Zouboulis et characteristics of leachate, costs, and regulations.
al., 2008). Leachate composition depends on many Specific treatment techniques can be used to treat this
factors such as the waste composition, site hydrology, hazardous wastewater in order to protect the
the availability of moisture and oxygen, design and ecosystem such as coagulation-flocculation
operation of the landfill and its age. Landfill leachate is (Abdulhussain et al., 2009).
generally characterized by a high strength of pollutants Sand ballasted settling is a high rate
(Chen., 1996). coagulation/ flocculation/ sedimentation process that
Leachate production starts at the early stages uses micro sand as a seed for particle formation. The
of the landfill and continue several decades even after micro sand provides a surface area that enhances
closure of landfill. It is generated mainly by the flocculation and acts as a ballast or weight. The
infiltered water, which passes through the solid waste resulting particle settles quickly, allowing for compact
227 | P a g e
2. Lee Mao Rui, Zawawi Daud, Abd Aziz Abdul Latif / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
clarifier designs with high overflow rates and short the leachate constituents. The leachate samples were
detention times (Achak et al., 2009). adjusted to pH 7 before the addition FeCl3 and alum.
The amount SS, color, COD and ammoniacal nitrogen
II. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LEACHATES removal were determined after
The leachates were collected from Pasir coagulation-flocculation. 10% solution of ferric
Gudang sanitary landfill that located at Johor, chloride and alum were used as solution in the
Malaysia. The Pasir Gudang sanitary landfill with experiments.
largeness of 50 acres and average 350 tonnes of waste
per day. The types of solid waste at Pasir Gudang IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
sanitary landfill were housing, domestic, commercial, A. Efficiency of micro sand combination with
industry, institutions, market and construction. PAC and cationic polymer
Pasir Gudang landfill leachate has very high It shows that the PAC was achieved higher
ammoniacal nitrogen in the range 1350 mg/L to 2150 removal percentage of suspended solid (SS), COD,
mg/L. The average values of BOD5 and COD were colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N). The results
131.5 mg/L and 2305 mg/L respectively, and the ratio were 80 % above for SS and colour. There was no
of BOD5/COD of raw leachate was about 0.05. Old or significant different compared using micro zeolite.
stabilized leachate are usually high in pH (>7.5) and Anyway, micro sand was lower efficiency in removal
NH4-N (>400 mg/L) and low in COD (<3000 mg/L), of suspended solid (SS), COD, colour, and
BOD/COD ratio (<0.1) and heavy metal (<2 mg/L) ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) compared with micro
(Ghafari et al., 2010, Neczaj et al., 2005, Bashir et al., zeolite.
2011). Treatment of stabilized leachate from old The experiment results showed that the
landfill was more effective using the physic-chemical percentage removal of SS were 99% and 99.5% with
process (Durmusoglu & Yilmaz., 2006). particle size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and
181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of
III. COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION polymer. The removal percentage of SS were not
Coagulation-flocculation is widely used for obvious different when micro zeolite replaced by
wastewater treatment. This treatment is efficient to micro sand. The results showed more than 90% which
operate. It have many factors can influence the is the higher percentage was 99.5% and the lower
efficiency, such as the type and dosage of percentage was 96%. The results for removal
coagulant/flocculants, pH, mixing speed and time and percentage of SS were showed in the Figure 4.88.
retention time. The optimization of these factors may Furthermore, the removal percentage of
influence the process efficiency (Ozkan & Yekeler., colour were 89.8% and 94.8% with particle size of
2004). Coagulation-flocculation is destabilizing the micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm
colloidal suspension of the particles with coagulants respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The
and then causing the particles to agglomerate with removal percentages were majority around 90% and
flocculants. After that, it will accelerate separation and the results were no significant different among the 5
thereby clarifying the effluents (Gnandi et al., 2005). different doses of polymer which is 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 6
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) and alum were chosen mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L. The removal percentage
as coagulants for coagulation-flocculation. The was slightly decreased at 6 mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L
experiments were carried out in a conventional jar test dose of polymer. The results for removal percentage of
apparatus. For the jar test experiment, leachate sample colour were showed in the Figure 4.89.
were removed from the cold room and were Otherwise, from the experiment showed that
conditioned under ambient temperature. the removal percentages of COD were 61% and 73%
The jar test process consists of three steps with particle size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and
which is the first rapid mixing stage; aiming to obtain 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of
complete mixing of the coagulant with the leachate to polymer. The percentages were increased with the
maximize the effectiveness of the destabilization of increased of the particle size of micro sand. For
colloidal particles and to initiate coagulation. Second example with particle size micro sand for 151µm to
step is slow mixing; the suspension is slowly stirred to 180µm, it showed that 62% for 0 mg/L, 63% for 2
increase contact between coagulating particles and to mg/L, 67% for 4 mg/L, 68% for 6 mg/L, 69% for 8
facilitate the development of large flocs. After that, the mg/L and 70% for 10 mg/L. The results for removal
third step settling stage; mixing is terminated and the percentage of COD were showed in the Figure 4.90.
flocs are allowed to settle (Choi et al., 2006; Wang et The NH3N were achieved 51% and 65% with
al., 2009). particle size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and
Jar test was employed to optimize the variables 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of
including rapid and slow mixing, settling time, polymer. For whole results, it was achieved from 42%
coagulant dose and pH. These variables were to 65%. The removal percentages of NH3N were
optimized based on the highest percentage removal of increased slightly with started around 40% to 50%.
After that, the results were increased to 60% and 60%
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
above for particle size of micro sand 151µm to 180µm
and 181µm to 212µm. The results for removal
percentage of NH3N can refer to the Figure 4.91.
Finally, the experiment showed that the
percentage removal using PAC combination with
cationic polymer and micro sand (PAC + cationic
polymer + micro sand) were slightly lower if compared
with using PAC combination with cationic polymer
and micro zeolite (PAC + cationic polymer + micro
zeolite).
Figure 4.91: Removal percentage of NH3-N for 1500
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC,
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
minute.
B. Efficiency of micro sand combination with
PAC and anionic polymer
It shows that the PAC was achieved higher
removal percentage of suspended solid (SS), COD,
colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N). The results
were 80 % above for SS and colour. There was no
Figure 4.88: Removal percentage of SS for 1500 mg/L significant different for COD and ammoniacal
micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC, rapid nitrogen, which are the results was in between 40% -
mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing speed 60%.
30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30 From the experiment, the results showed SS
minute. was 99% with particle size of micro sand for 75µm –
90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L
dose of polymer. The removal percentages were also
achieved 99% for other particle size of micro zeolite
which is 91µm to 106µm, 107µm to 125µm, 126µm to
150µm and 151µm to 180µm. The results were 99%
for whole particle size of micro zeolite but with 8 mg/L
dose of polymer. For 6 mg/L doses of polymer, the
percentage achieved 99% with particle size of micro
zeolite 107µm to 125µm, 126µm to 150µm, 151µm to
180µm and 181µm to 212µm. The results for removal
Figure 4.89: Removal percentage of colour for 1500 percentage was showed in the Figure 4.92.
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum, Futhermore, the removal percentage of
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing colour were achieved 90.4% and 94.4% with particle
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30 size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to
minute. 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer.
The removal percentages were majority whole more
than 80% and the results were no significant different
among the 5 different doses of polymer which is 2
mg/L, 4 mg/L, 6 mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L. The
results for removal percentage of colour were showed
in the Figure 4.93.
Otherwise, from the experiment showed that
the removal percentage of COD were 57% and 70%
with particle size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and
181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of
polymer. The percentages were increased with the
Figure 4.90: Removal percentage of COD for 1500
increased of the particle size of micro sand. For
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC,
example with particle size of micro sand for 151µm to
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
180µm, it showed that 62% for 0 mg/L, 63% for 2
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
mg/L, 67% for 4 mg/L, 68% for 6 mg/L, 69% for 8
minute.
mg/L and 70% for 10 mg/L. the results for removal
percentage of COD were showed in the Figure 4.94.
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
The NH3N were achieved 46% and 62% with
particle size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and
181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of
polymer. For whole results, it was achieved from 42%
to 62% compared with using PAC combination with
cationic polymer and micro sand (PAC + cationic
polymer + micro sand) was achieved similar from 42%
but finally end with 65%. The removal percentage of
NH3N were increased slightly with started around 40%
to 50%. After that, the results were increased to 60%
and 60% above for particle size of micro sand 151µm
Figure 4.94: Removal percentage of COD for 1500
to 180µm and 181µm to 212µm. The results for
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC,
removal percentage of NH3N showed in the Figure
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
4.95.
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
Finally, the experiment showed that the
minute.
removal percentage of PAC combination with anionic
polymer and micro sand (PAC + anionic polymer +
micro sand) were slightly lower if compared with using
PAC combination with anionic polymer and micro
zeolite (PAC + anionic polymer + micro zeolite).
Therefore, micro zeolite was more efficiency
compared with micro sand when combination with
PAC and anionic polymer.
Figure 4.95: Removal percentage of NH3-N for 1500
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC,
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
minute.
Figure 4.92: Removal percentage of SS for 1500 mg/L C. Efficiency of micro sand combination with
micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC, rapid alum and cationic polymer
mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing speed It shows that the alum was no significant in
30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30 removal of suspended solid (SS), COD, colour, and
minute. ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N). Therefore, the results
were less than 80 % for SS and colour.
From the experiment, the removal
percentages of SS were 72% and 84% with particle
size of micro sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to
212µm respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer.
The removal percentage decreased when the PAC
replace by alum. Anyway, the majority of percentage
removals were achieved 60% above. It was slightly
lower if compared with using micro zeolite. The results
for removal percentage of SS were showed in the
Figure 4.96.
The percentage removals of colour were
Figure 4.93: Removal percentage of colour for 1500 around 50% to 60% which is in between 54% to 68%.
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L PAC, The results achieved 70% when using the particle size
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing of micro sand for 151µm to 180µm with 8 mg/L and 10
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30 mg/L doses of polymer and 181µm to 212µm with 6
minute. mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L doses of polymer. The
results for removal percentage of colour showed in the
Figure 4.97.
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
Furthermore, the percentages of COD were
achieved 51% and 70% with particle size of micro
sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm
respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The
removal percentage of COD were increased with the
increased particle size of micro sand and doses of
polymer. For example with particle size of micro sand
for 151µm to 180µm, the percentage started from 45%
for 0 mg/L, 47% for 2 mg/L, 48% for 4 mg/L, 49% for
6 mg/L, 51% for 8 mg/L and 60% for 10 mg/L. The
results for percentage removal of COD were showed in
the Figure 4.98. Figure 4.97: Removal percentage of colour for 5000
Otherwise, the particle size of micro sand for mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum,
75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm in NH3-N were rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
achieved 32% and 50% respectively with 10 mg/L speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
dose of polymer. NH3-N was the lower percentage in minute.
removal among 4 parameters which is suspended solid
(SS), COD, colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen
(NH3-N). The results for removal percentage of NH3-N
showed in the Figure 4.99.
From the experiment, it was showed that the
alum was no significant in removal of leachate
treatment, although the alum combination with
cationic polymer and micro sand (alum + cationic
polymer + micro sand). Nearly, the results for
percentage of removal that using alum combination
with cationic polymer and micro zeolite (alum +
cationic polymer + micro zeolite) were find out almost Figure 4.98: Removal percentage of COD for 5000
similar efficiency with using alum combination with mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum,
cationic polymer and micro sand (alum + cationic rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
polymer + micro sand). speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
minute.
Figure 4.96: Removal percentage of SS for 5000 mg/L
micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum, rapid Figure 4.99: Removal percentage of NH3-N for 5000
mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing speed mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum,
30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30 rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
minute. speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
minute.
D. Efficiency of micro sand combination alum
anionic polymer
It shows that the alum was not significant in
removal of suspended solid (SS), COD, colour, and
ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N). The results were less
than 80 % for SS and colour.
From the experiment, the percentage of SS
were 69.8% and 83% with particle size of micro sand
for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively
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6. Lee Mao Rui, Zawawi Daud, Abd Aziz Abdul Latif / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
with 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The removal speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
percentage decreased when the PAC replace by alum. minute.
Anyway, the majority of removal percentages were
achieved 60% above. It was slightly lower if compared
with using micro zeolite. The results for removal
percentage of SS were showed in the Figure 4.100.
The percentage removals of colour were
61.2% and 72% with size particle micro sand for 75µm
to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10
mg/L dose of polymer. The whole percentages were
around 61.2% to 72% which is in between 55% to
72%. The results achieved 70% or above when using
the size particle micro sand for 151µm to 180µm with
8 mg/L and 10 mg/L doses of polymer respectively .
Figure 4.101: Removal percentage of colour for 5000
The removal percentages of colour were 70% or above
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum,
for 181µm to 212µm with 6 mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
doses of polymer respectively. The results for removal
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
percentage of colour showed in the Figure 4.101.
minute.
Furthermore, the percentages of COD were
achieved 38% and 56% with particle size of micro
sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm
respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The
removal percentages of COD were increased with the
increased doses of polymer. For example with particle
size of micro sand 181µm to 212µm, the percentage
started from 51% for 0 mg/L, 52% for 2 mg/L and 4
mg/L, 54% for 6 mg/L, 54.8% for 8 mg/L and 56% for
10 mg/L. The results for removal percentage of COD
were showed in the Figure 4.102.
Otherwise, the particle size of micro sand for
75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm in NH3-N were
achieved 28% and 46% respectively with 10 mg/L
dose of polymer. NH3N was the lower percentage in Figure 4.102: Removal percentage of COD for 5000
removal among 4 parameters which is suspended solid mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum,
(SS), COD, colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
(NH3-N). The results for removal percentage of NH3-N speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
showed in the Figure 4.103. minute.
Finally, the experiment showed that alum
combination with cationic polymer and micro sand
(alum + cationic polymer + micro sand) were more
effective if compared with alum combination with
anionic polymer and micro sand (alum + anionic
polymer + micro sand). Anyway, the results were not
obviously different between the two polymer
combination with alum and micro sand.
Figure 4.103: Removal percentage of NH3-N for 5000
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum,
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing
speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the settling time of 30
minute.
Figure 4.100: Removal percentage of SS for 5000 E. Efficiency of micro sand combination with
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L alum, ferric chloride and cationic polymer
rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, slow mixing It shows that the ferric chloride was
significant in removal of suspended solid (SS), COD,
232 | P a g e
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) compared
with alum. The results were 80 % above for SS and
colour.
The removal percentage of SS were 96%
and 97% with particle size of micro sand for 75µm to
90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L
dose of polymer. The results were showed that
majority 96% and 97% for whole percentages. For
example with particle size of micro sand for 91µm to
106µm, it was 94% for started with 0 mg/L dose of
polymer and then achieved 96% for 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 6 Figure 4.104: Removal percentage of SS for 3000
mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L doses of polymer. The mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric
results for removal percentage of SS were showed in chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute,
the Figure 4.104. slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the
Furthermore, the removal percentage of settling time of 30 minute.
colour were 88% and 94% with particle size of micro
sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm
respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The whole
percentages were around 80% to 90% which is in
between 85% to 94%. The results achieved 90% or
above when using the particle size of micro sand for
whole the particle size of micro sand with 2 mg/L, 4
mg/L, 6 mg/L, 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L doses of polymer.
The results for removal percentage of colour showed in
the Figure 4.105.
The percentages of COD were achieved 48% Figure 4.105: Removal percentage of colour for 3000
and 64% with particle size of micro sand for 75µm to mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric
90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute,
dose of polymer. The removal percentage of COD slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the
were increased with the increased of particle size of settling time of 30 minute.
micro sand and doses of polymer. For example with
particle size of micro sand for 181µm to 212µm, the
percentage started from 45% for 0 mg/L, 48% for 2
mg/L, 54% for 4 mg/L, 58% for 6 mg/L, 61% for 8
mg/L and 64% for 10 mg/L. The results for removal
percentage of COD were showed in the Figure 4.106.
Otherwise, the particle size of micro sand for
75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm in NH 3N were
achieved 36% and 53% respectively with 10 mg/L
dose of polymer. NH3N was the lower percentage in
removal among 4 parameters which is suspended solid
(SS), COD, colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen
(NH3-N). The results for removal percentage of NH3N Figure 4.106: Removal percentage of COD for 3000
showed in the Figure 4.107. mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric
Finally, the results for percentage in removal chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute,
from this experiment showed that using ferric chloride slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the
combination with cationic polymer and micro zeolite settling time of 30 minute.
(ferric chloride + cationic polymer + micro zeolite)
was more effective if compared with using ferric
chloride combination with cationic polymer and micro
sand (ferric chloride + cationic polymer + micro sand).
233 | P a g e
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
Figure 4.107: Removal percentage of NH3-N for 3000 sand (ferric chloride + anionic polymer + micro sand)
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric were lower efficiency if compared with ferric chloride
chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, combination with cationic polymer and micro sand
slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the (ferric chloride + cationic polymer + micro sand).
settling time of 30 minute. Anyway, the results were not obviously different
between two polymer combination with ferric chloride
F. Efficiency of micro sand combination with and micro sand.
ferric chloride and anionic polymer
It shows that the ferric chloride was
significant in removal of suspended solid (SS), COD,
colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N) if compared
with alum. The results were 80 % above for SS and
colour.
From the experiment, the percentage of SS
were 94% and 96% with particle size of micro sand for
75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively with
10 mg/L dose of polymer. The removal percentage
decreased slightly when the PAC replaces by ferric
chloride. Anyway, the majority of removal percentages Figure 4.108: Removal percentage of SS for 3000
were achieved 90% above. It was slightly lower if mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric
compared with using micro zeolite (Bruch et al., chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute,
2011). The removal percentages were decreased slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the
slightly at 8 mg/L and 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The settling time of 30 minute.
results for removal percentages of SS were showed in
the Figure 4.108.
The removal percentages of colour were 83%
and 89% with particle size of micro sand for 75µm to
90µm and 181µm to 212µm respectively with 10 mg/L
dose of polymer. The whole percentages were around
80% to 90% which is in between 85% to 91%. The
results achieved 90% or above when using the particle
size of micro sand for 181µm to 212µm with 0 mg/L, 2
mg/L, 4 mg/L, 6 mg/L and 8 mg/L doses of polymer.
The removal percentages were decreased slightly at 8
mg/L and 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The results for Figure 4.109: Removal percentage of colour for 3000
removal percentage of colour showed in the Figure mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric
4.109. chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute,
Furthermore, the percentages of COD were slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the
achieved 46% and 61% with particle size of micro settling time of 30 minute.
sand for 75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm
respectively with 10 mg/L dose of polymer. The
removal percentage of COD were increased with the
increased of particle size of micro sand and doses of
polymer. For example with particle size of micro sand
181µm to 212µm, the percentage started from 45% for
0 mg/L, 49% for 2 mg/L and 53% for 4 mg/L, 55% for
6 mg/L, 58% for 8 mg/L and 61% for 10 mg/L. The
results for removal percentage of COD were showed in
the Figure 4.110.
Otherwise, the particle size of micro sand for Figure 4.110: Removal percentage of COD for 3000
75µm to 90µm and 181µm to 212µm in NH3-N were mg/L micro sand pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric
achieved 31% and 49% respectively with 10 mg/L chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute,
dose of polymer. NH3-N was the lower percentage in slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the
removal among 4 parameters which is suspended solid settling time of 30 minute.
(SS), COD, colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen
(NH3-N). The results for removal percentage of NH3-N
showed in the Figure 4.111.
Finally, the experiment showed that ferric
chloride combination with anionic polymer and micro
234 | P a g e
9. Lee Mao Rui, Zawawi Daud, Abd Aziz Abdul Latif / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
treatment,” Environment International, vol.
22, 1996, pp. 225-237.
[3] S, D, Parkes, D, F, Jolley and S, R, Wilson,
“Inorganic nitrogen transformation in the
treatment of landfill leachate with a high
ammonium load: A case study,” Environ
Monit Assess, 124, 2007, pp. 51-61.
[4] A, M, Cook & S, J, Fritz, “Environmental
impact of acid leachate derived from
coal-storage piles upon groundwater,” Water,
Figure 4.111: Removal percentage of NH3-N for 3000 Air and Soil Pollution, 135, 2002, pp.
mg/L micro sand and pH 7, by using 2000 mg/L ferric 371-388.
chloride, rapid mixing speed 150 rpm for 3 minute, [5] S, Mor, K, Ravindra, R, P, Dahiya and A,
slow mixing speed 30 rpm for 20 minute and the Chandra, “Leachate characterization and
settling time of 30 minute. assessment of groundwater pollution near
municipal solid waste landfill site,”
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
V. CONCLUSION
118, 2006, pp. 435-456.
Results showed that the PAC was more
[6] M, Sartaj, M, Ahmadifar and A,K, Jashni,
effective in leachate treatment compared with alum
“Assessment of in-situ aerobic treatment of
and ferric chloride when combination with polymer
municipal landfill leachate at laboratory
and micro sand. Alum was categories as low efficiency
scale,” Iranian Journal of Science &
in leachate treatment. However, alum was achieved
Technology, Transaction B, Engineering, 34
higher percentage removal in colour.
(B1),2010, pp. 107-116.
The results showed the percentage change in
[7] S, Veli, T, Ozturk and A, Dimoglo,
the removal of suspended solid (SS), colour, COD, and
“Treatment of municipal solid wastes
ammoniacal nitrogen in the sample of leachate treated
leachate by means of chemical- and
by using 2000 mg/L alum and 2000 mg/L ferric
electro-coagulation,” Separation and
chloride for optimum pH 7. The highest percentage of
Purification Technology, 62, 2008, pp.
removal in SS, colour, COD and ammoniacal nitrogen
82-88.
are 99.5%, 94.8%, 73% and 65% for PAC,
[8] A, A, Abdulhussain, J,S, Guo, Z,P, Liu, Y, Y,
combination with cationic polymer and micro sand.
Pan and W, S, Al-Rekabi,``Reniew on landfill
Among the 6 categories, 181 µm -212 µm was
leachate treatments,” American Journal of
achieved the higher percentage removal in suspended
Applied Science, 6(4), 2009, pp. 672-684.
solid (SS), COD, colour, and ammoniacal nitrogen
[9] M, Achak, L, Mandi, and N, Ouazzani,
(NH3N). The percentage of PAC, alum and ferric
“Removal of organic pollutants and nutrients
chloride were increased until achieved optimum dose
from olive mill wastewater by a sand filter.”
and decrease slowly after that. PAC provides the
Journal of Environmental Management, 90,
highest percentage of removal in SS, colour, COD and
2009, pp. 2771 – 2779.
ammoniacal nitrogen compared with alum and ferric
[10] S, Ghafari, H,A, Aziz, and M,J,K,
chloride.
Bashir,``The use of poly-aluminium chloride
and alum for the treatment of partially
ACKNOWLEDGMENT stabilized leachate: A comparative study,”
A very special thanks and appreciation to my
Desalination, 257, 2010, pp. 110-116.
supervisor, Dr Zawawi Daud for being the most
[11] E, Neczaj, E, Okoniewska, M,
understanding, helpful and patient. I would also like to
Kacprzak,“Treatment of landfill leachate by
express my deep gratitude to my co-supervisor, Prof
sequencing batch reactor,” Desalination, 185,
Abd Aziz Abdul Latif for his encouragement
pp. 357-362.
throughout the study. I am also grateful to all my
[12] M, J, K, Bashir, H, A, Aziz and M, S, Yusoff,
family members.
“New sequential treatment for mature landfill
leachate by cationic/anionic and
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Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.227-236
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