In fixtures which are used for machining process, minimizing work piece deformation due to clamping and cutting forces is necessary due to which machining accuracy can be maintained. The different methodologies used for clamping operation in different application by various authors are discussed in this paper. Fixtures are required in different industries according to specific application. Rear Cover is important part in agriculture tractor. The fixture set up for Rear Cover is done manually, which leads to machining defects, poor quality, increase in rejection rate, more cycle time and more hectic to operator. So, there is need to develop system which can help in achieve quality, increase productivity, elimination of human error, reduction in cycle time.
In machining fixtures, minimizing workpiece deformation due to clamping and cutting forces is essential
to maintain the machining accuracy. The various methodology used for clamping operation used in different application
by various authors are reviewed in this paper. Fixture is required in various industries according to their application. This can be
achieved by selecting the optimal location of fixturing elements such as locators and clamps. The fixture set up for component is done
manually. For that more cycle time required for loading and unloading the material. So, there is need to develop system which can
help in improving productivity and time. Fixtures reduce operation time and increases productivity and high quality of operation is
possible.
An Advanced Exploration on Fixture DesignIJERA Editor
Widely used in manufacturing, fixtures have a direct impact upon product manufacturing quality, productivity and cost, so much attention has already been paid to the research fixture design and many achievements in this field have been reported. In this paper, a literature survey of fixture design and automation over the past decade is proposed. First, an introduction is given on the fixture applications in industry. Then, significant works done in the design field, including their approaches, requirements and working principles are discussed. Finally, some prospective research trends are also discussed.
PPCE unit 2 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION )TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT 2 – PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures- Selection of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning- case studies
Design and fabrication of modular fixture for cmm inspectioneSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is on design and fabrication of modular fixture setup relative to inspection on co-ordinate Measuring Machine proposed and planned to increase the utilization of Co-ordinate Measuring Machine with respect to inspection activity by reducing setup time. The modular fixture design will hold component of different configuration, size and shape without much efforts to locate, align and clamp the components on the fixture. The modular fixture will ensure that even though the component is of different configuration will have one time design and setup configuration which will be standardized by assembly of fixture and then on fixture setup time will be less than a minute on the machine that to only if fixture is disturbed / removed from the Co-ordinate Measuring Machine table. Modular fixture will reduce setup time, hence increase opportunity to utilize the machine for useful value adding inspection purpose rather than setup activity which is noted to be non value adding activity. Along with design of modular fixture standardized method of component setup strategy is provided as work instructions to ensure components are mounted same way each time and every time whenever it is in use irrespective of time and resource.
Engineering Design is an iterative decision-making process used to devise a component, product, process, or system to meet the needs and functions desired by the user in a sustainable manner.
In machining fixtures, minimizing workpiece deformation due to clamping and cutting forces is essential
to maintain the machining accuracy. The various methodology used for clamping operation used in different application
by various authors are reviewed in this paper. Fixture is required in various industries according to their application. This can be
achieved by selecting the optimal location of fixturing elements such as locators and clamps. The fixture set up for component is done
manually. For that more cycle time required for loading and unloading the material. So, there is need to develop system which can
help in improving productivity and time. Fixtures reduce operation time and increases productivity and high quality of operation is
possible.
An Advanced Exploration on Fixture DesignIJERA Editor
Widely used in manufacturing, fixtures have a direct impact upon product manufacturing quality, productivity and cost, so much attention has already been paid to the research fixture design and many achievements in this field have been reported. In this paper, a literature survey of fixture design and automation over the past decade is proposed. First, an introduction is given on the fixture applications in industry. Then, significant works done in the design field, including their approaches, requirements and working principles are discussed. Finally, some prospective research trends are also discussed.
PPCE unit 2 (ME8793 – PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION )TAMILMECHKIT
UNIT 2 – PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures- Selection of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning- case studies
Design and fabrication of modular fixture for cmm inspectioneSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is on design and fabrication of modular fixture setup relative to inspection on co-ordinate Measuring Machine proposed and planned to increase the utilization of Co-ordinate Measuring Machine with respect to inspection activity by reducing setup time. The modular fixture design will hold component of different configuration, size and shape without much efforts to locate, align and clamp the components on the fixture. The modular fixture will ensure that even though the component is of different configuration will have one time design and setup configuration which will be standardized by assembly of fixture and then on fixture setup time will be less than a minute on the machine that to only if fixture is disturbed / removed from the Co-ordinate Measuring Machine table. Modular fixture will reduce setup time, hence increase opportunity to utilize the machine for useful value adding inspection purpose rather than setup activity which is noted to be non value adding activity. Along with design of modular fixture standardized method of component setup strategy is provided as work instructions to ensure components are mounted same way each time and every time whenever it is in use irrespective of time and resource.
Engineering Design is an iterative decision-making process used to devise a component, product, process, or system to meet the needs and functions desired by the user in a sustainable manner.
Engineering Design is a decision making process (often iterative or recursive) in which the sciences are applied to modify/create something to meet predefined objectives (specifications). Basic stages of the design process include establishment of objectives and criteria, analysis, synthesis, definition of actual manufacturing techniques and routes as well as the modes of usage, maintenance and disposal.
Design for Assembly (DFA) is a vital component of concurrent engineering – the multidisciplinary approach to product development. You might think it strange to begin by thinking about the assembly before you have designed all the components, but you can often eliminate many parts at the conceptual stage, and save yourself a lot of trouble.
This slideshow provides an introduction to the rules that are used in industry to produce affordable, reliable products. It includes the in-depth analysis of two real-world products subjected to a "product autopsy", detailed in photographs, plus tutor notes and recommendations for additional activities including an assembly game.
+++
Thanks for all the interest shown in this presentation... visit Capacify and leave me a message if you have any questions or comments. Also let me know if you'd like to have me as a guest speaker: the in-class 'ease of assembly game' is always fun.
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures election of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning.
Welding Fixture, some attention in welding fixture design,Application of modular fixture and dedicated fixture,Fixture design verification
Ref. - elsevier journals
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Behavior of Concrete by Replacing N...ijsrd.com
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Destruction of concrete structure due to natural calamities like earthquake, tsunami or by the bombardment, it has became a major problem in finding place for dumping the concrete debris particularly in urban areas. This paper deals with the study of strength of concrete incorporating Recycled Aggregate concrete. The main objectives of this investigation is to find out up to what percentage the Natural Coarse Aggregate (N.C.A) can be replaced by R.C.A in the concrete mix and to find out the extra quantity of cement to be added for each percentage replacement by R.C.A to achieve its target mean strength A series of test were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength with and without recycled aggregates. Natural coarse aggregates in concrete were replaced with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of crushed concrete coarse aggregate. For the strength characteristics, the result showed a gradual decrease in compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural and modulus of elasticity as the percentage of recycled aggregate is increased.
Back-Bone Assisted HOP Greedy Routing for VANETijsrd.com
Using advanced wireless local area network technologies, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become viable and valuable for their wide variety of novel applications, such as road safety, multimedia content sharing, commerce on wheels, etc., currently, geographic routing protocols are widely adopted for VANETs as they do not require route construction and route maintenance phases. Again, with connectivity awareness, they perform well in terms of reliable delivery. Further, in the case of sparse and void regions, frequent use of the recovery strategy elevates hop count. Some geographic routing protocols adopt the minimum weighted algorithm based on distance or connectivity to select intermediate intersections. However, the shortest path or the path with higher connectivity may include numerous intermediate intersections. As a result, these protocols yield routing paths with higher hop count. In this paper, we propose a hop greedy routing scheme that yields a routing path with the minimum number of intermediate intersection nodes while taking connectivity into consideration. Moreover, we introduce back-bone nodes that play a key role in providing connectivity status around an intersection. Apart from this, by tracking the movement of source as well as destination, the back-bone nodes enable a packet to be forwarded in the changed direction. Simulation results signify the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of high packet delivery ratio and shorter end-to-end delay.
Quality of work life is the degree to which individuals are able to satisfy their important personal needs while employed by the firm. Quality satisfaction, motivation, involvement and commitment individuals experience with respect to their lives at work Quality of work life is a process in organizations, which enables its members at all levels to participate actively and effectively in shaping the organization environment, methods, and outcomes. The objective of the study is to help the organization to know the level of satisfaction of the workers and executives at various hierarchical levels, towards the facilities and welfare amenities provided by them and also to find out the challenges and difficulties faced by the management in providing better quality of Work life to the employees. Most of the employees covered under my study have not been found to be feeling any stress in their jobs and related working environment. It has been an interesting revelation that there is no employee in ORGANISATION, is working here just for the sake of the job and most of the employees are not only comfortable with ORGANISATION, but also feeling proud of being in the company There should be no communication gap between the team leader and group members. The communication flow must be improved to make it smooth to maintain cordial inter personal relations in the organization. The training and development programs have to be more effectively planned and implemented.
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
Involute Spline Profile Generation using Wire EDM Processijsrd.com
Today’s Mechanical Engineering field is growing rapidly in designing techniques to manufacture Splines and Gears. Over the decades, numerous methods and manufacturing processes have been used in making the various kinds of Splines based on various criteria, including applications, reliability, life time, processing time and manufacturing cost. This work is also carried out with the same notion of reviewing of manufacturing an External Involute Spline cutting tool using Wire Electrical Discharge Machining process and Vertical Milling Machine. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an extremely accurate type of manufacturing process. This technique was commercially developed in the 1970s. Spline is a long flexible strip of metal/plastic/wood used to produce the curve through the known set of data points. The curved shape of strip is obtained by pulling it into the transverse direction using the lead weights or pegs.
Optimization of Machining Parameters for Turned Parts Through Taguchi’...ijsrd.com
The objective of the study is to achieve minimum requirement of radial force during machining of turned parts. This analysis presents the influence of process parameters (nose radius, cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) on the radial force as a response variable. For experimentation, an L18 Orthogonal Array (OA) of Taguchi design of experiment is used. EN-16 steel alloy is used as work material because this material has a wide range of applications in automotive industries etc. Carbide cutting inserts are used during experimentations. Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also applied to find out the most considerable factor. The entire analysis work is carried out using Minitab-16 software. The optimal setting of parameters is: 3rd level of cutting speed, 1st level of feed rate and 1st level of depth of cut. Depth of cut is most significant factor and nose radius is insignificant factor. Finally confirmation experiments are done to verify the optimal results.
Trustworthy Service Enhancement in Mobile Social Networkijsrd.com
Mobile Social Network is network which allows mobile users to discover and interact with existing and potential friends. A Trustworthy Service Evaluation (TSE) system is a system that enables users to share service reviews in Service oriented mobile social networks (S-MSNs). Each service provider should independently maintain a TSE for itself that collects and stores users’ reviews about its services without requiring any third trusted authority. These service reviews can be made available to interested users to make service selection decisions. In this three unique service review attacks are identified, i.e., link ability, rejection, and modification attacks, and then develop security mechanisms for the TSE to deal with these attacks. In this we extend the bTSE(basic TSE) to a Sybil-resisted TSE (SrTSE) which enable the detection of two typical sybil attacks. In SrTSE if a user generates multiple reviews toward a vendor in a predefined time slot with different pseudonyms, the real identity of that user will be revealed. Hence a Trustworthy Service in Mobile Social Network is introduces so that users can access services securely.
A Review on Parametric Programming Techniques Utilized For Advanced CNC Machinesijsrd.com
this paper describes how the Parametric Programming is applicable in CNC machining. Parametric programming has the potential to increase efficiency of CNC operations but still it is less frequently utilized features of CNC machines. Feature based parametric programming are beneficial to companies with manufacture of GT (group technology) where the parts with similar design undergoes in a machine cell. The advantages of blending the concept of group technology and parametric programming for CNC machining operations are illustrated with the help of a part family.
Engineering Design is a decision making process (often iterative or recursive) in which the sciences are applied to modify/create something to meet predefined objectives (specifications). Basic stages of the design process include establishment of objectives and criteria, analysis, synthesis, definition of actual manufacturing techniques and routes as well as the modes of usage, maintenance and disposal.
Design for Assembly (DFA) is a vital component of concurrent engineering – the multidisciplinary approach to product development. You might think it strange to begin by thinking about the assembly before you have designed all the components, but you can often eliminate many parts at the conceptual stage, and save yourself a lot of trouble.
This slideshow provides an introduction to the rules that are used in industry to produce affordable, reliable products. It includes the in-depth analysis of two real-world products subjected to a "product autopsy", detailed in photographs, plus tutor notes and recommendations for additional activities including an assembly game.
+++
Thanks for all the interest shown in this presentation... visit Capacify and leave me a message if you have any questions or comments. Also let me know if you'd like to have me as a guest speaker: the in-class 'ease of assembly game' is always fun.
Process parameters calculation for various production processes-Selection jigs and fixtures election of quality assurance methods - Set of documents for process planning-Economics of process planning.
Welding Fixture, some attention in welding fixture design,Application of modular fixture and dedicated fixture,Fixture design verification
Ref. - elsevier journals
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Behavior of Concrete by Replacing N...ijsrd.com
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Destruction of concrete structure due to natural calamities like earthquake, tsunami or by the bombardment, it has became a major problem in finding place for dumping the concrete debris particularly in urban areas. This paper deals with the study of strength of concrete incorporating Recycled Aggregate concrete. The main objectives of this investigation is to find out up to what percentage the Natural Coarse Aggregate (N.C.A) can be replaced by R.C.A in the concrete mix and to find out the extra quantity of cement to be added for each percentage replacement by R.C.A to achieve its target mean strength A series of test were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength with and without recycled aggregates. Natural coarse aggregates in concrete were replaced with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of crushed concrete coarse aggregate. For the strength characteristics, the result showed a gradual decrease in compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural and modulus of elasticity as the percentage of recycled aggregate is increased.
Back-Bone Assisted HOP Greedy Routing for VANETijsrd.com
Using advanced wireless local area network technologies, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become viable and valuable for their wide variety of novel applications, such as road safety, multimedia content sharing, commerce on wheels, etc., currently, geographic routing protocols are widely adopted for VANETs as they do not require route construction and route maintenance phases. Again, with connectivity awareness, they perform well in terms of reliable delivery. Further, in the case of sparse and void regions, frequent use of the recovery strategy elevates hop count. Some geographic routing protocols adopt the minimum weighted algorithm based on distance or connectivity to select intermediate intersections. However, the shortest path or the path with higher connectivity may include numerous intermediate intersections. As a result, these protocols yield routing paths with higher hop count. In this paper, we propose a hop greedy routing scheme that yields a routing path with the minimum number of intermediate intersection nodes while taking connectivity into consideration. Moreover, we introduce back-bone nodes that play a key role in providing connectivity status around an intersection. Apart from this, by tracking the movement of source as well as destination, the back-bone nodes enable a packet to be forwarded in the changed direction. Simulation results signify the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of high packet delivery ratio and shorter end-to-end delay.
Quality of work life is the degree to which individuals are able to satisfy their important personal needs while employed by the firm. Quality satisfaction, motivation, involvement and commitment individuals experience with respect to their lives at work Quality of work life is a process in organizations, which enables its members at all levels to participate actively and effectively in shaping the organization environment, methods, and outcomes. The objective of the study is to help the organization to know the level of satisfaction of the workers and executives at various hierarchical levels, towards the facilities and welfare amenities provided by them and also to find out the challenges and difficulties faced by the management in providing better quality of Work life to the employees. Most of the employees covered under my study have not been found to be feeling any stress in their jobs and related working environment. It has been an interesting revelation that there is no employee in ORGANISATION, is working here just for the sake of the job and most of the employees are not only comfortable with ORGANISATION, but also feeling proud of being in the company There should be no communication gap between the team leader and group members. The communication flow must be improved to make it smooth to maintain cordial inter personal relations in the organization. The training and development programs have to be more effectively planned and implemented.
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
Involute Spline Profile Generation using Wire EDM Processijsrd.com
Today’s Mechanical Engineering field is growing rapidly in designing techniques to manufacture Splines and Gears. Over the decades, numerous methods and manufacturing processes have been used in making the various kinds of Splines based on various criteria, including applications, reliability, life time, processing time and manufacturing cost. This work is also carried out with the same notion of reviewing of manufacturing an External Involute Spline cutting tool using Wire Electrical Discharge Machining process and Vertical Milling Machine. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an extremely accurate type of manufacturing process. This technique was commercially developed in the 1970s. Spline is a long flexible strip of metal/plastic/wood used to produce the curve through the known set of data points. The curved shape of strip is obtained by pulling it into the transverse direction using the lead weights or pegs.
Optimization of Machining Parameters for Turned Parts Through Taguchi’...ijsrd.com
The objective of the study is to achieve minimum requirement of radial force during machining of turned parts. This analysis presents the influence of process parameters (nose radius, cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) on the radial force as a response variable. For experimentation, an L18 Orthogonal Array (OA) of Taguchi design of experiment is used. EN-16 steel alloy is used as work material because this material has a wide range of applications in automotive industries etc. Carbide cutting inserts are used during experimentations. Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also applied to find out the most considerable factor. The entire analysis work is carried out using Minitab-16 software. The optimal setting of parameters is: 3rd level of cutting speed, 1st level of feed rate and 1st level of depth of cut. Depth of cut is most significant factor and nose radius is insignificant factor. Finally confirmation experiments are done to verify the optimal results.
Trustworthy Service Enhancement in Mobile Social Networkijsrd.com
Mobile Social Network is network which allows mobile users to discover and interact with existing and potential friends. A Trustworthy Service Evaluation (TSE) system is a system that enables users to share service reviews in Service oriented mobile social networks (S-MSNs). Each service provider should independently maintain a TSE for itself that collects and stores users’ reviews about its services without requiring any third trusted authority. These service reviews can be made available to interested users to make service selection decisions. In this three unique service review attacks are identified, i.e., link ability, rejection, and modification attacks, and then develop security mechanisms for the TSE to deal with these attacks. In this we extend the bTSE(basic TSE) to a Sybil-resisted TSE (SrTSE) which enable the detection of two typical sybil attacks. In SrTSE if a user generates multiple reviews toward a vendor in a predefined time slot with different pseudonyms, the real identity of that user will be revealed. Hence a Trustworthy Service in Mobile Social Network is introduces so that users can access services securely.
A Review on Parametric Programming Techniques Utilized For Advanced CNC Machinesijsrd.com
this paper describes how the Parametric Programming is applicable in CNC machining. Parametric programming has the potential to increase efficiency of CNC operations but still it is less frequently utilized features of CNC machines. Feature based parametric programming are beneficial to companies with manufacture of GT (group technology) where the parts with similar design undergoes in a machine cell. The advantages of blending the concept of group technology and parametric programming for CNC machining operations are illustrated with the help of a part family.
Case–Based Reasoning is a problem solving paradigm that in many respects is fundamentally different from other major AI approaches. Instead of relying solely on general knowledge of a problem domain, or making associations along generalized relationships between problem descriptors and conclusions, CBR is able to utilize the specific knowledge of previously experienced, concrete problem situations (cases). A new problem is solved by finding a similar past case, and reusing it in the new problem situation. A second important difference is that CBR also is an approach to incremental, sustained learning, since a new experience is retained each time a problem has been solved, making it immediately available for future problems. The CBR field has grown rapidly over the last few years, as seen by its increased share of papers at major conferences, available commercial tools, and successful applications in daily use. A CBR tool should support the four main processes of CBR: retrieval, reuse, revision and retention.
Review of Implementation of lean manufacturing in cement industryijsrd.com
Implementation of lean helps many organizations to improve their productivity and efficiency; on the other hand number of organizations has failed to benefit from lean philosophy. The case of not achieving the expected results of implementing lean is not because of limitation of lean to specific organizations type; but it is the misconception of lean philosophy. The lean thinking was first implied in the automobile companies and it widely spreads within the all types of industries; however the today's challenge is to implement the lean philosophy within continuous manufacturing industries and different organizations regardless to the type and size of the organization. This has motivated me to apply lean philosophy to the continuous industry i.e. cement industry. The cement industry is an example of the continuous industry sector and it will be used to convey that the lean philosophy is applicable to all deferent organization types. There are many problems the cement industry facing in today's cut throat competition; one of the major challenges is the capability of the cement industry to adopt techniques by which the overall improvement can be achieved. The need for improving the productivity of the cement production line is to reduce the downtime rates, and satisfy high demands of consumers. This research has aimed that the lean philosophy is beneficial to cement industry once the organization aims, and objectives are clarified and communicated through all levels of the organization. Furthermore barriers and obstacles should be removed by changing the organizational culture, and empowering the people to be involved in identifying and problem solving process.
Real World Application of Big Data In Data Mining Toolsijsrd.com
The main aim of this paper is to make a study on the notion Big data and its application in data mining tools like R, Weka, Rapidminer, Knime,Mahout and etc. We are awash in a flood of data today. In a broad range of application areas, data is being collected at unmatched scale. Decisions that previously were based on surmise, or on painstakingly constructed models of reality, can now be made based on the data itself. Such Big Data analysis now drives nearly every aspect of our modern society, including mobile services, retail, manufacturing, financial services, life sciences, and physical sciences. The paper mainly focuses different types of data mining tools and its usage in big data in knowledge discovery.
Study of Solar Interplanetary and Geomagnetic Disturbances in Solar Cycle 23ijsrd.com
The most specific of solar cycle 23, sun enters a period of intermediate and weak solar activity in terms of sunspot number. Based on the observation from Omniweb data centre for solar- interplanetary data, geomagnetic activity and monthly mean count rate of cosmic ray intensity (CRI) variation data taken from neutron monitors during solar activity period 23/24. The phase of minimum solar activity began in May 2005 and lasted for 4.5 years the unprecedented duration of the relative sunspot numbers falls. It is observed that the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field has been falling off to new low levels, and reduces the GCR entering inner- heliosphere and it is also found that SSN positive correlated with Kp and Ap and sunspot number, 10.7 cm solar radio flux, were inverse correlated with monthly mean count rate of cosmic ray intensity.
Generation of Electricity Using Paper Waste Water by Microbial Fuel Cellijsrd.com
The application of microbial fuel cell (MFC) for electricity generation has been developing recently. This research explores the application of single chamber MFC in generating electricity using paper wastewater .The different concentration of wastewater has been performed. The maximum current, voltage, BOD, COD, pH and TDS obtained with respect to time. MFC of paper mill wastewater showed removal efficiency 68.1% COD, 67.3% BOD and 56.6% TDS with different feed concentration. The current, voltage and power generation in the reactor is 1.40mA, 1.24 V and 0.46 watts/m2 respectively.
Parallel Key Value Pattern Matching Modelijsrd.com
Mining frequent itemsets from the huge transactional database is an important task in data mining. To find frequent itemsets in databases involves big decision in data mining for the purpose of extracting association rules. Association rule mining is used to find relationships among large datasets. Many algorithms were developed to find those frequent itemsets. This work presents a summarization and new model of parallel key value pattern matching model which shards a large-scale mining task into independent, parallel tasks. It produces a frequent pattern showing their capabilities and efficiency in terms of time consumption. It also avoids the high computational cost. It discovers the frequent item set from the database.
Carbon Nano tubes and its Applications in the Field of Electronics and Comput...ijsrd.com
With rapid advancement of technology and unlimited quest in the intricate fields of science led man to confront nano tubes. It consists of C60 Fullerenes with tube like structures capped at both ends delivering extraordinary mechanical and electrical properties. It is hard to stress as extremely low turn on for fields and has high current densities. It is also the best emission field emitter for future field emission displays. Can be extensively used for fuel cells and field emission display. We throw a light on the research on nano tubes and it's general applications. In this paper we are focusing and questioning the field of research to ponder for the betterment off life to nano tube.
Speed Control of BLDC Motor with Four Quadrant Operation Using dsPICijsrd.com
Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives are becoming more popular in industrial and traction applications. Hence the control of BLDC motor in four quadrants is very vital. The flexibility of the drive system is increased using digital controller. In this paper the PWM signals for driving the power inverter bridge for BLDC motor have been successfully implemented using a dsPIC controller and the motor can be controlled in all the four quadrants without any loss of power .Energy is conserved during regenerative braking period. The digital controller dsPIC, is advantageous over other controller, as it combines the calculation capability of digital signal processor and controlling capability of PIC microcontroller to achieve a precise control. Simulation of the proposed model is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Reality based mobility model Analyzed over reactive and proactive routing pro...ijsrd.com
In MANET a mobility model of the mobile nodes is an important and unique feature that differentiates this network with other wired and wireless networks. Network topology changes dynamically due to high mobility. Therefore to analyze any routing protocol performance in the realistic scenarios mobility models plays an influential role. In our paper the impact of reality based mobility models on reactive routing protocols (AODV, DSR) and proactive routing protocol (DSDV) are analyzed in the natural disaster scenarios. Performance matrices which analyze the performance of routing protocols are end to end delay, Throughput, Packet delivery Ratio. Mobility model scenarios are generated in bonnmotion and get implemented on NS2 network simulator. Our research work recommended to understand better use of routing protocols, reality based mobility models in real world application such as rescue and relief operation, tracking and surveillance operation in disaster areas.
COMPARISION OF SINGLE PHASE AND FOUR PHASE BOOST CONVERTER FOR CLOSED LOOP MODELijsrd.com
The objective of this paper deals on analysis and implementation of single phase and four phase boost converter. The input ripple current and output ripple voltage, steady state capacitor current are observed using MATLAB Simulink.
Combustion and Mixing Analysis of a Scramjet Combustor Using CFDijsrd.com
The present study is to determine flow field in the three-dimensional scramjet engine combustor with coupled implicit NS equations, the standard k-ε turbulence model are used and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction model has to be applied to simulate numerically for the flow field of the hydrogen, diesel and methane fueled scramjet combustor with a planer strut flame holder under two different working conditions, the working condition include the cold flow and engine ignition. ANSYS Fluent software is used to solve the analysis, with hot and cold inlet velocities, the mach number for air and fluids are 2 and 1 respectively, inflow fluids are varied as hydrogen, diesel and methane. Due to combustion the recirculation region behind the wedge becomes larger as compared to mixing case and it acts as a flame holder for the methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and diesel (C10H22) diffusion. It is also evident from the simulation studies; the combustion affects the flow field significantly. The leading edge shock reflected off the upper and lower combustor walls facilitates on setting of combustion when it hits the wake in a region where large portions of the injected fuel have been mixed up with the air. The pressure, velocity and temperature distributions along the geometry are estimated and discussed.
Demystifying Designing for ‘X’ by ProTek Medical ProtekMedical
http://www.protek.ie/
Annette Carty-Mole B.Eng (Hons)
Design Engineer, ProTek Medical
When a company is given the task of designing a
new product or redesigning an existing product, it
is important to keep in mind the three main goals
of cost, quality and speed. These goals can be
further split into more quantitative criteria which
are relevant throughout the product’s life cycle.
Designing for manufacture and assembly are typical
examples of two criteria which will have a large
impact on the cost, quality and speed at which the
product is developed. The methodology of design
that meets an all-encompassing range of criteria is
known as designing for ‘X’.
This project deals with the modeling of cooler tank parametric model as per the client requirement. Finding the best manufacturing process preparing mould base for the same, analyzing different manufacturing process by doing CNC program by changing milling parameters (feed, speed, cutters….).So that optimum parameters for manufacturing will be suggested which is useful to reduce the costs and efforts. Plastic flow analysis will be conducted to check the material flow and filling. So that reduction in the pre-machining cost will be done by rectifying the problem. FEM Based analysis will be conducted on mould structure to reduce weight of the mould. And thermal analysis will be conducted to suggest optimized cooling channel design. Modeling, mould base preparation, manufacturing, cnc programming will be done
This project deals with the modeling of cooler tank parametric model as per the client requirement. Finding the best manufacturing process preparing mould base for the same, analyzing different manufacturing process by doing CNC program by changing milling parameters (feed, speed, cutters….).So that optimum parameters for manufacturing will be suggested which is useful to reduce the costs and efforts. Plastic flow analysis will be conducted to check the material flow and filling. So that reduction in the pre-machining cost will be done by rectifying the problem. FEM Based analysis will be conducted on mould structure to reduce weight of the mould. And thermal analysis will be conducted to suggest optimized cooling channel design. Modeling, mould base preparation, manufacturing, cnc programming will be done
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
A Review on Design of a Fixture for Rear Cover
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 09, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 508
A Review on Design of a Fixture for Rear Cover
Satyapal Vaghela1 Abhishek Singh2
1
PG Student, 2
Assistant Professor
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2
Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, India
Abstract— In fixtures which are used for machining process,
minimizing work piece deformation due to clamping and
cutting forces is necessary due to which machining accuracy
can be maintained. The different methodologies used for
clamping operation in different application by various
authors are discussed in this paper. Fixtures are required in
different industries according to specific application. Rear
Cover is important part in agriculture tractor. The fixture set
up for Rear Cover is done manually, which leads to
machining defects, poor quality, increase in rejection rate,
more cycle time and more hectic to operator. So, there is
need to develop system which can help in achieve quality,
increase productivity, elimination of human error, reduction
in cycle time.
Key words: fixture, accuracy, clamping, productivity
I. INTRODUCTION
The fixture is a special designed tool which holds a work
piece in proper position during manufacturing operation.
Fixtures are used for supporting and clamping the work
piece. Frequent checking, positioning, individual marking
and non-uniform quality in manufacturing process can be
eliminated by use of fixture. Fixtures help to increase
productivity and reduce operation time. Fixture is widely
used in the industry because of feature and advantages.
To locate and immobilize work pieces for
machining, inspection, assembly and other operations
fixtures are used. A fixture consists of a set of locators and
clamps. Locators are used to determine the position and
orientation of a work piece, whereas clamps exert clamping
forces so that the work piece is pressed firmly against
locators. Clamping has to be appropriately planned at the
stage of machining fixture design. The design of a fixture is
a highly complex and intuitive process, which require
knowledge. Fixture design plays an important role at the
setup planning phase. Proper fixture design is crucial for
developing product quality in different terms of accuracy,
surface finish and precision of the machined parts In
existing design the fixture set up is done manually, so the
aim of this project is to replace with hydraulic fixture to
save time for loading and unloading of component.
Hydraulic fixture provides the manufacturer for flexibility in
holding forces and to optimize design for machine operation
as well as process function ability [1]
A. Steps of Fixture Design:
Successful fixture design starts with a logical and systematic
plan. With a complete analysis of the fixture's functional
requirements, very few design problems occur. When they
do, chances are some design requirements were forgotten or
underestimated. The work piece, processing, tooling and
available machine tools may affect the extent of planning
needed. Preliminary analysis may take from a few hours up
to several days for more complicated fixture designs. Fixture
design is a five step problem-solving process. The following
is a detailed analysis of each step.
1) Step 1: Define Requirements:
To initiate the fixture-design process, clearly state the
problem to be solved or needs to be met. State these
requirements as broadly as possible, but specifically enough
to define the scope of the design project. The designer
should ask some basic questions: Is the new tooling required
for first-time production or to improve existing production
2) Step 2: Gather/Analyze Information:
Collect all relevant data and assemble it for evaluation. The
main sources of information are the part print, process
sheets, and machine specifications. Make sure that part
documents and records are current. For example, verify that
the shop print is the current revision, and the processing
information is up-to-date. Check with the design department
for pending part revisions. An important part of the
evaluation process is note taking. Complete, accurate notes
allow designers to record important information. With these
notes, they should be able to fill in all items on the
"Checklist for Design Considerations." All ideas, thoughts,
observations, and any other data about the part or fixture are
then available for later reference. It is always better to have
too many ideas about a particular design than too few. Four
categories of design considerations need to be taken into
account at this time: work piece specifications, operation
variables, availability of equipment, and personnel. These
categories, while separately covered here, are actually
interdependent. Each is an integral part of the evaluation
phase and must be thoroughly thought out before beginning
the fixture design.
3) Step 3: Develop Several Options:
This phase of the fixture-design process requires the most
creativity. A typical workpiece can be located and clamped
several different ways. The natural tendency is to think of
one solution, then develop and refine it while blocking out
other, perhaps better solutions. A designer should
brainstorm for several good tooling alternatives, not just
choose one path right away. During this phase, the
designer's goal should be adding options, not discarding
them. In the interest of economy, alternative designs should
be developed only far enough to make sure they are feasible
and to do a cost estimate. The designer usually starts with at
least three options: permanent, modular, and general-
purpose workholding. Each of these options has many
clamping and locating options of its own. The more standard
locating and clamping devices that a designer is familiar
with, the more creative he can be. Areas for locating a part
include flat exterior surfaces (machined and unmachined),
cylindrical and curved exterior surfaces. The exact
procedure used to construct the preliminary design sketches
is not as important as the items sketched. Generally, the
preliminary sketch should start should start with the part to
be fixtured. The required locating and supporting elements,
including a base, should be the next items added. Then
sketch the clamping devices. Finally, add the machine tool
and cutting tools. Sketching these items together helps
identify any problem areas in the design of the complete
2. A Review on Design of a Fixture for Rear Cover
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/114)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 509
fixture.
4) Step 4: Choose the Best Option:
The total cost to manufacture a part is the sum of per-piece
run cost, setup cost, and tooling cost. Expressed as a
formula:
These variables are described below with sample
values from three tooling options: a modular fixture, a
permanent fixture, and a hydraulically powered permanent
fixture.
5) Step 5: Implement the Design:
The final phase of the fixture-design process consists of
turning the chosen design approach into reality. Final
Details are decided, final drawings are made, and the tooling
is built and tested. The following guidelines should be
considered during the final-design process to make the
fixture less costly while improving its efficiency. These
rules are a mix of practical considerations, sound design
practices, and common sense [7].
II. IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHILE DESIGNING
FIXTURES
Designing of fixtures depends upon so many factors. These
factors are analyzed to get design inputs for jigs and
fixtures. The list of such factors is mentioned below:
Study of work piece, finished component size and
geometry
Type and capacity of the machine, its extent of
automation
Provision of locating devices in the machine
Available clamping arrangements in the machine
Available indexing devices, their accuracy
Evaluation of variability in the performance results
of the machine
Rigidity and of the machine tool under
consideration
Study of ejecting devices, safety devices, etc.
Required level of the accuracy in the work and
quality to be produced[1]
III. MEANING OF LOCATION
The location refers to the establishment of a desired
relationship between the work piece and the jigs or fixture.
Correctness of location directly influences the accuracy of
the finished product. The jigs and fixtures are desired so that
all undesirable movements of the work piece can be
restricted. Determination of the locating points and
clamping of the work piece serve to restrict movements of
the component in any direction, while setting it in a
particular pre-decided position relative to the fixture. Before
deciding the locating points it is advisable to find out the all
possible degrees of freedom of the work piece. Then some
of the degrees of freedom or all of them are restrained by
making suitable arrangements. These arrangements are
called locators. These are described in details below[8]:
A. Principle of Locations:
The principle of location which is discussed here is available
in any of the book covering jigs and fixtures. It is important
to understand the problem first. Any rectangular part may
have three axis: x-axis, y-axis and z-axis. Part can move
along any of these axes. At the same time the part can also
rotate about these three axis. So total degree of freedom of
the part along which it can move is six. For processing the
part it is required to fix all the degree of freedom (DOF) by
applying suitable locating points. Then clamping of the part
is to be done in a fixed and required position. The basic
principle which is used to locate the points is described
below. Rectangular block is shown in fig. 1. It is made to
rest on several points on the jig body. Provide a rest to this
work piece on three points on the bottom x-y surface. This
will stop the movement along z-axis, rotation with respect to
x-axis and y-axis. Three points supporting is considered as
better support then on one point or two points support. Now,
Rest the work piece on two points of side surface (x-z). Due
to which movement of work piece along y-axis and rotation
with respect to z-axis will be fixed. Then provide a support
at one point of the adjacent surface (y-z). It will fix other
remaining free movements. This principle of location of
fixing points on the work piece is also termed as 3-2-1
principle of fixture design. Because in this method numbers
of points selected at different faces of the work piece are 3,
2 and 1 respectively. If the operation to be carried out on the
cylindrical surface, it requires restriction of the above
mentioned free movements also and some more locating
provisions must also be provided in addition to use of the
Vee block. Guohua Qin[2] discussed fixture clamping
sequence. It consists of two parts:
For the first time he evaluated varying contact
forces and work piece position errors in each
clamping step by solving a nonlinear mathematical
programming problem. This is done by minimizing
the total complementary energy of the work piece-
fixture system. The prediction proves to be
accurate and acceptable after comparing with
experimental data and referenced results.
The optimal clamping sequence is identified based
on the deflections of the work piece and minimum
position error. Finally, to predict the contact forces
and to optimize the clamping sequence three
examples are discussed.
Fig 1: Scheme of 3-2-1 fixture setup [2]
Firstly he prepared mathematical modeling for
clamping sequence then the contact forces in clamping
sequence is determined as shown in fig. 1. After that he
optimized clamping sequence for higher stiffness work piece
and then for low stiffness work piece.
He found that using optimal clamping sequence
better agreements are achieved between predicted results
3. A Review on Design of a Fixture for Rear Cover
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/114)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 510
and experimental data. Work piece machining quality can
also be improved.
For a fixture designing, it is very important how to
locate the work piece in the fixture. It is described
previously that any free body has a total of twelve degrees
of freedom as below:
6 translational degrees of freedom: +X, -X, +Y, -Y,
+Z, -Z
And 6 rotational degrees of freedom:
Clockwise around X axis (CROT-X)
Anticlockwise around X axis (ACROT-X)
Clockwise around Y axis (CROT-Y)
Anticlockwise around Y axis (ACROT-Y)
Clockwise around Z axis (CROT-Z)
Anticlockwise around Z axis (ACROT-Z)
It is required to fix all the degrees of freedom
except the three transitional degrees of freedom (-X, -Y and
-Z) in order to locate the work piece in the fixture. So, 9
degrees of freedom of the work piece needed to be fixed. It
can be done by using the 3-2-1 method as shown below in
fig. 2.
Fig 2 : Available Degree of Freedom of Rectangular
Block[8]
Rest the work piece at two points of side surface
(XZ), by this way the +Y and ACROT-Z degrees of freedom
can be fixed. Now, by resting the work piece at one point of
the adjacent surface (YZ), the +X and CROT-Z degrees of
freedom can be fixed. So, 9 required degrees of freedom can
be fixed by using the 3-2-1 principle of fixture design.
B. Different Methods Used for Location:
There are several methods used for location of a work. The
locating arrangement should be decided after studying the
type of work, type of operation, degree of accuracy required
and volume of mass production to be done. Different
locating methods are described below:
1) Flat Locator:
Flat locators are used when flat machined surfaces of the
component are to be located. The examples which can be
served as a general principle of location for flat locaters is
described here in fig. 3.
Fig 3: Flat Locator[8]
2) Jack Pin Locator:
Jack pin locator is used for supporting work pieces having
rough surfaces by using the button as shown in Fig. 4.
Height of the jack pin is adjustable to accommodate the
work pieces having variation in their surface texture.
Fig 4: Jack Pin Locator [8]
3) Drill Bush Locator:
The drill bush locator is used for holding and locating the
cylindrical shaped work pieces. For locating purpose the
bush has conical opening and it is sometimes screwed on the
fixture body for the adjustment of height of the work.
Fig 5: Drill Bush Locator [8]
4) Vee Locators:
This is fast and effective method of locating the work piece
with desired level of accuracy. This is used for locating the
circular and semi-circular shaped work piece. The main part
of locater is ‘V’ shaped block which is fixed to the fixtures.
The locator can be of two types: fixed Vee locator and
adjustable Vee locator. The fixed type locator is fixed on the
fixture and the adjustable locator can be moved axially to
provide proper grip of Vee band to the work piece.
Fig 6: Vee Locator[8]
Y. Wang[3] discussed about identification of
locating error and machining error. These errors can be
studied by systematic method of error identification and
calculation, using finite element analysis (FEA). The
machining error, the surface error shown in fig. 7 generated
from machining operations by Y. Wang [3].
A methodology of machined surface error
calculation and error decomposition was presented in this
paper. The research has discussed about (a) surface error
including both locating error and machining error, also
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machining error generated during multi machining
operations was analyzed; (b) the sensitivity of individual
errors was investigated, and the resultant surface error of
locating and machining was evaluated against tolerance; and
(c) the method is suitable for both components with complex
geometry as well as simple geometry.
Fig 7: Surface error sources [3]
IV. CLAMPING
To fix the work piece completely a clamping device is
required in addition to locating device. Function of a
clamping device is to hold the work piece securely in a jig
or fixture against the forces applied over it during any
operation. Proper clamp in a fixture directly affects the
accuracy, quality and production cycle time. Basic
requirement of a good clamping device are listed below:
It should rigidly hold the work piece.
The work piece which is clamped should not be
damaged due to clamping pressure.
The clamping pressure should be enough to
overcome the operating pressure applied on the
work piece.
Clamping device should be capable to be
unaffected by the vibrations generated during an
operation.
It should also be user friendly, like clamping and
releasing of work piece should be easy and less
time consuming. Maintenance should also be easy.
Clamping pressure should be applied towards the
support surfaces or support points so undesired
lifting of work piece can be prevented from its
supports.
Clamping faces should be hardened by proper
treatments to minimize their wearing out.
The work pieces made of fragile material the faces
of clamping unit should be applied with fiber pads
to avoid any damage to work piece.
J. Cecil[4] suggested innovative clamping design
approach. The clamping design approach includes
identification of clamping surfaces and clamp points on a
work piece. This approach can be applied in association
with a locator design approach to hold and support the work
piece during machining and to position the work piece
correctly with respect to the cutting tool. Detailed steps are
given in the paper for automated clamp design. The required
inputs include CAD model specifications, features
identification on the finished work piece, locator points and
elements.
A. Different Types of Clamps:
Different types of clamps used with jigs and fixtures are
classified into different categories are discussed here:
Strap Clamp: it is also termed as an edge clamp. In
this type clamping device clamping is done with
the help of a lever pressure which is acting as a
strap on the work piece. Different types of strap
clamps are discussed below.
Heel Clamp: In this type of devices rotation of the
clamp in clockwise direction is prevented but it is
allowed in anticlockwise direction. For releasing
work piece the clamping nut is unscrewed. The free
movements in anticlockwise direction takes place
before un-securing the nut to release the work
piece.
Fig 8: Heel Clamp [8]
Bridge Clamp: These types of clamps apply more
clamping pressure as compared to heel clamp. The
clamping pressure on the work piece depends upon
the distances ‘x’ and ‘y’ marked. To release the
work piece the clamping nut is unscrewed.
Fig 9: Bridge Clamp[8]
Edge Clamp or Side Clamp: It is also known as
edge clamp. In this type of clamping, the surface to
be machined is always clamped above the clamping
device. This clamping device used for fixed length
work piece. Releasing and clamping of the work
piece can be done by unscrewing and screwing of
the clamping nut.
Fig 10: Edge Clamp or Side Clamp[8]
Screw Clamp: It is also known as clamp screw.
This clamping device applies pressure directly on
the side faces of the work piece.
Fig 11: Screw Clamp [8]
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This type of clamp includes floating pad at their
end which serves the following purposes:
To prevent displacement of work piece and slip
To prevent denting of clamping area of work piece
To prevent deflection of screw
In addition to the above there are some
disadvantages associated with this method. The clamping
pressure mostly depends on the work piece; it varies from
one work piece to other. It is more time consuming and
more efforts are required.
Latch Clamp: In this type of clamping the clamping
system is normally locked with the help of a latch provided.
To unload the work piece the tail end of the latch is pushed
which causes the leaf to swing open. In this type of
clamping, time consumed in loading and unloading is very
less as no screw is tightened but clamping pressure is less
than other clamping devices. Life of this type of clamping
device is short.
Equalizing Clamp: These types of clamps are used
to apply equal pressure on both sides of the work piece The
applied pressure can be changed by tightened or loosening
the screw
Fig 12: Equalizing Clamps [8]
Power Driven Clamping: Power clamps are
operated by the hydraulic or pneumatic power. Power
clamps are high pressure clamping, quick acting, easily
controllable, reliable and less time consuming. Light duty
clamps are used manually when small power is required to
operate. Hand clamping leads to variable pressure,
operator’s fatigue and more cycle time. The power driven
clamping over comes problems of hand clamping.
V. CAD FOR FIXTURE DESIGNING
Michael Stampfer[5] presented a paper which describe the
problem of setup and fixture planning for the machining of
box-shaped parts on the horizontal machining centers. The
setup and fixture planning is shown in fig.13. The main
topic of this research is the automation of the conceptual
design of fixtures shown in fig.13. This topic is deal with the
setup planning.
The main aim of the author is integrated handling
of tasks of setup and fixture planning and the finding of
solution in an integrated system. Based upon the work piece
model the setup sequence, the conceptual solution of fixture
for each setup is determined automatically by the developed
system.
A. Fixturing Functional Requirements:
From a layout point of view, fixtures have six basic
functional requirements:
(1) Stable Resting (2) Accurate Localization (3) Support
Reinforcement (4) stable clamping (5) Foreclosure (or total
restraint) (6) quality performance
These functions stated above have strong
precedence conditions. The first five functions are required
at the fixture designing stage in sequential order. When a
work piece is placed into a fixture, firstly, it must be
assumed a stable resting against the gravity. Then, the
locators are located as it should provide accurate
localization. Next, supports are provided in place, and in last
clamps are activated for the part immobilization. The part
location must be maintained in the process of instantiating
clamps without work piece lift-off. The performance of the
fixture is defined as work piece geometric error during the
manufacturing stage. The geometric error is mainly
determined by the fixture localization accuracy and the work
piece static and elastic deformation during manufacturing.
The additional constraints should also to be satisfied such as
interference-free and easy loading and unloading.
Fig 13: Integrated process planning and fixture planning
system [5]
B. Design Consideration in Fixtures:
The main frame of fixture must be strong enough
and deflection of the fixture should be kept as
minimum as possible. This deflection of fixture is
due to forces of cutting, clamping of the work piece
or clamping to the machine table. The main frame
of the fixture should have enough mass to prevent
vibration and chatter.
Frames should be built from simple sections so that
frames can be fastened with screws or welded
whenever necessary. The parts of the frame that
remain permanently with the fixture may be
welded. The parts that need frequent changing may
be held with the screws.
Clamping action should be fast enough and require
least amount of effort.
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Clamps should be arranged such that they are
readily available and should be easily removed.
Clamps should be supported with springs so that
clamps can be held against the bolt head whenever
it’s possible.
If the clamp is to swing off the work piece, it
should be permitted to swing as far as it is
necessary for removal of the work piece.
All locator’s clamps should be easily visible to the
operator and easily accessible for cleaning,
positioning or tightening.
Provision should be made for easy disposal of chip.
All clamps that need to be adjusted with a wrench
should be of same size.
Work piece should remain stable when it is placed
in fixture. If the work piece is rough, three fixed
support points should be used. If work piece is
smooth, more than three fixed support points can
be used.
The three support points should circumscribe the
centre of gravity of the work piece.
The surface area of contact of support should be
kept as small as possible without causing damage to the
work piece. The damage is due to the clamping or work
forces.
VI. REAR COVER
Fig. 14 shows the CAD model of Rear Cover. Rear cover is
very important part of the agricultural tractor. Facing and
drilling operation is carried out on the Rear cover in Vertical
machining centre. For machining process conventional
fixture is used. In which clamping is done manually by
operator. So it is observed that clamping force will be
different every time in manual method as it depends upon
operator and applied force will be varied from operator to
operator. In manual method, overtightning or loosening of
screw leads to machining defects. Due to which the flatness
of the rectangular surface which is highlighted in fig.14 is
not maintained. Center distance of dowel holes is also not
maintained due to surface deformation. Another drawback
of manual clamping is extra time loss for loading and
unloading operation. This leads to increase in cycle time. To
avoid these problems it is required to design new fixture to
improve the quality and productivity.
Fig. 14: CAD model of Rear Cover
VII. HYDRAULIC CLAMPING
Hydraulic clamping system uses high-pressure liquids to
operate clamps and fix a work piece. In these types of
clamping, clamp is actuated by cylinders. Clamping fixtures
includes clamping nut which is attached to cylinder ram. A
Pressurized fluid pulls ram and clamps against work piece.
For unclamping, port connected to unpressurized discharge
line. For clamping and unclamping, three way direction
control valve, lever and pedal are used. Hydraulically
clamped fixtures have many advantages over manually
clamped fixtures. Hydraulic clamping is used to eliminate
human error and to produce more stable and predictable
processes no matter who the operator is or what production
shift the machine runs[6].
A. Advantages of Hydraulic Clamping:
More Productivity: More parts will fit within
machine envelope due to the high clamp forces
generated with small hydraulic components.
Consistent Clamping Forces: Every cycle, parts are
clamped with the same clamping force, eliminating
variables and improving process stability.
Repeatable Clamp Location: Every cycle, parts are
clamped in the same location eliminating the
variability in part deflection from clamping forces.
Eliminates Human Error: Assurance that every
clamp will be actuated with every cycle,
eliminating human error and missed steps.
Faster: Load and unload times and more
productivity when cycle times are operator
dependant.
Ergonomic Efficiency: Allows operators to be
consistently more productive with less effort.
Improved Part Stability: Hydraulic work supports
can be used to support the part and/or dampen
machining forces without distorting the work piece.
Manual work supports are easily ignored, distort
the part and cause miss-loads.
Flexibility: Sophisticated clamping sequences can
be developed with ‘live’ hydraulic systems.
Clamping can be sequenced automatically during
the machining cycle to provide clearance for
cutting tools, to remove forces for finish cuts of
close tolerance features, retain parts for robotic
loading, reduce cycle times and improve
productivity[9]
VIII. CONCLUSION
Proper clamping in a fixture directly affects the accuracy,
quality and production cycle time. In manual clamping of
the work piece, the clamping force cannot be maintained
same every time. Variation in clamping force leads to
machining defects. Sometimes excessive clamping force
leads to surface deformation of work piece. Manual
clamping of work piece also increase cycle time of
production. While in hydraulic clamping these all problems
can be avoided. Hydraulic fixtures provide constant
clamping force, reduce operation time, increase
productivity, give high quality of operation, and reduce
accidents. So, the hydraulic fixture can be considered as a
good option for machining of Rear Cover. The problems due
to manual clamping can be avoided if hydraulic fixtures will
be used. The proposed fixture will give high quality of
operation, enhance the efficiency and fulfill researcher
production target. If modern CAD, CAE are used in
designing the systems then significant improvement can be
assured.
7. A Review on Design of a Fixture for Rear Cover
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REFERENCES
[1] Shailesh S Pachbhai and Laukik P Raut (2014), “A
Review on Design of Fixtures”, International
Journal of Engineering Research and General
Science, Vol. 2, No. 2, ISSN, pp. 2091-2730.
[2] Guohua Qin, Weihong, Zhang Min Wan (2006)
“Analysis and Optimal Design of Fixture Clamping
Sequence” ASME for publication in the Journal of
Manufacturing Science and Engineering.
[3] Y. Wang, X. Chen. N. Gindy (2007) “Surface error
decomposition for fixture development” Int J Adv
Manuf Technol DOI 10.1007/s00170-005-0270-z.
[4] J. Cecil (2008) “A Clamping Design Approach for
Automated Fixture Design” Int J Adv Manuf
Technol 18:784–789.
[5] Michael Stampfer (2008) “Automated setup and
fixture planning system for box-shaped Parts”
International Journal of Advance Manufacturing
Technology 45:540–552 DOI 10.1007/s00170-009-
1983-1.
[6] Shailesh S Pachbhai and Laukik P Raut (2014),
“Design and Development of Hydraulic Fixture for
Machining Hydraulic Lift Housing” International
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics
Research, Vol.3, No.3, ISSN 2278 – 0149.
[7] http://www.carrlane.com/Articles/StPartCL.cfm
[8] http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/jig.pdf
[9] http://www.dmtworkholding.com/