IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Potential utilisation of untreatedtreated textile effluent in concreteeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on leachate characteristics generated from waste foundry sand and its...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundry industries use sand as the major part in the metal casting process. Foundry industries are the industries which mould the metal (alloy) castings, the castings are casted by using the molten metals, which are poured into the moulds prepared by the sand (usually known as foundry sand), and here the foundry sand is subjected to the temperature which is higher than 1000ºC in the moulding process. The waste sand obtained after the casting, cannot be used further and thus the Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) is removed from the foundry industry and it is known as waste foundry sand. Waste foundry sand generated from the metal foundries is indiscriminately dumped in the low lying areas of Belagavi city. Belagavi city receives high annual rainfall around 1200 mm. The WFS dumped contains the heavy metal concentrations. Leachate is generated from the WFS containing heavy metals and the heavy metals are leached from the WFS, thus the ground water is contaminated. Water samples from a lake, 5 open wells and a bore well in the Udyambag area were collected and analyzed for Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations. The leaching effect of the WFS is analyzed using TCLP. The leaching effect of the WFS is also studied when it is a part of pervious concrete and the heavy metal analysis is carried out. The ground water and surface water body study includes the Physico-chemical parameters like chlorides, TDS, SC, pH, turbidity, colour, odour, temperature and the heavy metals like barium, total chromium, iron, lead and manganese. Key Words: Waste foundry sand, Heavy metals, Leachate characteristics, Ground water
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
ABSTRACT
This experiment examined the effect of mud thinner on drilling fluid density and viscosity. The function of mud thinner is to control and reduce the apparent density of the mud by calculate the amount of water that needed to decrease the density. The experiment was conducted by using one basic mud as the comparison for second experiment that has 10.7ppg mud density, then it uses mud thinner to achieve the exact mud density that required in this experiment which is 10.2ppg. Also, this experiment was undertaken with the purpose of decrease the density of the drilling fluid as well as to measure the properties of the drilling fluids and compare it with the last experiment. In general, to proceed with the experiment in order to achieve the goals mentioned, a range of instruments were selected such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite, Barite and soda ash mixed with water to control the density of the mud.
Abstract
This experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO), cement (Ca (OH), and Gypsum (CaSO-2HO). In this experiment study the effect of contamination of KCL to the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud was conducted. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. Intertek determines the true nature of formation oil recovered and the degree of contamination by water-based drill mud. Drilling clients need to understand if oil recovered during a series of Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) was naturally occurring formation fluid or oil-based mud, and if both were present, the degree of contamination from the drilling mud. Testing petroleum reservoir fluids and drilling mud for accuracy brings benefits when determining possible drill mud contamination.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Use of chemical admixtures and mineral additives in various kinds of high performance and high strength concrete is essential. I have explained how it works.
Determination of Effect Bentonite and Additives On Drilling FluidsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Drilling fluids Play a vital role in hole Cleaning suspension of cuttings, prevent caving, and ensure the tightness of the well wall. Moreover they also help in cooling and lubricating the drilling tool, transfer the hydraulic power and carry information about the nature of the drilled formation by raising the cuttings from the bottom to the surface, using a simple mixture of water and clays, to complex mixtures of various specific organic and inorganic products as additives. These additives improve fluid rheological properties and filtration capability, allowing bits to penetrate heterogeneous geological formations The mud used in this work is barite and bentonites at different samples to know the difference in their specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and pH of the samples when chemical additives are added.
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to study the properties of loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties and to test what different additives do to the behaviour of drilling mud in terms of mud cake formation and filtrate loss. Guar gum has been used extensively in the oil industry as a viscosity for different applications due to its unique rheological properties. In this paper, we explore how the rheological behaviour of guar-based fluids can be used to control fluid loss. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite of 15g, soda ash of 0.2g and guar gum of 0.3g mixed with water of 350ml to control the fluid loss of the mud. After that compare the results of experiment 1 with experiment 4.
hello everybody,
My name is Ashish Kumar pursuing the diploma in civil engineering(2016-19) from GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA
This is a powerpoint presentation on Concrete Admixtures(Department of Civil Engineering)
share and like this ppt if you learn something new from this.
Thank You.
Introduction to Drilling Fluid /or Mud used to drill Oil and Gas Wells into the sub-surface Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Overview of the rheological properties and general description.
Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containin...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: There is a vital need for managing oily materials resulting from the petroleum industry as their toxic and persistent nature threatens the environment. In view of oil waste remediation, current treatment technologies are either cost prohibitive and/or the treated products have to be sent to landfill without any potential end-use. Cement-based stabilisation/solidification of oil contaminated materials is an emerging method however there is limited knowledge in terms of the effect of the mixing method on the properties of the resultant cementitious mix. For this purpose, the water wet (WW) and oil wet (OW) protocol was devised to see if the observed behaviour of the mortar was a function of the mixing method rather than the ingredients. A cement-based mortar incorporating a mineral oil addition of up to 10% of the aggregates mass was used. The results indicated that the mixing method has only a small effect on the fresh and hardened properties. Increased oil content in the cement mortar was found to increase the flow and setting time whereas there was decreased wet density and air content irrespective of the type of the mixing method used. The compressive strength decreased by 75% and 77% for water wet and oil wet respectively compared to the control at 28 days of age. The mixing method has a relatively small impact overall on the hydration process. The calorimetry results showed that both mixing methods followed the same trend whereby the hydration is inhibited due to oil incorporation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Index and engineering properties of spent wash blended soils a comparative s...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present era of rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure projects, the natural resources are becoming scarce and hence their cost is increasing alarmingly. For an infrastructural project the soil consumption is very high and also specific soil is to be used for the requirements of its strength, durability etc. Locally available soil is the best option for these projects, if the suitable soil is not nearby it has a stringent effect on overall cost of project. Due to increase of demand for land in urban areas, soils which are weak and not suitable for foundations are to be effectively modified for construction of industries. Hence, there is a need to carryout research for an alternate material which is available in plenty and also gives desired strength upon modifications. There is a growing awareness allover the world about the extensive damage caused by the accumulated industrial wastes at various plants. This paper highlights various issues and scope for utilization of spent wash in engineering practice. This paper presents the results of index and engineering properties of blended soils. Studies are carried out by varying soil gradation, spent wash content under different curing time periods. For study two types of soils are taken and their properties are studied up on addition of 25% spent wash maintaining different curing periods of 2, 4 and 6 weeks. It was observed that spent wash is effective in reducing plasticity characteristics and increasing engineering properties namely, dry density and the unconfined strength of soil and reducing Optimum moisture content Index Terms: Effluent, Tropical, spentwash, blended
ABSTRACT
This experiment examined the effect of mud thinner on drilling fluid density and viscosity. The function of mud thinner is to control and reduce the apparent density of the mud by calculate the amount of water that needed to decrease the density. The experiment was conducted by using one basic mud as the comparison for second experiment that has 10.7ppg mud density, then it uses mud thinner to achieve the exact mud density that required in this experiment which is 10.2ppg. Also, this experiment was undertaken with the purpose of decrease the density of the drilling fluid as well as to measure the properties of the drilling fluids and compare it with the last experiment. In general, to proceed with the experiment in order to achieve the goals mentioned, a range of instruments were selected such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite, Barite and soda ash mixed with water to control the density of the mud.
Abstract
This experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO), cement (Ca (OH), and Gypsum (CaSO-2HO). In this experiment study the effect of contamination of KCL to the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud was conducted. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. Intertek determines the true nature of formation oil recovered and the degree of contamination by water-based drill mud. Drilling clients need to understand if oil recovered during a series of Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) was naturally occurring formation fluid or oil-based mud, and if both were present, the degree of contamination from the drilling mud. Testing petroleum reservoir fluids and drilling mud for accuracy brings benefits when determining possible drill mud contamination.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Use of chemical admixtures and mineral additives in various kinds of high performance and high strength concrete is essential. I have explained how it works.
Determination of Effect Bentonite and Additives On Drilling FluidsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Drilling fluids Play a vital role in hole Cleaning suspension of cuttings, prevent caving, and ensure the tightness of the well wall. Moreover they also help in cooling and lubricating the drilling tool, transfer the hydraulic power and carry information about the nature of the drilled formation by raising the cuttings from the bottom to the surface, using a simple mixture of water and clays, to complex mixtures of various specific organic and inorganic products as additives. These additives improve fluid rheological properties and filtration capability, allowing bits to penetrate heterogeneous geological formations The mud used in this work is barite and bentonites at different samples to know the difference in their specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and pH of the samples when chemical additives are added.
Abstract
The aim of this experiment is to study the properties of loss control additives and its effect towards mud properties and to test what different additives do to the behaviour of drilling mud in terms of mud cake formation and filtrate loss. Guar gum has been used extensively in the oil industry as a viscosity for different applications due to its unique rheological properties. In this paper, we explore how the rheological behaviour of guar-based fluids can be used to control fluid loss. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite of 15g, soda ash of 0.2g and guar gum of 0.3g mixed with water of 350ml to control the fluid loss of the mud. After that compare the results of experiment 1 with experiment 4.
hello everybody,
My name is Ashish Kumar pursuing the diploma in civil engineering(2016-19) from GLA UNIVERSITY, MATHURA
This is a powerpoint presentation on Concrete Admixtures(Department of Civil Engineering)
share and like this ppt if you learn something new from this.
Thank You.
Introduction to Drilling Fluid /or Mud used to drill Oil and Gas Wells into the sub-surface Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Overview of the rheological properties and general description.
Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containin...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: There is a vital need for managing oily materials resulting from the petroleum industry as their toxic and persistent nature threatens the environment. In view of oil waste remediation, current treatment technologies are either cost prohibitive and/or the treated products have to be sent to landfill without any potential end-use. Cement-based stabilisation/solidification of oil contaminated materials is an emerging method however there is limited knowledge in terms of the effect of the mixing method on the properties of the resultant cementitious mix. For this purpose, the water wet (WW) and oil wet (OW) protocol was devised to see if the observed behaviour of the mortar was a function of the mixing method rather than the ingredients. A cement-based mortar incorporating a mineral oil addition of up to 10% of the aggregates mass was used. The results indicated that the mixing method has only a small effect on the fresh and hardened properties. Increased oil content in the cement mortar was found to increase the flow and setting time whereas there was decreased wet density and air content irrespective of the type of the mixing method used. The compressive strength decreased by 75% and 77% for water wet and oil wet respectively compared to the control at 28 days of age. The mixing method has a relatively small impact overall on the hydration process. The calorimetry results showed that both mixing methods followed the same trend whereby the hydration is inhibited due to oil incorporation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Face detection for video summary using enhancement based fusion strategyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Power efficient and high throughput of fir filter using block least mean squa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Exploring the preferred temperature on occupants thermal comfort in the humid...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Data detection with a progressive parallel ici canceller in mimo ofdmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of depth to thickness ratio and length to depth ratio on hollow sectio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hybrid fingerprint matching algorithm for high accuracy and reliabilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of a liquid column in a chemical plant by using mpceSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Effect of pH and Salinity on the Rheological Properties of Drilling Mud F...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Drilling muds are designed to perform certain
functions of drilling operation. Some of the functions are to
cool and lubricate the drilling bit, transmit hydraulic power to
drill bit, provide filter cake and remove drilling cuttings and
maintaining wellbore stability. Various additives with specific
properties are added in the mud to help prevent the challenges
encountered during drilling process. The work studies the
effect of pH and salt on the rheological properties of drilling
mud formulation from two natural polymers
(Terminaliamantaly(TM) exudate and Guar gum) with the use
of Model 35 viscometer. Drilling mud formulation with these
polymers was investigated at pH of (7.05, 8.15, 10.07, and
11.13) and salt concentrations of (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10g/ml).
Results obtained from drilling mud with TM exudate were
compared with drilling mud with guar gum. It was found
thatthe rheological properties of drilling mud with
Terminaliamantaly exudates increased for higher pH as
compared to drilling mud with Guar gum. The increase in
salinity reduced the effectiveness of the rheological properties
of the mud such that as the salinity in drilling mud increased,
the rheological properties of drilling mud with
Terminaliamantaly and Guar gum decreased. The
performance is attributed to flocculation, dispersion and
hydration behavior of particles in the mud.
An experimental study on performace of starch extracted from wheat flour as f...IJAAS Team
The phenomenon of lost of mud filtrate into a porous permeable formation due to high hydrostatic pressure compared to the formation pressure is known as fluid loss. This cause some major problems in well during drilling as poor cementing job, pipe stuck, and formation damage. Thus, to safe the well from such problems and in order to make safe and effective drilling an additive from wheat flour is extracted which is starch, and acting as a fluid loss control agent. The purpose of this research is to investigate the potential of utilizing this additive to form environmentally safe, non-toxic, high biodegradability and low-cost water-based drilling fluid samples with varying the amount of starch. Experimental results showed that Efficiency of starch obtained from wheat-flour is showing increment in rheological properties as compare to starch present in market by using same and varying quantity of both and observed that wheat-flour starch is more efficient as compare to starch in market. On the other hand, the efficiency of starch is good but it has been also improved by the extraction of starch from wheatflour by the centrifugation process.
Effect of vinsuperplast on the hydration study of rice husk ash blended cementeSAT Journals
Abstract
For civil engineering the basic need is to produce high quality and high strength concrete. superplasticizers are used as high range water reducer and they improve the workability of concrete and mortar. In the present work several experimental programmes have been carried out in order to study the effect of Vinsuperplast on RHA blended cement. 2% Vinsuperplast with RHA blended cement and ordinary Portland cement increases the hydration and strength of cement which was measured by consistency measurement, setting time, non-evaporable water content, and free lime determination. 20% RHA blended cement gives better results in comparison to 10% RHA blended cement. The hydration mechanism of RHA blended cement with Vinsuperplast were tried to understand by using XRD, DSC and SEM techniques.
Keywords: OPC (Ordinary Portland cement); Vinsuperplast (superplasticizer); RHA (Rice husk ash) Blended cement; XRD; SEM; DSC.
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
Compressive and tensile strength of concrete using lateritic sand and lime st...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is part of a study investigating the structural characteristics of concrete using various combinations of lateritic sand and lime stone filler as complete replacement for conventional river sand fine aggregate. The lime stone filler obtained from limestone quarries. The concrete are made using varying contents of lateritic and lime stone filler as fine aggregate. The quantity of laterite is varied from 0% to 100% against lime stone filler at intervals of 25%. Samples of concrete (eg.cubes and cylinders) are made in three different grades, namely: M15, M20 and M25. It was found that 0.55 water/cement ratio produced higher compressive strengths, tensile strength and better workability for M20 mix, proportion. Specifically compressive and tensile strength ranged from 21.06 -35.2 N/mm2 and 10.06 -15.5 N/mm2 for the mixes considered. These results compare favourably with those of conventional concrete. The concrete was found to be suitable for use as structural members for buildings and related structures, where laterite content did not exceed 50%. Index Terms: compressive strength, lateritic sand, lime stone filler and tensile strength
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 150
EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE RHEOLOGICAL AND FILTRATION
PROPERTIES OF WATER BASED DRILLING FLUIDS
Vikas Mahto1
and Rajat Jain2
1
Associate Professor, 2
Research Scholar, Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
mahto.v.pe@ismdhanbad.ac.in , rajatjain070289@gmail.com
Abstract
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of fly ash on the rheological and filtration properties of water based
drilling fluids with the objective of the development of environmentally acceptable non-damaging and inhibitive drilling fluid system
to drill sensitive formations. Initially, different drilling fluids combinations were prepared using carboxy methyl cellulose (low
viscosity grade), polyanionic cellulose, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride. The rheological properties as well as filtration
properties of these drilling fluids were measured by API recommended methods. These drilling fluids show very good rheological
behavior but poor filtration loss characteristics. When fly ash was added in these drilling fluid combinations, a nanoparticles fluid
system was established which has better control on filtration properties without affecting the rheological properties and has good
potential for the drilling of sensitive formations.
Index Terms: Filtrate Loss Properties, Rheological Properties, Wellbore Instability, Inhibitive Drilling Fluid,
Nanoparticles, Shale.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The appropriate selection of the drilling fluids and the
variation in their properties when subjected to the borehole
conditions are the major concern of the drilling engineers and
operators [1] [2]. The drilling of sensitive formations like
shales, shaly sandstones, fractured and unconsolidated
reservoirs causes borehole hydration and dispersion of cuttings
which may lead to wellbore instability, additional reaming,
inadequate logging, pipe sticking, high torque, pipe suck-up
[3] [4]. The various forms of hole instability result from the
interaction of drilling fluid with sensitive formations which
are related to hydration, swelling and dispersion of the
sensitive formations. Water is adsorbed on clays by two
phenomena: surface hydration and osmotic swelling.
Crystalline swelling is exhibited by all clays and the later one
can be seen in certain clays of the smectite group [5].
Normally, non-aqueous drilling fluids are acceptable due to
their high performance as they are less sensitive to the
borehole environment; provide high lubricity and deliver
better drilling efficiency. But, environmental considerations
regarding the fluid disposal and miscellaneous costs are the
factors which limit their applications [6] [7]. However, Water
based drilling fluids don’t have these unwanted issues
associated with their application in drilling a well. But, they
are highly sensitive to formation characteristics and a single
fluid can’t be used to drill all wells [8]. Water based drilling
fluids are generally considered to be more environmentally
acceptable than oil-based mud or synthetic based fluids. These
drilling fluids facilitate clay hydration and swelling which can
increase the well construction costs significantly [9].
Smectite clays are frequently encountered by the operators
while exploiting any reservoir. Clay minerals have different
types of exchangeable cations which affect the amount of
swelling. They compete with water molecules for the available
reactive sites in the clay structure. Clay with low valence
exchangeable cations has high tendency to swell than those
with high valences. Understanding of the basic mechanism of
clay swelling is essential for developing a mud system. Clay
inhibitors are used to inhibit swelling tendency of the clays but
the use of some inhibitors is retarded by the increasingly strict
environmental guidelines especially in densely populated
areas [5].
Selection of the drilling fluid is based on the desired
rheological parameters and filtration properties by the
engineer keeping in view the borehole conditions. The high
yield point/plastic viscosity ratio indicates that it is a shear
thinning mud which is desirable for drilling fluid as it sets to a
gel, which is sufficient to suspend the cuttings when
circulation is stopped and which breaks up quickly to a thin
fluid when it is agitated by continuation of drilling [10].
Formation damage due to invasion of drilling fluids filtrate is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 151
well known problem in the drilling of oil & gas wells. This is
caused by the differential pressure between the hydrostatic
mud column and formation pressure.
Fly ash is the industrial waste product that is obtained after the
burning of coal in factories and thermal power plants. Fly ash
can be considered as the world’s fifth largest raw material
resource. Currently, the energy sector in India generates over
130 Mt of Fly Ash annually and this amount will increase as
annual coal consumption increases by 2.2% [11]. The large-
scale storage of wet fly ash in ponds takes up much valuable
agricultural land approximately (113 million m2
), and may
result in severe environmental degradation in the near future,
which would be disastrous for India. Fly ash is generally grey
in colour, abrasive, mostly alkaline, and refractory in nature.
The chemical composition of fly ash has high percentage of
silica (60–65%), alumina (25–30%), magnetite, Fe2O3 (6–
15%) [12].
The filtration properties of a drilling fluid system are highly
influenced by the use of fly ash in the developed mud system
[13]. Fly ash is eco-friendly and doesn’t raise any
environmental issues as it is quite compatible with the soil.
Even, fly ash improves the physical properties and nutrients of
the soil, making it more fertile and beneficial for the growth of
plants [14]. Hence, adding fly ash to drilling fluid will not
raise any sort of burden on disposal of the fluids after drilling
and there is much scope of utilization of this industrial waste
in the drilling of oil & Gas wells.
This experimental work consists of the development of
ecofriendly inhibitive and non-damaging water based drilling
fluid system by using xanthan gum as viscosifier, polyanionic
cellulose as fluid loss control agent, potassium chloride as
shale inhibitor and fly ash as bridging agent for the control of
filtration properties of the drilling fluids. Compared to other
particulate bridging agents, used in drilling fluids such as
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), fly ash has advantage of being
cheaper and lighter. As density of calcium carbonate is 2.7
g/cc and density of fly ash is 2.2 g/cc [15].
2. Experimental work
2.1 Materials used:
Low viscosity grade carboxy methyl cellulose, potassium
chloride were purchased from Central Drug House (P) Ltd.
(CDH), India and low viscosity grade polyanionic cellulose,
xanthan gum, octanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich,
India , fly ash was collected from an 10MW operational
thermal power plant located in Jharia division.
2.2 Experimental procedure:
Firstly, the powdered form of drilling fluid additives were
weighed and mixed with water in the Hamilton Beach stirrer.
The powder samples were added one by one; at first potassium
chloride was added and allowed to mix thoroughly. Xanthan
gum which acts as a viscofier was added and mixed
thoroughly. After complete mixing, low viscosity grade
carboxy methyl cellulose & polyanionic cellulose which act as
a fluid loss control additives were added slowly. Also, 2-3
drops of octanol were put in the solution which acts as a
defoamer.
Fann V-G meter 35SA model (Fann Instrument Company,
Houston, Texas) was used to measure the dial readings which
were further empirically correlated to determine rheological
properties like plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield
point; and also the initial and 10 minutes gel strength of the
prepared homogenous solutions. API (American Petroleum
Institute) Filter press apparatus was used to measure the
filtration properties of the different solutions.
Rheological and filtration properties were again measured by
adding different concentrations of fly ash which acted as an
effective bridging agent in the developed mud system. Fly ash
was collected directly from a thermal power plant of 10MW
instead of the pond so as to get better results. Effect of adding
different concentrations of fly ash on the density of the
solutions is also analyzed by Fann mud balance model 140.
Particle size distribution of the developed drilling fluid
systems is analyzed by using Zetasizer Nano S90 model
(Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK). Finally, optimum
concentrations were obtained which satisfy the criteria of non-
damaging drilling fluid.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bentonite clay is used most commonly for the preparation of
water based drilling fluids. The organic polymers are added in
bentonite water suspension to improve its rheological
properties and to control filtration loss properties [16]. In this
study bentonite clay is not used as it causes permeability
reduction in the petroleum formations [17] and it contains
many exchangeable ionic sites, which is not desired for
drilling sensitive formations. Hence, bentonite free drilling
fluid system is established by varying concentrations of the
bio-polymers and semi-synthetic polymers. The developed
systems are inhibited by potassium chloride. Instead of
bentonite viscosity is imparted by non-ionic polymer xanthan
gum as it provides very high viscosity at lower concentrations
and it is quite compatible with the other polymers used in the
system. Low viscosity grade carboxy methyl cellulose and
polyanionic cellulose are used to control filtration as they have
good temperature stability of 1210
C and 1490
C respectively
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 152
[16]. Carboxy methyl cellulose also helps in maintaining the
rheology of the fluid inside the wellbore when dispersion of
cutting takes place while drilling clay formations especially on
plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity. Initially, optimized
base fluid systems are developed at different concentrations as
shown in Table 1, and the rheological and filtration properties
of these fluid systems are shown in Table 2. The developed
systems have high yield point and plastic viscosity ratio which
is the essential part and the sign of the shear thinning fluid,
required for good suspension ability of cuttings when drilling
is stopped and thereby enhances the drilling efficiency of the
drilling fluid [10]. On increasing the amount of xanthan gum
rheological parameters were increased sharply. Also, plastic
viscosity is low which results in high rate of penetration.
Apparent viscosity is in moderate range as desired which
imparts low viscosity inside the pipe where shear rates are
high and high viscosity in the annulus to lift out the drilled
cuttings prevailing to low shear rate conditions.
Table-1: Composition of the developed Mud System
Mud
System
Composition (w/v %)
Xanthan
Gum
Polyanionic
Cellulose-
LVG
Carboxy
Methyl
Cellulose-
LVG
Potassium
chloride
1 0.3 0.4 0.4 5
2 0.3 0.6 0.6 5
3 0.5 0.6 0.6 5
4 0.3 0.8 0.8 5
5 0.3 0.8 0.6 5
Filtration is the important phenomenon that can be seen in the
wellbore due to pressure exerted by the hydrostatic column of
the mud. Invasion of filtrate inside the formation accelerates
ionic diffusion which results in severe problems leading to
wellbore instability and sometime to wellbore failure [18]
[19]. Swelling pressure is a strong function of the ionic
diffusion at clay sites. Also, it has been observed that when
water invasion proceeds at millimetres a day; ions will diffuse
over centimetres in a day and pressure will diffuse over
decimetres a day [18].
Filtration properties of the base fluid systems reported in table
2 are high and will raise many issues regarding hole stability.
Cake thickness is also high which is not desirable. Sometimes
removal of higher cake thickness needs extra operations like
back flushing but this operation too have certain limitations
and will increase drilling costs & time [20]. Also, high cake
thickness may result in decrease production and may demand
for work over jobs. Fluid loss is decreased with the increase in
the concentrations of carboxy methyl cellulose and
polyanionic cellulose which are fluid loss additives.
To account for all these severe issues fly ash which acted as a
bridging agent is used. The effect of fly ash on the filtration
properties is shown by gradually increasing the fly ash
concentration starting from 1%. The effect of 1% fly ash on
filtrate loss can be seen in Table 3. The filtrate loss and the
cake thickness are reduced. By increasing the concentration to
2% as reported in Table 4 the filtrate loss and cake thickness
are further reduced. At last on addition of 3% of fly ash the
filtration properties are improved further as shown in Table 5.
The reason for this behaviour of the fluid is due to the
availability of very fine size particles of fly ash in the
solutions which settles very quickly to form a very thin
impermeable filter cake.
Table-2: Rheological and Filtration properties of the developed mud system
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100 ft2
Initial Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 16 0.8
2 13.5 22 17 5 8 15 0.8
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 13 0.55
4 18 29 22 5 9 12 0.55
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 14 0.6
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 153
The bridging effect of fly ash particles further results in very
poor filtration loss. The major advantages of using fly ash as
bridging agent is that it is less denser than calcium carbonate,
being the waste product it is very cheap & easily available,
and due to nutritive value of the fly ash to the soil it is
environmentally acceptable. By analyzing results as shown in
the tables the effect of adding fly ash on the rheological
properties is very negligible. Hence, adding of fly ash to the
prepared homogenous solution will not alter the rheological
parameters significantly. There is not any significant effect of
fly ash on the density of the fluid systems. The pH of the
developed system was in range of 8.5-9.0. The developed
drilling fluid systems need to be inhibited and must control the
swelling pressure hence 5 % KCL is added to the developed
drilling fluids which is the normal concentration used in
development of inhibited drilling in most of the fields [13].
The drill-in fluid should contain bridging solids of a specific
particle size distribution (PSD) that is able to cope with the
natural heterogeneity encountered in a formation. This plays a
critical role in the rapid formation of the filter cake. In order to
improve filtration properties for better performance there must
be smaller particles that should bridge the formation pores
[13].Particle size distribution of the different base polymer
Table-3: Rheological and Filtration Properties of the developed mud system with 1% TPFA
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100
ft2
Initial Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in
ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 12 0.55
2 13.5 22 17 5 8 10 0.5
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 9 0.4
4 18 29 22 5 9 9 0.4
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 10 0.5
Table-4: Rheological and Filtration Properties of the developed mud system with 2% TPFA
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100
ft2
Initial Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in
ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 11 0.5
2 13.5 22 17 5 8 9 0.5
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 8 0.4
4 18 29 22 5 9 7 0.3
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 8 0.4
Table-5: Rheological and Filtration properties of the developed mud systems with 3 % TPFA
Mud
System
Plastic
Viscosity
(cp)
Apparent
Viscosity
(cp)
Yield
Point,
lbf/100 ft2
Initial
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
10 minutes
Gel
Strength,
lb/100ft2
API,
Filtrate
loss in ml
Cake
thickness
(mm)
1 12 20 16 4 7 10 0.5
2 13 21.75 17.5 5 8 8 0.4
3 15 30.5 31 9 16 8 0.4
4 17.5 28.75 22.5 5 9 6 0.3
5 15 25 20 4.5 8 7 0.35
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Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 154
systems can be seen in the Fig. 1 to 5. It is very clear from the
results that larger the amount of the smaller size particles and
lesser the value of Z-average better will be the filtration and
rheological properties. Also, the spurt loss which is defined as
the invasion of filtrate or fluid loss that passes through the
filter medium before a filter cake is formed is also the strong
function of the particle size of the bridging agent. If particles
are not bridging quickly to form the filter cake then spurt loss
will be high which will damage the formation.
Fig-1: Particle size distribution of the mud system 1
(Z average (r.nm) = 1287)
Fig-2: Particle size distribution of the mud system 2
(Z average (r.nm) = 1572)
Fig-3: Particle size distribution of the mud system 3
(Z average (r.nm) = 8465)
Fig-4: Particle size distribution of the mud system 4
(Z average (r.nm) = 7139)
Fig-5: Particle size distribution of the mud system 5
(Z average (r.nm) = 1269)
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In our case with fly ash the spurt loss was negligible and the
filter cake was formed very quickly thereby minimizing the
fluid loss with increase in the concentration of the fly ash.
Also, effect of fly ash on the PSD (Particle Size Distribution)
is shown with one mud system by gradually increasing the
quantity of fly ash. Mud system 3 is selected to analyze the
effect of fly ash on the particle size of the developed mud
system. In Fig.6 the mud system which is incorporated by 1%
of fly ash has radius of around 85 % particles in 100
nanometre range and Z-average size is around 1026.
Fig-6: Particle size distribution of mud system 3 with 1% fly
ash (Z average (r.nm) = 1026)
Fig-7: Particle size distribution of mud system 3 with 2% fly
ash (Z-average (r.nm) = 876.7)
. Again, in Fig.7 by increasing fly ash concentration to 2% the
mud system have around 65% of the particles radius in 1 to 2
nanometre range and also reduced Z-average size which is
around 867.7. So, by increasing the concentration of fly ash
the particles size reduces and hence improves the filtration
properties of the drilling fluids significantly. Systems with the
nanoparticles has better control on filtration properties and are
advantageous in controlling fluid invasion to the formations.
Also nanoparticles based drilling fluid system helps in
wellbore strengthening while drilling shale reservoirs as they
can penetrate the formation pores easily and thereby bridging
the formation [19]. The results that were obtained and shown
in this paper state that presence of nanoparticles in the
developed system has improve the filtration properties
significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn from the present
experimental work:
1. The filtration properties were improved with the increase in
concentration of the fly ash. As the availability of smaller size
particles has increased in the developed drilling fluid system,
which resulted in better bridging effect of the particles
therefore reducing the cake thickness and filter loss.
2. The particles size got reduced after the addition of the fly ash
in the developed drilling fluid system.
3. Presence of nanoparticles in the system improves the
properties of the developed drilling fluid system.
4. Sequence of adding and mixing of the polymers is very crucial
and should be done very carefully in order to prepare
homogenous solutions.
5. Effect of fly ash on the rheological properties is very
negligible.
6. Fly ash may compete with other bridging agent due to its
better efficiency, availability, better environmental effects, and
low cost factor. It should be utilized at best as it is the waste
product of the industries in huge amount.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad for
providing financial assistance and extensive research facilities
to carry out this work.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Vikas Mahto, presently serving as Associate
Professor, has joined Petroleum Engineering
Department of Indian School of Mines Dhanbad
in 2004 as Lecturer after completing his Ph.D.
Degree in Petroleum Engineering from the same
institute. He has fifty publications in the different
national/international journals & conferences of
repute. He has completed three research projects
sponsored by UGC-ISM, UGC New Delhi and
CSIR New Delhi.
He is currently involved in the several works in the area of
Drilling Fluid Design and Analysis, Application of nanoparticles
and nanofluids in different oilfield operations, Water shut off jobs
and Conformance Control, Flow Assurance Problems in the
oilfields, EOR Techniques and Artificial Lift Techniques. He is
Associate Editor of IST Transactions of Environmental Systems-
Theory and Applications and International Journal of Chemical
Research. He is reviewer of many international journals like
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Petroleum Science
and Technology, Applied Clay Science, Chemical Engineering
Journal, International Journal of Petroleum Engineering,
Scientific Journals International, Chemical and Bioengineering,
Advances in Sustainable Petroleum Engineering Science etc. and
member of many International Boards like International Journal
of Petroleum Engineering, Scientific Journals International etc.
Received Bachelor’s degree in Petroleum
Engineering, from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of
Petroleum Tehcnology (RGIPT), Raebareli in the
year 2012. Pursuing PhD degree in Department
of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of
Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand. Research
interests include designing of different non-
damaging drilling fluid systems for sensitive
formations, incorporation of nanotechnology in
designing of drilling fluid systems.